5.1 The significance of this practice is adequately covered in Section 1.1.1 This practice is a general guide for ambient air analyzers used in determining air quality.1.2 The actual method, or analyzer chosen, depends on the ultimate aim of the user: whether it is for regulatory compliance, process monitoring, or to alert the user of adverse trends. If the method or analyzer is to be used for federal or local compliance, it is recommended that the method published or referenced in the regulations be used in conjunction with this and other ASTM methods.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Assumptions: 5.1.1 The control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.5.1.2 The control well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.5.1.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive.NOTE 2: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.5.1.4 The aquifer remains saturated (that is, water level does not decline below the top of the aquifer).5.1.5 The aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness. It is assumed that there is no change of water storage in this confining bed and that the hydraulic gradient across this bed changes instantaneously with a change in head in the aquifer. This confining bed is bounded on the distal side by a uniform head source where the head does not change with time.5.1.6 The other confining bed is impermeable.5.1.7 Leakage into the aquifer is vertical and proportional to the drawdown, and flow in the aquifer is strictly horizontal.5.1.8 Flow in the aquifer is two-dimensional and radial in the horizontal plane.5.2 The geometry of the well and aquifer system is shown in Fig. 1.5.3 Implications of Assumptions: 5.3.1 Paragraph 5.1.1 indicates that the discharge from the control well is at a constant rate. Section 8.1 of Test Method D4050 discusses the variation from a strictly constant rate that is acceptable. A continuous trend in the change of the discharge rate could result in misinterpretation of the water-level change data unless taken into consideration.5.3.2 The leaky confining bed problem considered by the Hantush-Jacob solution requires that the control well has an infinitesimal diameter and has no storage. Abdul Khader and Ramadurgaiah (5) developed graphs of a solution for the drawdowns in a large-diameter control well discharging at a constant rate from an aquifer confined by a leaky confining bed. Fig. 2 (Fig. 3 of Abdul Khader and Ramadurgaiah (5)) gives a graph showing variation of dimensionless drawdown with dimensionless time in the control well assuming the aquifer storage coefficient, S = 10−3, and the leakage parameter,Note that at early dimensionless times the curve for a large-diameter well in a non-leaky aquifer (BCE) and in a leaky aquifer (BCD) are coincident. At later dimensionless times, the curve for a large diameter well in a leaky aquifer coalesces with the curve for an infinitesimal diameter well (ACD) in a leaky aquifer. They coalesce about one logarithmic cycle of dimensionless time before the drawdown becomes sensibly constant. For a value of rw/B smaller than 10−3, the constant drawdown (D) would occur at a greater value of dimensionless drawdown and there would be a longer period during which well-bore storage effects are negligible (the period where ACD and BCD are coincident) before a steady drawdown is reached. For values ofgreater than 10−3, the constant drawdown (D) would occur at a smaller value of drawdown and there would be a shorter period of dimensionless time during which well-storage effects are negligible (the period where ACD and BCD are coincident) before a steady drawdown is reached. Abdul Khader and Ramadurgaiah (5)present graphs of dimensionless time versus dimensionless drawdown in a discharging control well for values of S = 10−1, 10−2, 10−3, 10−4, and 10−5 and rw/B = 10−2, 10−3, 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, and 0. These graphs can be used in an analysis prior to the aquifer test making use of estimates of the hydraulic properties to estimate the time period during which well-bore storage effects in the control well probably will mask other effects and the drawdowns would not fit the Hantush-Jacob solution.FIG. 2 Time—Drawdown Variation in the Control Well for S = δ = 10−3 (from Abdul Khader and Ramadurgaiah (5))FIG. 3 Schematic Diagram of Two-Aquifer System5.3.2.1 The time needed for the effects of control-well bore storage to diminish enough that drawdowns in observation wells should fit the Hantush-Jacob solution is less clear. But the time adopted for when drawdowns in the discharging control well are no longer dominated by well-bore storage affects probably should be the minimum estimate of the time to adopt for observation well data.5.3.3 The assumption that the aquifer is bounded, above or below, by a leaky layer on one side and a nonleaky layer on the other side is not likely to be entirely satisfied in the field. Neuman and Witherspoon (6, p. 1285) have pointed out that because the Hantush-Jacob formulation uses water-level change data only from the aquifer being pumped (or recharged) it can not be used to distinguish whether the leaking beds are above or below (or from both sides) of the aquifer. Hantush (7) presents a refinement that allows the parameters determined by the aquifer field test analysis to be interpreted as composite parameters that reflect the combined effects of overlying and underlying confined beds. Neuman and Witherspoon (6) describe a method to estimate the hydraulic properties of a confining layer by using the head changes in that layer.5.3.4 