4.1 The asset management career field has many career disciplines (particularly asset management consistent with ISO 55000 definitions, concepts, and requirements) that support an entity’s activities. These career titles may include, but are not limited to, industrial asset management specialists, asset administrators, property asset management, operations, accounting, database management, contract management, motor vehicle managers, and so forth. Career professionals not only manage assets, but may also perform audits or self-assessments, develop policies and procedures for the management of assets, supervise asset management operations within and across their entities, or act as a primary interface to customers for asset management related matters.4.2 ISO 55001 and ISO 55002 recommend entities determine the competency of personnel performing asset management functions to ensure that personnel are competent to perform assigned asset management functions based on education, training, or experience, or combinations thereof. ISO 55002 recommends that human resource skills improvement and competencies should be included in the entity’s asset management training plans. (See Table 1.)4.3 Entity adoption of an AMCD program enables asset management professionals to become fully competent in their chosen career field and allows for career progression which, in turn, will assist the entity in retaining competent asset management professionals.4.4 A properly designed and implemented AMCD program leads to assurance that asset management professional and support staff are sufficiently competent to meet industry technical standards, customer expectations, and that competence is no less than similar activities that customers require, and are needed to maximize the value of assets and the elimination of waste, fraud, and abuse.1.1 This guide provides the principles for an Asset Management Career Development program including education and training for professional employees engaged in the practice of asset management.1.2 As a guide, this is the consensus of the asset management profession for the requirements for an Asset Management Career Development (AMCD) program.1.3 The use of this guide by the profession can improve professional competence, enhance value from assets, reinforce or establish adequate internal controls, encourage a broader and higher level of competency and thinking by its practitioners, reinforce the use of innovative and cost-effective practices, create greater commonality between all entities that perform asset management, and increase the ability of entities to respond to changing needs and business conditions.1.4 The AMCD program establishes the recommended education, training, and experience requisites necessary for asset management activities to adequately support the missions and objectives of an entity’s asset management operations, and therefore supports the entities’ missions.1.5 The AMCD program is predicated on multiple levels of professional competency and achievement based on a combination of academic education and training and professional experience.1.6 It is the responsibility of each entity that adopts this guide to confirm the appropriateness of any specific education and training offerings.1.7 This guide encourages a broad and continuous self-study practice for those within the profession as applicable knowledge and lessons learned are disseminated continuously from multiple sources.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Environmental decisions often require the comparison of a statistic to a decision point or the comparison of a confidence limit to a regulatory limit to determine which of two alternate actions is the proper one to take.This practice provides a logical basis for statistically deriving a decision point, or a confidence limit as an alternative, for different underlying presumptions.This practice is useful to users of a planning process generally known as the data quality objectives (DQO) process (see Practice D5792), in which calculation of a decision point is needed for the decision rule.1.1 This practice covers a logical basis for the derivation of a decision point and confidence limit when mean concentration is used for making environmental waste management decisions. The determination of a decision point or confidence limit should be made in the context of the defined problem. The main focus of this practice is on the determination of a decision point.1.2 In environmental management decisions, the derivation of a decision point allows a direct comparison of a sample mean against this decision point, where similar decisions can be made by comparing a confidence limit against a concentration limit (for example, a regulatory limit, which will be used as a surrogate term for any concentration limit throughout this practice). This practice focuses on making environmental decisions using this kind of statistical comparison. Other factors, such as any qualitative information that may be important to decision-making, are not considered here.1.3 A decision point is a concentration level statistically derived based on a specified decision error and is used in a decision rule for the purpose of choosing between alternative actions.1.4 This practice derives the decision point and confidence limit in the framework of a statistical test of hypothesis under three different presumptions. The relationship between decision point and confidence limit is also described.1.5 Determination of decision points and confidence limits for statistics other than mean concentration is not covered in this practice. This practice also assumes that the data are normally distributed. When this assumption does not apply, a transformation to normalize the data may be needed. If other statistical tests such as nonparametric methods are used in the decision rule, this practice may not apply. When there are many data points below the detection limit, the methods in this practice may not apply.

