4.1 The test results enable the comparison of A-weighted sound emission from central vacuum power units when tested under the condition of this test method.1.1 This test method calculates the overall A-weighted sound power level emitted by central vacuum power units, intended for operation in domestic applications. This standard applies to the power unit only at the power unit location. To test the sound power level of a central vacuum at the user’s location, refer to Test Method F1334.1.2 A-weighted sound pressure measurements are performed on a mounted central vacuum power unit in a semi-reverberant room. This test method determines sound power by a comparison method for small noise sources, that is, comparison to a broad band reference sound source.1.3 This test method describes a procedure for determining the A-weighted sound power level of small noise sources. This test method uses a non-special semi-reverberant room.1.4 Results are expressed as A-weighted sound power level in decibels (referenced to 1 pW).1.5 The values stated in inch pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method determines hiding power of a test paint by visual evaluation of a spray applied coating.NOTE 1: Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for determining hiding power. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is determined photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.5.2 Test Method D6762 is less precise than Test Method D2805, but is commonly used since it is more closely related to the application characteristics of the paint and is simpler in concept and evaluation.1.1 This test method provides for the quantitative visual determination of the film thickness required to achieve full hiding. This film thickness is considered to be the hiding power of a test paint.1.2 This method applies only to spray applied coatings but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the in-service inspection and electrical testing of temporary protective grounding jumper assemblies used by electrical workers in the field on de-energized electric power lines, circuits, and equipment. These assemblies consist of flexible cables, ferrules, clamps, and connectors. The test procedures detailed here provide an objective means of determining if a grounding jumper assembly meets minimum electrical specifications. The application, care, use, and maintenance of this equipment are not addressed in this specification.1.1 This specification covers the in-service inspection and electrical testing of temporary protective grounding jumper assemblies which have been used by electrical workers in the field.1.2 This specification discusses methods for testing grounding jumper assemblies, which consist of the flexible cables, ferrules, clamps and connectors used in the temporary protective grounding of de-energized circuits.1.3 Manufacturing specifications for these grounding jumper assemblies are in Specifications F855.1.4 The application, care, use, and maintenance of this equipment are beyond the scope of this specification.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test portions of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Asphaltenes are naturally occurring materials in crude petroleum and petroleum products containing residual material. The asphaltenes are usually present in colloidal suspensions, but they may agglomerate and flocculate if the suspension of asphaltene molecules is disturbed through excess stress or incompatibility. This test method provides compatibility parameters, which can be used to assess stability reserve and compatibility.5.2 A blend is considered stable when the blend’s peptizing power is higher than the blend’s maximum flocculation ratio;3,4 both of them can be calculated using empirical blend rules. Refineries and terminal owners can prevent the flocculation of asphaltenes due to incompatibility by assessing the compatibility of fuels beforehand.NOTE 4: See Appendix X1 for an example of prediction of compatibility.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the maximum flocculation ratio of the asphaltenes in the oil and the peptizing power of the oil medium, by an automatic instrument using an optical device.1.2 This test method is applicable to atmospheric or vacuum distillation residues, thermally cracked residue, intermediate and finished residual fuel oils, containing at least 1 % by mass asphaltenes. This test method has not been developed for asphalts.NOTE 1: An optical probe detects the formation of flocculated asphaltenes. The start of flocculation is interpreted when a significant and sustained increase in rate-of-change of signal, as measured by the optical probe, ensures flocculation is in progress. The start of flocculation can be detected unambiguously when the sample contains at least 1 % mass asphaltenes as measured by Test Method D6560.NOTE 2: This test method is applicable to products typical of Specification D396—Grades 5L, 5H, and 6, and Specification D2880—Grades 3-GT and 4-GT.1.3 This test method was evaluated in an interlaboratory study in the nominal range of 32 to 76 for the maximum flocculation ratio and in the nominal range of 36 to 95 for peptizing power.NOTE 3: The nominal range is determined by (min. sample mean—Reproducibility) to (max. sample mean + Reproducibility).