The Hantush-Jacob theoretical development requires that the leakage into the aquifer is proportional to the drawdown, and that the drawdown does not vary in the vertical in the aquifer. These requirements are sometimes described by stating that the flow in the confining beds is essentially vertical and in the aquifer is essentially horizontal. Hantush's (8) analysis of an aquifer bounded only by one leaky confining bed suggested that this approximation is acceptably accurate wherever5.3.5 The Hantush-Jacob method requires that there is no change in water storage in the leaky confining bed. Weeks (9) states that if the “leaky” confining bed is thin and relatively permeable and incompressible, the solution of Hantush and Jacob (2) will apply, whereas the solution of Hantush (7), which is described in Practice D6028/D6028M, that considers storage in confining beds will apply in most cases if one confining bed is thick, of low permeability, and highly compressible. For the case where one layer confining the aquifer is sensibly impermeable, and the other confining bed is leaky and bounded on the distal side by a layer in which the head is constant it follows from Hantush (7) that when time, t, satisfiesthe drawdowns in the aquifer will be described by the equationwhereNote that in Hantush's (7) solution, the termappears instead of the expression given for u in Eq 3, namelyThe implication being from Hantush (7) that after the time criterion given by Eq 9 is satisfied, the apparent storage coefficient of the aquifer will include the aquifer storage coefficient and one third of the storage coefficient for the confining bed. If the storage coefficient of the confining bed is very much less than that of the aquifer, then the effect of storage in the confining bed will be very small or sensibly nil. To illustrate the use of Hantush's time criterion, suppose a confining bed is characterized by b′ = 3 m, K′ = 0.001 m/day, and S′s = 3.6 × 10−6 m−1, then the Hantush-Jacob solution Eq 10 would apply everywhere whenorIf the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the confining bed was an order of magnitude larger, K′ = 0.01 m/day, then the Hantush-Jacob (2) solution would apply when t > 23 min.5.3.5.1 It should be noted that the Hantush (7) analysis assumes that well bore storage is negligible.5.3.5.2 Moench (10) presents numerical results that give insight into the effects of control well storage and changes in storage in the confining bed on drawdowns in the aquifer for various parameter values. However, Moench does not offer an explicit formula for when those effects diminish enough for subsequent drawdown data to fit the Hantush-Jacob solution.5.3.6 The assumption stated in 5.1.5, that the leaky confining bed is bounded on the other side by a uniform head source, the level of which does not change with time, was considered by Neuman and Witherspoon (11, p. 810). They considered a confined system of two aquifers separated by a confining bed as shown schematically in Fig. 3. Their analysis concluded that the drawdowns in an aquifer in response to discharging from a well in that aquifer would not be affected by the properties of the other, unpumped, aquifer for times that satisfy1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer and the leakance value of an overlying or underlying confining bed for the case where there is negligible change of water in storage in a confining bed. This practice is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this practice also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate.1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050.1.3 Limitations—The valid use of the Hantush-Jacob method is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method (Practice D4106) with the exception that in this case the aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness, and in which the gain or loss of water in storage is assumed to be negligible, and that bed, in turn, is bounded on the distal side by a zone in which the head remains constant. The hydraulic conductivity of the other bed confining the aquifer is so small that it is assumed to be impermeable (see Fig. 1).FIG. 1 Cross Section Through a Discharging Well in a Leaky Aquifer (from Reed (1)3). The Confining and Impermeable Bed Locations Can Be Interchanged1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and round established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported date to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis method for engineering design.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers procedures for adjusting the size ranges of an airborne discrete particle counter (DPC) to match size/concentration data from a reference DPC that has been calibrated for counting and sizing accuracy in accordance with Practice F 328 and is kept in good working order. The practice is applied in situations where time, capabilities, or both, required for carrying out procedures in Practice F 328 are not available. It is particularly useful where more than one DPC may be required to observe an environment where the particulate material being counted and sized is different in composition from the precision spherical particulate materials used for calibration in Practice F 328 and/or all of the DPCs in use are not similar in optical or electronic design.1.2 Procedures covered here include those to measure sampled and observed air volume or flow rate, zero count level, particle sizing and counting accuracy, particle sizing resolution, particle counting efficiency, and particle concentration limit.