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5.1 Data on the composition and characteristics of water are frequently used to evaluate the health and safety to humans and the environment.5.2 Moreover, such data are frequently used for process control or to ascertain compliance with regulatory statutes that place limits on acceptable compositions and characteristics of waters.5.3 Laboratories that conduct water sampling and generate analytical data, and those persons who have the responsibility for selecting a laboratory to perform water quality studies, need to use criteria, guidelines, and recommendations that have been developed by consensus and are well accepted in making this selection.5.4 Demonstration and documentation by a laboratory that there was judicious selection and control of organization, facilities, resources, and operations will enhance the credibility of the data produced and promote its acceptance.1.1 This guide provides information on consensus good laboratory practices for laboratories that provide services in the sampling and analysis of water. As consensus standards, these are the minimum criteria that all laboratories should consider in establishing their good laboratory practices. This guide may not be applicable to certain types of laboratories (e.g., microbilogical).1.2 This guide is designed to be used by those responsible for the selection, operation, or control of laboratory organizations engaged in sampling and analysis of water.1.3 This guide presents features of organization, facilities, resources, and operations which affect the usefulness of the data generated.1.4 This guide presents criteria for selection and control of the features described in 1.3 and also makes recommendations for the correction of unacceptable performance.1.5 This guide describes methodology and practices intended to be completely consistent with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series of standards and Guide 25 – 1990 (1). 21.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This practice addresses quality assurance criteria for operation of a mechanical coal-sampling system in accordance with Practice D 7256/D 7256M, Practice D 2013, and Practice D 4916. It provides recommendations for performance monitoring, inspection, and maintenance, which are necessary in maintaining a sampling system’capability to consistently obtain a representative sample.1.1 This practice is applicable to cross-belt, falling-stream, and auger sampling systems.1.2 Spacing of increments pertains to the kind of interval between increments. Intervals can be defined in quantitative terms, such as units of time or mass, or in terms of position over the lot.1.2.1 Spacing of Increments for Cross-Belt and Falling-Stream Samplers—Cross-belt and falling-stream type mechanical sampling systems take increments based on time, either at fixed time intervals or at random times during a fixed time strata. Some falling-stream samplers can take increments based on equal mass of coal sampled as determined by scales. The sections of this practice that pertain to cross-belt and falling-stream samplers describe procedures for only time-based sampling systems. This time-based inspection guideline will satisfy most criteria for mass-based or combination mass-based and time-based sampling systems. If there are items that are not covered, the inspector should refer to the manufacturer's literature.1.2.2 Spacing of Increments for Auger Sampling—The spacing of increments collected by auger sampling systems is defined in terms of position over the lot.1.3 It is essential that the inspector have the documentation listed in Section 2 of this practice when conducting an inspection.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 5.

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4.1 Motivation for the PMI comes from several organizational and application areas. For example:4.1.1 Supporting a distributed heterogeneous application architecture with a homogeneous distributed security infrastructure leveraged across the enterprise; providing user and service identities and propagation; and providing a common, consistent security authorization and access control infrastructure.4.1.2 Providing mechanisms to describe and enforce enterprise security policy systematically throughout the organization for consistency, maintenance, and ease of modification and to demonstrate compliance to applicable regulation and law.4.1.3 Providing support for distributed/service-oriented architectures in which enterprise-wide services and authoritative sources are protected by providing security services that themselves are also distributed using common interfaces and communication protocols.4.1.4 Providing “economies of scale” where it is desired to change the approach of individually managing the configuration of each point of enforcement to one that establishes a consolidated view of the safeguards in effect throughout the enterprise.4.1.5 Providing centralized control, management, and visibility to security policy across the enterprise and when connecting to other organizations. This allows for additional key features such as delegated administration, centralized policy analysis, and consolidated reporting.4.1.6 Providing a distributed computing security architecture allowing for synchronized security services that are efficiently maintained across the enterprise while also allowing for centralized policy control and distributed policy decision-making/enforcement. Ensuring proper security controls are enacted for each service and when used in combination.4.1.7 Provisioning incremental updates to policy and configuration data simultaneously across all distributed decision/enforcement points. Establishing and enforcing new policies not envisioned when individual applications were fielded and adapting to new requirements and threats. Managing identity and security implemented in a diverse mix of new and old technologies.4.1.8 Permitting an organization to grant, suspend, or revoke centrally any or all ability to connect to or access enterprise resources either individually or collectively and with the capability to enforce these policies at run-time.4.1.9 Supporting access decisions that are sensitive to a user’s credentials in addition to identity. For example, the user may have to be a licensed healthcare professional to access a medical record.4.1.10 Supporting Delegation—A user might