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide presents concise guidance and approach to developing a test document for qualifying a coating for CSLI service, whether a new or existing coating. Guidance for evaluating existing qualification test data for applicability is presented in Guide D8104.4.2 The requirements for qualification testing can be found in Quality Assurance Criteria III (Design Control), IX (Control of Special Processes), and XI (Test Control) of 10 CFR 50, Appendix B, as implemented, respectively, by Requirements III, IX, and XI of NQA-1. A test document developed per this guide is intended to be compliant with these requirements.4.3 This guide implements the guidance provided in Guide D5144 for qualification of coatings for use in CSLI service. Additional guidance is provided in Regulatory Guide 1.54, Revisions 0 through 3, as may be invoked by the licensee.4.4 For plants with a license basis that predates the requirements of ANSI N5.12 and N101.2, this guide also is applicable. For these plants, the coatings or coating systems may be designated as acceptable, rather than qualified.4.5 All qualification testing shall comply with the licensee’s approved quality assurance program.1.1 This guide provides an approach to identifying the need for and development of a test document to qualify coatings for Coating Service Level I (CSLI) service in nuclear power plants.1.2 It is the intent of this guide to provide a recommended basis for establishing a coatings qualification test document, not to mandate a singular basis for all test documents. Variations or simplifications of the process described in this guide may be appropriate for any given operating or new construction nuclear power plant depending on its licensing commitments.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Predictions of neutron radiation effects on pressure vessel steels are considered in the design of light-water moderated nuclear power reactors. Changes in system operating parameters often are made throughout the service life of the reactor vessel to account for radiation effects. Due to the variability in the behavior of reactor vessel steels, a surveillance program is warranted to monitor changes in the properties of actual vessel materials caused by long-term exposure to the neutron radiation and temperature environment of the reactor vessel. This practice describes the criteria that should be considered in planning and implementing surveillance test programs and points out precautions that should be taken to ensure that: (1) capsule exposures can be related to beltline exposures, (2) materials selected for the surveillance program are samples of those materials most likely to limit the operation of the reactor vessel, and (3) the test specimen types are appropriate for the evaluation of radiation effects on the reactor vessel.4.2 Guides E482 and E853 describe a methodology for estimation of neutron exposure obtained for reactor vessel surveillance programs. Regulators or other sources may describe different methods.4.3 The design of a surveillance program for a given reactor vessel must consider the existing body of data on similar materials in addition to the specific materials used for that reactor vessel. The amount of such data and the similarity of exposure conditions and material characteristics will determine their applicability for predicting radiation effects.1.1 This practice covers procedures for designing a surveillance program for monitoring the radiation-induced changes in the mechanical properties of ferritic materials in light-water moderated nuclear power reactor vessels. New advanced light-water small modular reactor designs with a nominal design output of 300 MWe or less have not been specifically considered in this practice. This practice includes the minimum requirements for the design of a surveillance program, selection of vessel material to be included, and the initial schedule for evaluation of materials.1.2 This practice was developed for all light-water moderated nuclear power reactor vessels for which the predicted maximum fast neutron fluence (E > 1 MeV) exceeds 1 × 1021 neutrons/m 2 (1 × 1017 n/cm2) at the inside surface of the ferritic steel reactor vessel.1.3 This practice does not provide specific procedures for monitoring the radiation induced changes in properties beyond the design life. Practice E2215 addresses changes to the withdrawal schedule during and beyond the design life.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.NOTE 1: The increased complexity of the requirements for a light-water moderated nuclear power reactor vessel surveillance program has necessitated the separation of the requirements into three related standards. Practice E185 describes the minimum requirements for design of a surveillance program. Practice E2215 describes the procedures for testing and evaluation of surveillance capsules removed from a reactor vessel. Guide E636 provides guidance for conducting additional mechanical tests. A summary of the many major revisions to Practice E185 since its original issuance is contained in Appendix X2.NOTE 2: This practice applies only to the planning and design of surveillance programs for reactor vessels designed and built after the effective date of this practice. Previous versions of Practice E185 apply to earlier reactor vessels. See Appendix X2.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Establishment of an in-service linings monitoring program permits planning and prioritization of lining maintenance work as needed to maintain lining integrity and performance in nuclear Coating Service Level III systems. Refer to ASTM MNL-8, Manual on Maintenance Coatings for Nuclear Power Plants,7 and Guide D7230, which provides guidance for selecting lining materials for new construction or maintenance of safety-related lining systems.4.2 A linings monitoring program enables early identification and detection of potential problems in lining systems. Some Coating Service Level III lining systems may be known in advance to be suspect, deficient, or degraded. Monitoring lining performance will assist in developing follow-up procedures to resolve any significant deficiency relative to lining work.4.3 Degraded linings may generate debris under normal operation and testing or during upset conditions that could adversely affect the performance of safety-related systems. In most cases, the consequence of the debris generation is flow blockage, essential heat transfer reduction, or both; ultimately leading to degradation of equipment or system performance. A linings monitoring program may be required to fulfill licensing commitments for Coating Service Level III lining work.1.1 This guide covers procedures for establishing a program