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These test methods may be used for the determination of the fluoride content of particulate matter and gases collected in the atmosphere by passive and active monitors, including plant material. The user is warned that the fluoride content of passive collectors (including plant materials) gives a qualitative or semiquantitative measure of atmospheric concentrations or deposition rates of fluorides.1.1 These test methods describe manual procedures for the determination of fluoride in various types of samples. The procedures outlined, consequently, are appropriate to the analysis of ambient air samples taken by diverse sampling techniques when properly applied. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 10.7.1.3 and Ref (9).

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4.1 The creation of a standardized test method generally follows a series of steps from inception to approval and ongoing use. In all such stages there are questions of how well the test method performs.4.1.1 Assessments of a new or existing test method generally involve statistical planning and analysis. This standard recommends what approaches may be taken and indicates which standards may be used to perform such assessments.4.2 This standard introduces a series of phases which are recommended to be considered during the life cycle of a test method as depicted in Fig. 1. These begin with a design phase where the standard is initially prepared. A development phase involves a variety of experiments that allow further refinement and understanding of how the test method performs within a laboratory. In an evaluation phase the test method is then examined by way of interlaboratory studies resulting in precision and bias statistics which are published in the standard. Finally, the test method is subject to a monitoring phase.FIG. 1 Sequence of Steps4.3 All ASTM test methods are required to include statements on precision and bias.34.4 Since ASTM began to require all test methods to have precision and bias statements that are based on interlaboratory studies, there has been increased concern regarding what statistical experiments and procedures to use during the development of the test methods. Although there exists a wide range of statistical procedures, there is a small group of generally accepted techniques that are beneficial to follow. This guide is designed to provide a brief overview of these procedures and to suggest an appropriate sequence of conducting these procedures.4.5 Statistical procedures often result in interpretations that are not absolutes. Sometimes the information obtained may be inadequate or incomplete, which may lead to additional questions and the need for further experimentation. Information outside the data is also important in establishing standards and in the interpretation of numerical results.AbstractThis guide identifies statistical procedures for use in developing new test methods or revising or evaluating existing test methods, or both. It also cites statistical procedures especially useful in the application of test methods. This standard recommends what approaches may be taken and indicates which standards may be used to perform such assessments.1.1 This guide identifies statistical procedures for use in developing new test methods or revising or evaluating existing test methods, or both.1.2 This guide also cites statistical procedures especially useful in the application of test methods.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Quality Control and Quality Assurance practices are important for the optimum operation of testing laboratories using D16 methods for aromatic hydrocarbons and related materials. Quality procedure guidelines, like those described in this document or other suitably correct QA/QC-related reference, can be useful to optimally perform these methods.1.1 This guide contains non-mandatory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) activities that may be referenced in standards maintained by ASTM Committee D16 on Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Materials.1.2 This guide does not purport to address all of the issues that may be pertinent to an active QA/QC process.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is used as a basis for determining the minimum ground-based octane requirement of turbocharged/supercharged aircraft engines by use of PRFs and RFs.5.2 Results from standardized octane ratings will play an important role in defining the octane requirement of a given aircraft engine, which can be applied in an effort to determine a fleet requirement.1.1 This practice covers ground-based octane rating procedures for turbocharged/supercharged spark ignition aircraft engines. This practice has been developed to allow the widest range of applicability possible but may not be appropriate for all engine types. This practice is specifically directed to ground-based testing and actual in-flight octane ratings may produce significantly different results.