delegate access for a resource to another user (for example, a physician might delegate access to his patient’s records to a specialist). This shows the need for a delegation capability for some applications.4.1.11 Supporting Sender Verification—When a user receives a signed document, he shall be sure the sender was, in some sense, authorized to sign and send the document. A simple example would be a prescription that shall be signed by a doctor. A simple identity certificate is insufficient, as it does not indicate the sender’s credentials (that is, that he is a doctor).4.1.12 Supporting Document Cosigning—Multiple examples exist in which more than one signature is required on a document (2). For example, a transcriptionist transcribes and signs a document, but it is not a valid part of the record until it is reviewed and signed by the primary care physician. Similar mechanisms can be used to provide cosignature controls when processing claims transactions. These types of applications require the ability to convey user authorizations (in assertions, credentials, authorization certificates, or possibly as extensions in identity certificates), to label documents and other objects with their security attributes (or to extract such attributes from the document), and to express authorization rules in machine-readable form.4.2 Existing standards, including ANSI X9.45, ISO 9594-8, IETFRFC 3280 X.509, OASIS SPML, SAML, WS-*, and XACML, define a number of mechanisms that can be used to construct a healthcare-specific PMI specification. This would include the following features:4.2.1 Privileges needed to access a target are conveyed in a claimant’s authorization credential. The claimant’s authorization credential may be an authorization certificate compliant with ISO 9594-8 (a particular form of attribute certificate) or a policy set description compliant with XACML or other referenced authorization standards.4.2.2 The sensitivity or other properties of the target being accessed may be held in a local database or in a signed data structure. This guide does not define a standard way to represent this information, since this is a local matter. It does provide guidance on how such information might be represented and manipulated using common mechanisms such as ASN.1 and XML. For a given target object, there may be multiple operations that may be performed; each such operation may have a different set of sensitivity attributes.4.2.3 The privilege policy may be held centrally, locally, or may be conveyed as a signed data structure. Different operations on a target may be subject to different privilege policies. This guide defines several standard policies, and applications may define additional policies.4.2.4 In the document authorization paradigm, cosignature requirements may be associated with a user or document, such that the signed document is considered authorized only if all necessary signatures are attached.4.2.5 Users may delegate privileges to other users.4.2.6 Users may be assigned to roles that convey permissions.4.2.7 Some authorizations may be sufficiently dynamic that it is not feasible to place them in an enterprise authorization infrastructure (that is, the cost of maintenance is too high given the short lifetime or rapid frequency of change of the privileges or constraints). Such authorizations may be kept in a local authorization server’s database and accessed as environmental variables.4.3 The remaining sections of this guide discuss mechanisms to convey privilege, sensitivity, and policy information in a distributed PMI.1.1 This guide defines interoperable mechanisms to manage privileges in a distributed environment. This guide is oriented towards support of a distributed or service-oriented architecture (SOA) in which security services are themselves distributed and applications are consumers of distributed services.1.2 This guide incorporates privilege management mechanisms alluded to in a number of existing standards (for example, Guide E1986 and Specification E2084). The privilege mechanisms in this guide support policy-based access control (including role-, entity-, and contextual-based access control) including the application of policy constraints, patient-requested restrictions, and delegation. Finally, this guide supports hierarchical, enterprise-wide privilege management.1.3 The mechanisms defined in this guide may be used to support a privilege management infrastructure (PMI) using existing public key infrastructure (PKI) technology.1.4 This guide does not specifically support mechanisms based on secret-key cryptography. Mechanisms involving privilege credentials are specified in ISO 9594-8:2000 (attribute certificates) and Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) (attribute assertions); however, this guide does not mandate or assume the use of such standards.1.5 Many current systems require only local privilege management functionality (on a single computer system). Such systems frequently use proprietary mechanisms. This guide does not address this type of functionality; rather, it addresses an environment in which privileges and capabilities (authorizations) shall be managed between computer systems across the enterprise and with business partners.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This guide provides network level PMS users with an outline of the basic components of a PMS to ensure the specific system the user selects or develops fulfills the agency needs and requirements.4.2 This guide may be used by agencies or organizations wishing to develop, evaluate, or refine a network level PMS.4.3 The basic components of the PMS described in this guide are location reference, information collection, database management, analysis, implementation, operation, and maintenance.4.4 Within each basic component a list of possible types of data, information, models, etc. are provided for consideration by the user agency. These lists are neither all inclusive nor exclusive. They are intended for guidance only.1.1 This guide outlines the basic components of a network level pavement management system (PMS).1.2 This guide is intended for use in the management of traveled pavement surfaces, including roads, airfields, and parking lots.1.3 This guide is not a standard method or practice, that is, it is not intended to provide a comprehensive PMS in a user specific application.