to monitor the performance of Coating Service Level III lining (and coating) systems in operating nuclear power plants. Monitoring is an ongoing process of evaluating the condition of the in-service lining systems.1.2 Coating Service Level III lining systems subject to this guide are generally those applied to metal substrates comprising raw water, condensate-quality water, or fuel oil wetted (that is, full or intermittent immersion) surfaces in systems that may include:1.2.1 Service water piping upstream of safety-related components,1.2.2 Service water pump internals (draft tube, volutes, and diffusers),1.2.3 Service water heat exchangers including the channels, pass partitions, tubesheets, end bells, and covers1.2.4 Service water strainers,1.2.5 Reactor water storage tanks (RWSTs),1.2.6 Refuel cavity water storage tanks,1.2.7 Reactor makeup water system,1.2.8 Component cooling water system,1.2.9 Lube oil tanks for safety-related equipment, and1.2.10 Emergency diesel fuel oil system.1.3 It is the intent of this guide to provide a recommended basis for establishing a linings monitoring program, not to mandate a singular basis for all programs. Variations or simplifications of the program described in this guide may be appropriate for any given operating nuclear power plant depending on its licensing commitments. Similar guidelines may be applicable for certain Coating Service Level II applications such as fluid immersion systems.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The dielectric strength of an electrical insulating material is a property of interest for any application where an electrical field will be present. In many cases the dielectric strength of a material will be the determining factor in the design of the apparatus in which it is to be used.5.2 Tests made as specified herein are suitable for use to provide part of the information needed for determining suitability of a material for a given application; and also, for detecting changes or deviations from normal characteristics resulting from processing variables, aging conditions, or other manufacturing or environmental situations. This test method is useful for process control, acceptance or research testing.5.3 Results obtained by this test method can seldom be used directly to determine the dielectric behavior of a material in an actual application. In most cases it is necessary that these results be evaluated by comparison with results obtained from other functional tests or from tests on other materials, or both, in order to estimate their significance for a particular material.5.4 Three methods for voltage application are specified in Section 12: Method A, Short-Time Test; Method B, Step-by-Step Test; and Method C, Slow Rate-of-Rise Test. Method A is the most commonly-used test for quality-control tests. However, the longer-time tests, Methods B and C, which usually will give lower test results, will potentially give more meaningful results when different materials are being compared with each other. If a test set with motor-driven voltage control is available, the slow rate-of-rise test is simpler and preferable to the step-by-step test. The results obtained from Methods B and C are comparable to each other.5.5 Documents specifying the use of this test method shall also specify:5.5.1 Method of voltage application,5.5.2 Voltage rate-of-rise, if slow rate-of-rise method is specified,5.5.3 Specimen selection, preparation, and conditioning,5.5.4 Surrounding medium and temperature during test,5.5.5 Electrodes,5.5.6 Wherever possible, the failure criterion of the current-sensing element, and5.5.7 Any desired deviations from the recommended procedures as given.5.6 If any of the requirements listed in 5.5 are missing from the specifying document, then the recommendations for the several variables shall be followed.5.7 Unless the items listed in 5.5 are specified, tests made with such inadequate reference to this test method are not in conformance with this test method. If the items listed in 5.5 are not closely controlled during the test, it is possible that the precisions stated in 15.2 and 15.3 will not be obtained.5.8 Variations in the failure criteria (current setting and response time) of the current sensing element significantly affect the test results.5.9 Appendix X1 contains a more complete discussion of the significance of dielectric strength tests.1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of dielectric strength of solid insulating materials at commercial power frequencies, under specified conditions.2,31.2 Unless otherwise specified, the tests shall be made at 60 Hz. However, this test method is suitable for use at any frequency from 25 to 800 Hz. At frequencies above 800 Hz, dielectric heating is a potential problem.1.3 This test method is intended to be used in conjunction with any ASTM standard or other document that refers to this test method. References to this document need to specify the particular options to be used (see 5.5).1.4 It is suitable for use at various temperatures, and in any suitable gaseous or liquid surrounding medium.1.5 This test method is not intended for measuring the dielectric strength of materials that are fluid under the conditions of test.1.6 This test method is not intended for use in determining intrinsic dielectric strength, direct-voltage dielectric strength, or thermal failure under electrical stress (see Test Method D3151).1.7 This test method is most commonly used to determine the dielectric breakdown voltage through the thickness of a test specimen (puncture). It is also suitable for use to determine dielectric breakdown voltage along the interface between a solid specimen and a gaseous or liquid surrounding medium (flashover). With the addition of instructions modifying Section 12, this test method is also suitable for use for proof testing.1.8 This test method is similar to IEC Publication 243-1. All procedures in this method are included in IEC 243-1. Differences between this method and IEC 243-1 are largely editorial.