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The test procedures and interlaboratory study report that result from coordinator compliance with this Practice are intended to include all information required for an ASTM Test Method and its associated Research Report; the interlaboratory study is to be conducted in compliance with Practice E691, also as required for an ASTM Test Method.3 The reason that the content of this Practice is not prepared as an actual ASTM Test Method is as follows. ASTM regulations preclude reference (in a Standard) to patented or otherwise proprietary test apparatus where “alternatives exist”.4 While a proprietary apparatus may be mentioned in the Test Method’s Research Report, this would prevent the Test Method from being a standalone document containing all information necessary for testing. As such, a standalone Test Method could only be for a non-proprietary apparatus design, with this design expressed in terms of physical characteristics and performance specifications sufficient to enable the reader to fabricate their own “identical” copy of the design. Further, to achieve consensus approval and publication of such a Test Method, it could be considered necessary that ILS results for this design include data from devices made by different entities. However, typical walkway tribometer designs (versus other types of test apparatus) are sufficiently complex that full documentation of all performance-affecting physical characteristics (sufficient that a reader could build one) may be impractical. European standard EN 16165 Annexes C and D illustrate what physical and performance characteristics are and are not documented in that standard’s specifications for two non-proprietary tribometers. In general, each different tribometer design may have advantages and disadvantages for testing different surfaces, and this Practice provides a rigorous and standardized structure for creating tribometer test procedures and interlaboratory study reports that would comply with the requirements for ASTM Test Methods, were it practical to create such test methods. It is recognized that a coordinator’s claim of compliance with this practice should be evaluated by the user, as formal consensus approval of the coordinator’s outputs will not have occurred.5.2 If compliance with this practice is claimed by a coordinator, all steps in Section 6 shall have been followed.5.3 The user can benefit from ILS reports and test procedures prepared in compliance with this standard, as there are potentially ~150 different elements (in Annex A1) of apparatus and methodological specifics, and it is important to note that the burden for specifying this information rests with the coordinator, not the user. The information will be there for the user if they want it.5.4 Precision statistics obtained in an ILS conducted on a single sample of a particular reference material will not capture the frictional variability that exists between different samples of that same reference material. The ILS test procedure may not capture the frictional variability that exists within a single sample of that reference material. The ILS test procedure will not evaluate the stability of the frictional characteristics of a reference material with repeated use over time. While outside the scope of this practice, the homogeneity and stability of reference materials are relevant to the interpretation and utilization of ILS results. Refer to ISO Guide 35 for a discussion of these topics.5.5 Friction measurements represent characteristics of a surface at the time of testing; the available friction of the surface after use may change significantly. As with reference materials, the measured friction of one sample of a manufactured walkway surface may not represent the friction of other samples of the same product.5.6 Obtaining test results is one part of a multi-part process of determining whether the available friction of an underfoot surface is adequate. Appendix X1 outlines a set of standards the F13.10 subcommittee intends to develop towards this goal.1.1 This practice covers creation of interlaboratory study reports and test procedures for the use of portable walkway tribometers for obtaining walkway surface friction measurements.1.2 This practice does not address the interpretation of data relative to pedestrian safety.1.3 This practice does not address the suitability of a walkway surface for a particular application.1.4 This practice does not directly address the important issue of the frictional homogeneity and stability of reference materials and in-use walkway materials.1.5 Conformance to this practice does not result in an ASTM Test Method.1.6 Values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The purpose of these test methods is to provide reliable and repeatable tests for the evaluation of various types of protective headgear. Use of these test methods in conjunction with the specific individual performance standards is intended to reduce the likelihood of serious injury and death resulting from impacts to the head sustained by individuals participating