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of more than 4700 synthetic organic chemicals. PFAS can withstand high temperatures and survive highly corrosive environments. They are used in the manufacture of coatings, surface treatments, and specialty chemicals in cookware, carpets, food packaging, clothing, cosmetics, and other common consumer products. PFAS also have many industrial applications and are an active ingredient in certain types of fire-fighting foams (aqueous film-forming foams, or AFFF). PFAS coatings resist oil, grease, and water. PFAS are persistent compounds. Therefore, PFAS should be considered for purposes of managing investigation-derived waste where PFAS is known or suspected to be present in environmental media.4.1.1 PFAS are emerging contaminants for which environmental regulations and guidance are dynamic and are being developed simultaneously at federal, state, local, and international levels as more is learned about their characteristics, environmental fate, and management/treatment. Therefore, site-specific rules, regulations, and guidance should be evaluated for options and restrictions on management of PFAS investigation-derived waste. For example, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection has determined that PFAS wastes are “hazardous materials” subject to the Massachusetts Oil and Hazardous Material Release Prevention and Response Act (M.G.L. Chapter 21E) and the Massachusetts Contingency Plan. Other states and jurisdictions may have or will develop and implement similar determinations that affect the on-site management, storage, and labeling and off-site transportation requirements for PFAS investigation-derived waste.4.1.2 Given the characteristics and persistence of PFAS compounds, PFAS investigation-derived waste presents special handling and treatment/disposal considerations. EPA recently issued Interim Guidance on the Destruction and Disposal of Perfluoralkyl and Polyfluoralkyl Substances and Materials Containing Perfluoralkyl and Polyfluoralkyl Substances (2020) (1)5. This interim guidance focuses on technologies for treatment and disposal that have the potential to destroy PFAS by breaking the carbon-fluorine bonds or controlling migration of PFAS in the environment (for example, secure landfilling). Although the interim guidance focuses on the destruction and disposal of residuals and wastes/waste byproducts from manufacturing activities, the guidance should be considered when evaluating treatment or disposal options for PFAS investigation-derived waste.4.1.3 PFAS investigation-derived waste may also contain other nonhazardous or hazardous substances or materials that may impact the options and requirements for management. The associated substances should be considered for proper characterization of the investigation-derived waste and in selecting containerization, labeling, handling, transportation, and disposal options. (2)4.2 Field investigation activities result in the generation of waste materials that may include PFAS. Investigation-derived waste may include monitoring well development water, purge water, soil cuttings from boreholes, sediments, soil or fill from excavation activities, solutions from decontaminating sampling equipment, personal protective equipment, and other sampling wastes (for example, paper towels, plastic sheeting).4.2.1 Soil cuttings, excess sample spoils, and excavated soil that are returned to the borehole/excavation may not be considered investigation-derived waste on sites in jurisdictions where regulations and guidance allow for this management option.4.2.1.1 The user must determine the disposal options for these materials in conjunction with the property owner, responsible party, and the regulatory agency.4.3 The primary objectives for managing investigation-derived waste during field activities include:4.3.1 Leaving the site in no worse condition than existed before field activities,4.3.2 Removing wastes that pose an immediate threat to human health or the environment,4.3.3 Segregating wastes above background or threshold concentrations,4.3.4 Complying with federal, state, local, regulations,4.3.5 Minimizing the quantity of investigation-derived waste, and4.3.6 Properly containerizing, managing, and disposing of investigation-derived waste.4.4 Container Labeling: 4.4.1 In accordance with the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (3) or other applicable jurisdictional requirements, an “investigation-derived waste container” or “Waste Awaiting Designation” label shall be applied to each drum, intermediate bulk container, portable tank, or other container using indelible marking. Labeling or marking requirements for investigation derived waste are as detailed below and should be referenced in the site’s Health and Safety Plan and Sampling and Analysis Plan.4.4.1.1 Include the following information on labels and markings: project name, generation date, location of waste origin, container identification number, sample number (if applicable), and contents (that is, decontamination water).4.4.1.2 Apply each label or marking to the upper one-third of the container at least twice, on opposite sides.4.4.1.3 Position labels or markings on a smooth part of the container. The label must not be affixed across container bungs, seams, ridges, or dents.4.4.1.4 Use weather-resistive material for labels and markings and permanent markers or paint pens capable of enduring the expected weather conditions. If markings are used, the color must be easily distinguishable from the container color.4.4.1.5 Secure labels in a manner to ensure that they remain affixed to the container.4.4.2 Labeling or marking requirements for containers of investigation-derived waste that is determined to be hazardous material and is expected to be transported offsite must be in accordance with the requirements of U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) hazardous material regulations (see 49 CFR 172). Wastes determined to be hazardous waste or subject to state, provincial, or tribal