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7. See also 6.4.1.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification is intended for high-strength, low-alloy forged rings and hollows produced from steels with atmospheric corrosion resistance for use as base plates in welded tubular structures. These steels have considerably better atmospheric corrosion resistance in most environments than carbon structural steel with or without copper addition, and are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition when exposed to the atmosphere. The standard covers ordering information and general requirements for delivery, materials and manufacture, heat treatment, mechanical requirements, and the material's chemical composition.1.1 This specification covers high-strength, low-alloy steel ring and hollow forgings intended primarily for use as base plates in welded tubular structures for power transmission applications. However, use of this specification is not restricted to such applications and it may be used in other applications for which the attributes of the materials, as defined by this specification, are appropriate.1.2 The atmospheric corrosion resistance of Grades A, B, and C in most environments is substantially better than that of carbon structural steel with or without copper addition (see Note 1). When exposed to the atmosphere, these grades are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition.NOTE 1: See Guide G101 for methods of estimating the atmospheric corrosion resistance of low-alloy steels.1.3 The thickness of forgings is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements; however, current practice normally limits the thickness of forgings furnished under this specification to a range of 2 to 6 in. [51 to 152 mm].NOTE 2: When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service should be used. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.1.4 The text of this specification contains notes, footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material. Such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.1.5 Supplementary requirements are available but shall apply only when specified by the purchaser at the time of ordering.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This terminology covers terms and their definitions relevant to the use of protective coatings in nuclear power plants.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Materials Evaluation—These test methods were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for applications involving the use of flat, sheared laminations where the testing of Epstein specimens in either the as-sheared or stress-relief-annealed condition fails to provide the most satisfactory method of predicting magnetic performance in the application. As a principal example, the test methods have been found particularly applicable to the control and evaluation of the magnetic properties of thermally flattened, grain-oriented electrical steel (Condition F5, Specification A876) used as lamination stock for cores of power transformers. Inasmuch as the test methods can only be reliably used to determine unidirectional magnetic properties, the test methods have limited applicability to the testing of fully processed nonoriented electrical steels as normally practiced (Specification A677).4.2 Specification Acceptance—The reproducibility of test results and the accuracy relative to the 25-cm [250-mm] Epstein method of test are considered such as to render the test methods suitable for materials specification testing.4.3 Interpretation of Test Results—Because of specimen size, considerable variation in magnetic properties may be present within a single specimen or between specimens that may be combined for testing purposes. Also, variations may exist in test values that are combined to represent a test lot of material. Test results reported will therefore, in general, represent averages of magnetic quality and in certain applications, particularly those involving narrow widths of laminations, deviations in magnetic performance from those expected from reported data may occur at times. Additionally, application of test data to the design or evaluation of a particular magnetic device must recognize the influence of magnetic circuitry upon performance and the possible deterioration in magnetic properties arising from construction of the device.4.4 Recommended Standard Tests—These test methods have been principally applied to the magnetic testing of thermally flattened, grain-oriented electrical steels at 50 and 60 Hz. Specific core loss at 15 or 17 kG [1.5 or 1.7 T] and peak permeability (if required) at 10 Oe [796 A/m] are the recommended parameters for evaluating this class of material.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of specific core loss and peak permeability of single layers of sheet-type specimens tested with normal excitation at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.NOTE 1: These test methods have been applied only at the commercial power frequencies, 50 and 60 Hz, but with proper instrumentation and application of the principles of testing and calibration embodied in the test methods, they are believed to be adaptable to testing at frequencies ranging from 25 to 400 Hz.1.2 These test methods use calibration procedures that provide correlation with the 25-cm [250-mm] Epstein test.1.3 The range of test magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimen and by the available instruments and other equipment components. Normally, nonoriented electrical steels can be tested over a range from 8 to 16 kG [0.8 to 1.6 T] for core loss. For oriented electrical steels, the normal range extends to 18 kG [1.8 T]. Maximum magnetic flux densities in peak permeability testing are limited principally by heating of the magnetizing winding and tests are limited normally to a maximum ac magnetic field strength of about 150 Oe [12 000 A/m].1.4 These test methods cover two alternative procedures as follows:Test Method 1—Sections 6 – 12Test Method 2—Sections 