in sports, recreation, and other leisure activities in which protective headgear is worn.1.1 These test methods cover laboratory equipment, procedures, and basic requirements pertinent to testing protective headgear. Deviations or additions, or both, to these test methods will be specified, as required, in individual ASTM performance standards.1.2 Requirements—The protective headgear is to be tested under specified environmental conditions for the following:1.2.1 Impact attenuation (the limiting of head acceleration) of the protective headgear, and1.2.2 Strength and stability of the retention system and its attachment to the protective headgear.1.2.3 Special tests for particular protective headgear uses will be specified in the individual performance standards to be used in conjunction with these test methods.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Assumptions: 5.1.1 The well discharges at a constant rate.5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and is open through the full thickness of the aquifer.5.1.3 The nonleaky confined aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive except where limited by linear boundaries.5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived initially from storage in the aquifer; later, movement of water may be induced from a constant-head boundary into the aquifer.5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well are shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2.5.1.6 Boundaries are vertical planes, infinite in length that fully penetrate the aquifer. No water is yielded to the aquifer by impermeable boundaries, whereas recharging boundaries are in perfect hydraulic connection with the aquifer.5.1.7 Observation wells represent the head in the aquifer; that is, the effects of wellbore storage in the observation wells are negligible.5.2 Implications of Assumptions: 5.2.1 Implicit in the assumptions are the conditions of a fully-penetrating control well and observation wells of infinitesimal diameter in a confined aquifer. Under certain conditions, aquifer tests can be successfully analyzed when the control well is open to only part of the aquifer or contains a significant volume of water or when the test is conducted in an unconfined aquifer. These conditions are discussed in more detail in Practice D4105/D4105M.5.2.2 In cases in which this practice is used to locate an unknown boundary, a minimum of three observation wells is needed. If only two observation wells are available, two possible locations of the boundary are defined, and if only one observation well is used, a circle describing all possible locations of the image well is defined.5.2.3 The effects of a constant-head boundary are often indistinguishable from the effects of a leaky, confined aquifer. Therefore, care must be taken to ensure that a correct conceptual model of the system has been created prior to analyzing the test. See Guide D4043.NOTE 2: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.5.3 Practice D3740 provides evaluation factors for the activities in this standard.NOTE 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity, storage coefficient, and possible location of boundaries for a confined aquifer with a linear boundary. This practice is used to analyze water-level or head data from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. This practice also applies to flowing artesian wells discharging at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this practice also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate.1.2 The analytical procedure in this practice is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4050.1.3 Limitations—The valid use of this practice is limited to determination of transmissivities and storage coefficients for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method (see Practice D4106) (see 5.1), except that the aquifer is limited in areal extent by a linear boundary that fully penetrates the aquifer. The boundary is assumed to be either a constant-head boundary (equivalent to a stream or lake that hydraulically fully penetrates the aquifer) or a no-flow (impermeable) boundary (equivalent to a contact with a significantly less permeable rock unit). The Theis nonequilibrium method is described in Practices D4105/D4105M and D4106.1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide identifies U.S., Canadian and other international test methods used in the process of determining and evaluating textile and apparel care label instruction effectiveness for properties such as colorfastness, susceptibility to damage due to retained bleaching agents, dimensional stability, safe ironing temperatures and appearance retention (see 1.5 for exclusions).4.2 This guide is intended for general use by those who wish to compare care label evaluation methods of the United States with those of both The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB).4.3 The inclusion of AATCC, ASTM, CGSB, and ISO test methods provides broad reference information.4.4 Consult specific ASTM textile fabric, apparel and home furnishing performance specifications for evaluation criteria.4.4.1 A listing of all ASTM textile performance specifications may be found in Volumes, 07.01 and 07.02 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. These textile specifications are appropriate for apparel or textile products that have not been wet processed or dyed after the product was sewn into its final form.4.5 The National Standard of Canada—Care Labelling of Textiles (CAN/CGSB-86 1-2003) includes performance criteria that is used in the evaluation of care claims, including written words or symbols, identified on garments or textile products that are offered for sale in Canada (see Table 1 and Table 2.)