regulation will be staged onsite in accordance with the requirements of U.S. EPA hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 262) or other applicable jurisdictional requirements regarding labeling and marking until disposal options are determined by the property owner, responsible party, or the site operator.4.5 Investigation-derived waste Container Movement Predetermine staging areas for investigation-derived waste containers in accordance with the site’s Health and Safety Plan and Sampling and Analysis Plan. Determine the methods and personnel required to safely transport investigation-derived waste containers to the staging area before field mobilization. Handling and transport equipment will be consistent with the associated weight for both lifting and transporting. Transportation of investigation-derived waste that is considered to be DOT hazardous material offsite via a public roadway is prohibited unless the requirements of 49 CFR 172 or applicable national regulations are met.4.6 Investigation-derived waste Container Storage4.6.1 Stage containerized investigation-derived waste awaiting results of chemical analysis at a pre-determined location on the site.4.6.2 Store containers such that the labels can be easily read.4.6.3 Provide a secondary/spill container for liquid investigation-derived waste storage (for example, drums and intermediate bulk containers shall not be stored in direct contact with the ground).4.6.4 The user must determine if federal, state, local, provincial, or tribal regulations impose additional requirements for the temporary storage of investigation-derived waste, including those pertaining to storage requirements and limitations for hazardous materials or hazardous wastes. These requirements may include periodic inspections of the containers and implementation of stormwater pollution prevention Best Management Practices (see 5.6).1.1 Existing guidance on the management of investigation-derived waste is focused upon cuttings, purge water, personal protective equipment, and other miscellaneous solid waste generated at property that may be impacted by the release of hazardous materials and hazardous substances. These hazardous substances include, but are not limited to, heavy metals, petroleum, petroleum byproducts, solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic and inorganic corrosives, radioactive material, and explosives. Guidance on the management of investigation derived waste generated at sites that may be impacted by releases of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is limited. This standard guide addresses this deficiency1.2 This guide describes best practices for managing investigation-derived waste associated with PFAS that are consistent with federal and state policies and regulations at the date of issuance. The user is advised to determine if new regulations or rules have been promulgated by the state, federal, or tribal regulatory agency having jurisdiction over the property.1.3 This guide describes considerations to prevent the unintended and unauthorized disposal of liquid investigation-derived waste that may contain PFAS into wastewater treatment plants or systems that are not permitted to receive these waste streams.1.4 This guide describes considerations to prevent the unintended and unauthorized disposal of solid investigation-derived waste that may contain PFAS into landfills or other solid waste disposal facilities that are not permitted to receive these waste streams.1.5 This guide describes several stormwater pollution prevention best management practices applicable to investigation-derived waste.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Applicability—This guide is intended to describe a planning audit that will improve the shipowner’s ability to forecast costs and schedule impacts and aid the shipowner in identifying environmental, health, and safety concerns associated with the removal, handling, and disposal of potentially hazardous shipboard materials.4.2 Use—Audits may be performed to aid in planning for a variety of events, including maintenance, repair, modification, purchase, or scrapping. To maximize efficiency, audits should be tailored to meet the specific needs of the shipowner, with target materials identified during the planning process.4.3 Caution—Legal restrictions on the removal and disposal of materials discussed in this guide may vary significantly from port to port, both within the United States and abroad. Reasons for this variation include the decentralized nature of port control, state, and local environmental regulations, and the local availability of landfill or treatment facilities. Users of this guide should consult local authorities to obtain information on specific legal requirements.1.1 Purpose—This guide covers information for assisting shipowners in planning for costs or scheduling complications during maintenance, repair, modifications, purchase negotiations, or scrapping activities. Removal and disposal of certain materials disturbed during modification, maintenance, or disposal of systems or components may be costly or interrupt the work schedule.1.2 Objectives: 1.2.1 This guide will describe materials that may be disturbed on ships during maintenance or scrapping activities, which may result in costly or time-consuming removal or disposal actions.1.2.2 This guide will provide a systematic method to identify and record the locations of materials of concern for immediate planning and future reference.1.2.3 This guide will include a brief discussion of issues related to the handling and storage of materials described in this guide.1.3 Considerations Beyond : 1.3.1 This guide is not intended to address materials carried as cargo or material stored onboard in prepackaged containers.1.3.2 This guide is not intended to address waste products related to the ongoing, day-to-day operation of a ship, such as sewage, solid waste, incinerator ash (or other residual products resulting from solid waste treatment), and residual sludge left in segregated ballast tanks.1.3.3 This guide does not provide a comprehensive index of test methods available for characterizing the materials discussed. Test methods referenced or described should be considered as examples.1.3.4 This guide is not intended to address directly regulatory issues for any of the materials described.1.3.5 This guide is not intended to address remediation concerns.