13 – 191.4.1 Test Method 1 uses a test fixture having (1) two windings that encircle the test specimen, and (2) a ferromagnetic yoke structure that serves as the flux return path and has low core loss and low magnetic reluctance.1.4.2 Test Method 2 uses a test fixture having (1) two windings that encircle the test specimen, (2) a third winding located inside the other two windings and immediately adjacent to one surface of the test specimen, and (3) a ferromagnetic yoke structure which serves as the flux-return path and has low magnetic reluctance.1.5 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 One of the functions of a roofing aggregate is to shield the roofing membrane from sunlight that may be destructive to the roofing membrane. This test method measures the quantity of gravel needed to exclude light under arbitrary laboratory conditions. This test method need not be performed if the roofing membrane is not affected by light exposure.1.1 This test method measures the quantity of aggregate needed to provide an opaque layer under laboratory conditions. Aggregate size Numbers 1 through 8, as listed in Classification D448, may be tested.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a measure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid when used in an alternating electric field and of the energy dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor indicates low ac dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an indication of changes in quality resulting from contamination and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.4.1.1 The loss characteristic is commonly measured in terms of dissipation factor (tangent of the loss angle) or of power factor (sine of the loss angle) and may be expressed as a decimal value or as a percentage. For decimal values up to 0.05, dissipation factor and power factor values are equal to each other within about one part in one thousand. In general, since the dissipation factor or power factor of insulating oils in good condition have decimal values below 0.005, the two measurements (terms) may be considered interchangeable.4.1.2 The exact relationship between dissipation factor (D) and power factor (PF ) is given by the following equations:The reported value of D or PF may be expressed as a decimal value or as a percentage. For example:4.2 Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)—Insulating liquids are used in general either to insulate components of an electrical network from each other and from ground, alone or in combination with solid insulating materials, or to function as the dielectric of a capacitor. For the first use, a low value of relative permittivity is often desirable in order to have the capacitance be as small as possible, consistent with acceptable chemical and heat transfer properties. However, an intermediate value of relative permittivity may sometimes be advantageous in achieving a better voltage distribution of ac electric fields between the liquid and solid insulating materials with which the liquid may be in series. When used as the dielectric in a capacitor, it is desirable to have a higher value of relative permittivity so the physical size of the capacitor may be as small as possible.4.3 Theory relating to dielectric measurement techniques and to sources of dielectric loss is given in Test Methods D150.1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 Hz and 65 Hz.1.3 Where it is desired to make routine determinations requiring less accuracy, certain modifications to this test method are permitted as described in Sections 16 to 24.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 11.3.3.1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA's website for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers insulating lifting links used for protection of workers positioning a load from accidental contact of the load lifting equipment with live electrical conductors, apparatus, and circuits.1.2 This specification includes design, material, and testing requirements for the manufacturer and in-service inspection, testing and care requirements for the user or the agent of the user.1.3 Insulating links whose primary application does not pertain to power line electrical safety are not within the scope of this specification.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method evaluates the hiding power of a test paint relative to a comparison paint. The results have significance only within that relationship. It may be used for production control or quality comparisons.5.2 When a paint is applied by brush or any other practical method, the opacity of the film is affected by variations in film thickness related to the application procedure and to the application characteristics of the paint. Two paints that hide equally well by this method might therefore differ considerably when applied with a doctor blade, since the latter method gives essentially perfect leveling. Different brushes or surface application conditions can likewise give different results.NOTE 1: Test Method D2805 describes an instrumental method for quantitatively determining hiding power without reference to a material paint standard. The paint film is applied at a uniform thickness (for example, with a doctor blade), the film thickness is measured rigorously, and the opacity is evaluated photometrically. Hiding power is thereby determined with a high degree of precision.5.3 Test Method D344 is less precise than Test Method D2805, but is more practical because it is responsive to the application characteristics of paints, and is simpler in concept and execution.1.1 This test method provides for the qualitative and quantitative visual determination of the hiding power of a test paint relative to that of a comparison paint.1.2 This test method describes only a brushout application procedure in specific detail, but its concepts are valid for other methods of application as well.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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