(A) ISO symbols adapted from ISO 3758:2012(E), with the permission of ANSI on behalf of ISO. ©ISO 2012–All rights reserved.1.1 This guide lists general home laundering and commercial drycleaning textile care procedures and the associated ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), AATCC (American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists), CGSB (Canadian General Standards Board), and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards available for the testing and evaluation of textile products.1.2 This guide identifies the national and international textile and apparel test methods available to manufacturers, retailers, importers, testing organizations and other related parties.1.3 This guide provides a list of test methods that can be used by the reader to evaluate the properties of textiles and apparel during refurbishing, textile and apparel care instructions; and, textile and apparel care labels.1.4 This guide is not intended to be used in the establishment of performance criteria, but as a guide for product development and purchasing contracts. The country of Canada, however, has some performance criteria cited in The National Standard of Canada–Care Labelling of Textiles in CAN/CGSB–86.1-2003. See Table 1.(A) In addition to the properties of colourfastness, dimensional stability, effect of retained bleaching agent whether or not included in detergent and maximum safe ironing temperature, use of this care symbol system signifies that as a result of the restorative treatment, there shall be no appreciable change in the appearance of the textile product. For additional information on performance specifications and recommended test methods for the assessment of appearance changes, refer to CAN/CGSB-86.1-2003.1.5 This guide is applicable to textile and apparel articles; excluding upholstery fabrics, mattresses, carpet, leather, fur, and yarns.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of frost resistance of coarse aggregates in air-entrained concrete. It was developed particularly for use with normal weight aggregates not having vesicular, highly porous structure.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

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5.1 It has long been the practice to include in fuel specifications a requirement that the fuel be clear and bright and free of visible particulate matter (see Note 1). However, there has been no standard method for making this determination so that practices have differed. This test method provides standard procedures for the test.NOTE 1: Clean and bright is sometimes used in place of clear and bright. The meaning is identical.5.2 Procedure 1 provides a rapid pass/fail method for contamination in a distillate fuel. Procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance, primarily as a communication tool. Other test methods, including Test Methods D2276, D2709, and D4860, permit quantitative determinations of contaminants. No relationship has been established between Procedure 2 and these quantitative methods.5.2.1 Test Method D8148 has established a correlating relationship with Procedure 2 appearance rating numbers by reporting a correlating instrument haze rating (IHR) based upon its spectroscopically determined haze clarity index (HCI). Supporting data can be found in RR:D02-1876.55.3 Limited laboratory evaluations of samples that have failed this clear and bright test indicate that an experienced tester can detect as little as 40 ppm of free water in the fuel.1.1 This test method covers two procedures for estimating the presence of suspended free water and solid particulate contamination in distillate fuels having distillation end points below 400 °C and an ASTM color of 5 or less.1.1.1 Both procedures can be used as field tests at storage temperatures, or as laboratory tests at controlled temperatures.1.1.2 Procedure 1 provides a rapid pass/fail method for contamination. Procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The Form and Style Manual provides mandatory requirements and recommended practices for the preparation and content of ASTM specifications. In order to promote consistency in the style and content of product specifications under its jurisdiction, Committee A01 recognizes the need to provide a supplementary document pertaining to the types of products and materials covered by those