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide is intended as a means for selecting the proper methods for measuring cyanide to conform to the International Cyanide Management Code guidance related to the analysis of cyanide bearing solutions. Cyanide is analyzed in process solutions and in discharges in order to apply code guidance; however, improper sample collection and preservation can result in significant positive or negative bias, potentially resulting in over reporting or under reporting cyanide releases into the environment.5.2 This guide contains comparative test methods that are intended for use in routine monitoring of cyanide. It is assumed that all who use methods listed in this guide will be trained analysts capable of performing them skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory applying appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide D3856.1.1 This guide is applicable for the selection of appropriate ASTM standard analytical methods for metallurgical processing sites to conform to International Cyanide Management Code guidance for the analysis of cyanide bearing solutions.1.2 The analytical methods in this guide are recommended for the sampling preservation and analysis of total cyanide, available cyanide, weak acid dissociable cyanide, and free cyanide by Test Methods D2036, D4282, D4374, D6888, D6994, D7237, D7284, and D7511.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide provides potential and current pavement management users with an outline of the process and steps to follow when implementing and operating pavement management systems.4.2 This guide may be used by the following:4.2.1 Individuals within agencies interested in finding information about pavement management to determine if they want to pursue implementation;4.2.2 Pavement engineers, maintenance supervisors, or other persons trying to get agency management personnel to commit to implementing a pavement management system within their agency;4.2.3 Personnel in an agency in which the decision to implement a pavement management system has been made but where the pavement management processes, pavement management decision support software, or data collection procedures, or both, have not been selected;4.2.4 Personnel in an agency that is developing a database and beginning use of a newly adopted pavement management system; and4.2.5 Personnel in an agency that have a pavement management system in place and are trying to make the pavement management process a routine part of the agency decision making.1.1 This guide covers basic procedures to follow in implementing an effective pavement management process. Pavement management includes activities and decisions related to providing and maintaining pavements, many of which must be made with supporting information that should be generated from a pavement management system (PMS). Implementation is considered complete when pavement management is a routine part of the management process, and the agency utilizes the pavement management process to make relevant decisions, including funding decisions.1.2 The guide is intended for use by agencies that manage pavements, including those on airfields, highways, parking lots, roads, and streets.1.3 Pavement management, as discussed in this guide, is exercised at network and project-level as described in Guide E1166, and the AASHTO Guidelines for Pavement Management Systems.1.4 No reference is made to the time needed to complete the implementation. The amount of time will depend on the size of the pavement network and the resources available to support implementation.1.5 This guide is not a standard method or practice, that is, it is not intended to provide exact steps that must be followed by every agency implementing a pavement management process. It is expected that each agency will use the material in this guide to develop an implementation plan to meet the needs and constraints unique to the agency.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This terminology covers traditional property management definitions and some of the terms introduced in additional asset management standards that are used most often and considered most important. As new standards are developed, new terms will be added to this terminology in future revisions.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A waste management plan based on the contents of this guide will provide for the successful identification of potential waste streams anticipated from decommissioning activities, and provide a clear and concise methodology for the handling of identified waste from generation to final disposition.4.2 The waste management plan will identify the general waste types, characterization, packaging, transportation, disposal, and quality assurance requirements for potential waste streams.1.1 This guide addresses the development of waste management plans for potential waste streams resulting from decommissioning activities at nuclear facilities, including identifying, categorizing, and handling the waste from generation to final disposal.1.2 This guide is applicable to potential waste streams anticipated from decommissioning activities of nuclear facilities whose operations were governed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) or Agreement State license, under Department of Energy (DOE) Orders, or Department of Defense (DoD) regulations.1.3 This guide provides a description of the key elements of waste management plans that if followed will successfully allow for the characterization, packaging, transportation, and off-site treatment or disposal, or both, of conventional, hazardous, and radioactive waste streams.1.4 This guide does not address the on-site treatment, long term storage, or on-site disposal of these potential waste streams.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The use of this guide would be directed toward prudent business decision making, communications regarding GHGs emissions/control/reduction conditions, insurance, high-level analysis of potential reductions and/or remedies, budgeting, strategic planning for an entity’s management of GHGs produced in relationship to its business.4.2 Example Users: 4.2.1 Small businesses or enterprises;4.2.2 Service industries;4.2.3 Federal, state or municipal facilities and regulators, including departments of health and fire departments;4.2.4 Financial and insurance institutions;4.2.5 Waste managers, including liquid and solid waste haulers, treatment, recycling, disposal and transfer;4.2.6 Consultants, auditors, inspectors and compliance assistance personnel;4.2.7 Educational facilities;4.2.8 Property, buildings and grounds management, including landscaping;4.2.9 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military.4.3 This guide is a first step in crafting simplified management goals for assessing, managing and reducing GHGs. The framework describes a process by which the user may categorize current carbon footprints and a priority approach to manage those risks. The technique classifies common responses for both mitigation and adaptation. The guide groups responses and examples into tiers based on the relative speed in responding to GHG emissions. The tier classifications found in this guide reflect the general structures of state, federal, and local response programs. These authorities generally classify groups of similar responses according to the timely availability and cost effectiveness of GHG responses.4.3.1 This guide presents basic principles and strategies in the U.S. for conducting baseline assessment and reasonable mitigation/adaptation strategic options on a corporate, or small business voluntary basis. The following principals apply to this priority system:4.3.2 Ability to set specific GHG goals for activities. These goals may include maintaining existing outputs of GHG while increasing a facility’s operations, or reducing GHG through engineering changes while maintaining current operations.4.3.3 Marketing environmental awareness and sensitivity;4.3.4 Assessing risks from future GHG events;4.3.5 Risk management, underwriting; loss control and history; premiums and claims;4.3.6 Liability assessment and qualifications for loans;4.3.7 Standardization, consistency, and certification of facility specific evaluations;4.3.8 Educating employees, clients, and customers;4.3.9 Generating multi media and cross medium information;4.3.10 Evaluating vendors, and4.3.11 Reducing costs and preventing pollution.4.4 Users may consider various benefits of GHG assessment and response.4.4.1 This guide is a basic primer on GHG impacts and may serve to introduce the subject for organizations unfamiliar with the principles.4.4.2 Some government enforcement agencies, fiduciaries and business organizations publish GHG strategies. Over 400 municipalities in the United States, for example, have signed the principles of international standards to address GHGs. The public has systematic ability to access or estimate information on individual businesses. Therefore, businesses need guidance on how to assess the nature and potential risks of GHGs, and a programmatic approach for reducing or eliminating those risks through energy conservation, pollution prevention, alternative and emerging technologies and other proactive management systems.NOTE 4: Users may wish to consider establishing data quality objectives, data management procedures, and documentation.4.4.3 Reduced operation and maintenance costs may be realized through a tiered evaluation of GHG response opportunities.4.4.4 Responses may be streamlined and simplified so that all levels in an organization may participate.4.4.5 Some enterprises may be more competitive in the marketplace with improved GHG response programs.4.4.6 Setting priorities can allow planning and evaluation of new GHG response requirements.4.5 Institutional Risks—Some of the risks posed by GHG include future actions taken by the Federal Government and state government agencies. Government programs will establish responses to GHG that include mandatory assessment, reporting and mitigation for various regulated entities. Early voluntary actions, including the use of this guide, may help organizations prepare for and reduce the impacts of future government regulations. Some of the possible government programs that may be instituted to address GHG are described below.4.5.1 The Carbon Tax.4.5.2 Cap on greenhouse gas emissions.4.5.2.1 Flexible versus rigid emission cap.4.5.2.2 With and without ceilings and floors on GHG allowance prices.4.5.2.3 Eligibility of domestic and international offsets for compliance.4.6 Managing Risk Uncertainty: 4.6.1 There is little doubt at the international level that greenhouse gases will continue to be regulated. However, there are still important questions regarding how large and how fast these regulatory changes will be implemented, and what effects they will have in different regions. The ability to predict future global levels of GHGs has improved, but efforts to understand the impacts of GHGs on society and analyze mitigation and adaptation strategies are still relatively immature.4.6.2 The tiered analysis in this guide will help support decision-making, studying regional impacts, and communicating with wider group of stakeholders in the face of uncertainty.4.6.3 The insurance industry has always played a role by insuring against weather-related risks, promoting stronger building codes, and better land-use decision-making.NOTE 5: Consequently, weather-related impacts are not addressed in this guide.4.6.4 Many GHG regulatory schemes require documentation and validation of baseline greenhouse gas production. Standard techniques are contained in ISO 14064–1, ISO 14064–2, ISO 14064–3: 2006-03-01, and in ISO 14065.1.1 Overview—This guide presents a generalized systematic approach to voluntary assessment and management of the causes and impacts of GHGs. It includes actions, both institutional (legal) and engineering (physical) controls for GHG reductions, impacts, and adaptations. Options for a tiered analysis provide a priority ranking system, to address the “worst first” challenges of a facility, addressing practicality and cost-benefit.1.2 