specifications.4.2 This guide contains a list of sections to be considered for inclusion in a specification for steel, stainless steel, and related alloy products, and guidance or recommended wording, or both, for such sections.4.3 Persons drafting new product specifications, or modifying existing ones, under the jurisdiction of Committee A01, should follow this guide and the requirements of the Form and Style Manual to ensure consistency.1.1 This guide covers the editorial form and style for product specifications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01.NOTE 1: For standards other than product specifications, such as test methods, practices, and guides, see the appropriate sections of Form and Style for ASTM Standards (Blue Book).21.2 Subcommittees preparing new product specifications or revising existing ones should follow the practices and procedures outlined herein, and be guided by the latest specification covering similar commodities.1.3 This guide has been prepared as a supplement to the current edition of the Form and Style Manual, and is appropriate for use by the subcommittees to Committee A01. This guide is to be applied in conjunction with the Form and Style Manual.1.4 If a conflict exists between this guide and the mandatory sections of the current edition of the Form and Style Manual, the Form and Style Manual requirements have precedence. If a conflict exists between this guide and the nonmandatory sections of the current edition of the Form and Style Manual, the guide has precedence.1.5 When patents are involved, the specifications writer should refer to section F3 of the Form and Style Manual. Also, refer to part F of the Form and Style Manual for trademark information and the safety hazards caveat.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Squeeze-off is widely used to temporarily control the flow of gas in PE pipe. Squeeze tools vary depending on the size of the pipe and the design of the tool. Squeeze-off procedures vary depending on the tool design, pipe material, and environmental conditions.5.2 Experience indicates that some combinations of polyethylene material, temperature, tool design, wall compression percentage and procedure can cause damage leading to failure.5.3 Studies of polyethylene pipe extruded in the late 1980s and thereafter show that damage typically does not develop when the wall compression percentage is 30 % or less, when temperatures are above 50 °F (10 °C), and when closure and release rates are typical of field conditions for screw-driven tools.4 With tools meeting Specification F1563, acceptable flow control at typical gas service pressures is achieved at wall compression percentages between 10 and 20 % for pipe diameters less than 6 in.4,5 Because damage does not develop in these materials at such squeeze levels, the references cited indicate that squeeze-off flow control practices using tools meeting Specification F1563 and qualified procedures meeting Practice F1041 are effective for smaller pipe sizes.4 ,5NOTE 3: Specification F1563 provides a procedure for evaluating tool flow control performance.5.4 This practice provides a method to qualify a combination of squeeze tool, pipe size and material, and squeeze-off procedure to ensure that long-term damage does not occur. This practice is useful for polyethylene gas pipe manufactured before 1975, for new or revised polyolefin gas pipe materials, for pipe diameters of 8 in. or above, for new or revised squeeze tool designs, and for new or revised squeeze-off procedures.1.1 This practice covers qualifying a combination of a squeeze tool, a polyethylene gas pipe, and a squeeze-off procedure to avoid long-term damage in polyethylene gas pipe. Qualifying is conducted by examining the inside and outside surfaces of pipe specimens at and near the squeeze to determine the existence of features indicative of long-term damage. If indicative features are absent, sustained pressure testing in accordance with Specification D2513 is conducted to confirm the viability of the squeeze-off process. For assistance with specimen examination, an Adjunct, ADJF17342, is available from ASTM.1.2 This practice is appropriate for any combination of squeeze tool, PE gas pipe and squeeze-off procedure, and is particularly appropriate for pre-1975 Polyethylene (PE) pipe, and for pipe sizes of 8 in. or above, because of a greater possibility of long-term damage.1.3 This practice is for use by squeeze-tool manufacturers, pipe manufacturers and gas utilities to qualify squeeze tools made in accordance with Specification F1563; and squeeze-off procedures in accordance with Guide F1041 with pipe manufactured in accordance with Specification D2513.1.4 Governing codes and project specifications should be consulted. Nothing in this practice should be construed as recommending practices or systems at variance with governing codes and project specifications.1.5 Where applicable in this guide, “pipe” shall mean “pipe and tubing.”1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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