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to provide a series of options consistent with basic principles and practices for GHG-related action. This guide encourages consistent and comprehensive assessment and management of GHG outcomes from facility and business operations.1.2.1 The guide also provides some high-level options for the monitoring, tracking and performance to evaluate the effectiveness of the commercial entity’s strategy to ensure that a reasonable approach is taken.1.2.2 This standard ties into the ASTM Committee E50 standards series related to environmental risk assessment and management.1.3 Objectives—The objectives of this guide are to determine the conditions of the facility and or/property with regard to the status of GHGs and actions to be taken to manage and reduce or offset those emissions.1.3.1 The guide provides a three-tiered decision strategy that focuses on business risk, cost-effective solutions in response to greenhouse gases, and related issues such as the need for energy independence.1.4 Limitations of this Guide—Given the variability of the different types of facilities that may wish to use this guide, and the existence of state and local regulations, it is not possible to address all the relevant standards that might apply to a particular facility. This guide uses generalized language and examples to guide the user. If it is not clear to the user how to apply standards to their specific circumstances, it is recommended that users seek assistance from qualified professionals.1.4.1 Insurance Industry—The effects of GHG on insurers are not clear. The definition of an insurable occurrence and a commencement point for when insurable claims are made, along with when conditions were discovered and the actionable information leading to an insurable loss is not clear. It may be inappropriate to speculate on GHGs that are highly uncertain for purposes of insurance related to specific events.1.4.2 This guide does not take a position on the science of climate change, its association with anthropogenic greenhouse gases, or various mathematical models generated by international bodies.1.4.3 The guide does not address water vapor as a greenhouse gas.1.4.4 The guide only addresses anthropogenic greenhouse gases.1.5 The guide uses references and information on the control, management and reduction of GHGs from many cited sources such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ISO, the World Resources Institute, and the National Academy of Sciences.1.6 Several U.S.-based federal regulatory agencies served as sources of information on existing and anticipated regulation and management of GHGs including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Energy, and the Securities and Exchange Commission.NOTE 1: New Source Performance Standards regulating methane emissions from natural gas wells are codified in 40 CFR 60 Subpart OOOO.1.7 This guide relies on current regulatory information about GHGs from various state agencies, including the California Air Resources Board, the Massachusetts and Connecticut Departments of Environmental Protection, the Washington Department of Ecology, the Western Climate Initiative, and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice can be used to facilitate comparison of areas that have been measured but it does not specify what measurements must be conducted.4.2 This practice can be used in space programming and forecasting of space requirements.4.3 This practice can be used to classify areas for internal cost accounting purposes.4.4 This practice can be used to compare space use between organizations.1.1 This practice provides a definitive procedure for measuring and classifying floor area in buildings for use in facility management, specifying occupant requirements, space planning, and for strategic facility planning.1.2 This practice specifies the sequence in which to measure floor area.1.3 This practice is applicable to owned, rented, and leased buildings.1.4 Use Annex A1 to measure floor area in office facilities. The measurement practice in Annex A1 may also be suitable for use in other functional types of building which include offices, such as research, laboratory, or manufacturing buildings and building-related facilities.1.5 The practice in Annex A1 is not intended for use in lease negotiations with owners of commercial office buildings or related properties. For that purpose, refer to the American National Standard published by the American National Standards Institute under the designation ANSI/BOMA Z65.1–1996 and commonly known as the ANSI-BOMA standard.1.6 This practice is not intended for and not suitable for use for regulatory purposes, fire hazard assessment, and fire risk assessment.1.7 This practice was developed for use within North America and includes some rules comparable to ISO 9836 Performance Standards in Building—Definition and Calculation of Area and Space Indicators.1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This guide is intended to act as an aid during the planning, risk management, design, renovation, construction, and ongoing maintenance phases of a project by persons/entities involved (including, engineers, architects, project management personnel/facilities management, contractors, inspectors, risk managers, safety committees, government agencies, and snow removal companies and owners) to reduce snow and ice slip hazards on walkway surfaces. This guide is also intended to complement aspects from Guide F2966 to promote the management of snow and ice on premises using prevention through design strategies.1.1 This guide covers design, planning, construction, renovation, maintenance, and risk management considerations of the physical exterior property with regard to snow and ice management for the purpose of reducing the risk of pedestrian slips. The provisions in this guide may also apply to the analysis of existing properties.1.2 Conformance with this guide may reduce, but will not eliminate, the potential for slip incidents in which the presence or accumulation of snow and ice on walkways may be a contributing factor.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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