5.1 The exact analytical test methods and procedures used in any laboratory may be unique and affect the usability of their analytical results. A general reference to a book of standard analytical test methods, guides, and practices published by a reputable organization such as ASTM is not sufficient to guarantee acceptable results. As a point of clarification, a procedure may be part of a test method or it may be any other routine process the laboratory personnel must follow, for example, glassware cleaning, quality control, routine maintenance, or data reporting procedures.5.2 A significant part of the variability of results generated by different laboratories analyzing the same samples and citing the same general reference is due to differences in the way the analytical test methods and procedures are actually performed in each laboratory. These differences are often caused by the slight changes or adjustments allowed by the general reference, but that can affect the final results.5.3 The manual of SOPs is an important component of any laboratory's quality assurance program. As with all quality assurance activities, the importance of this manual lies in its impact on maintaining uniformity of test method performance and the utility of data generated by the laboratory.5.4 Each laboratory should develop and maintain a loose-leaf manual containing an exact step-by-step description of how every test method and procedure is performed in the laboratory to help guarantee uniform performance among different analysts using them.5.5 With adequate documentation of a laboratory's complete and exact analytical test methods and procedures, a laboratory will have improved confidence in its ability to reproduce analytical conditions exactly and thereby general reproducible results. This manual of SOPs is the cornerstone of a laboratory's creditability.1.1 This guide addresses the need for each laboratory engaged in the analysis of water and wastewater to develop and maintain an up-to-date written manual that clearly and completely delineates the exact steps followed in performing every test method and procedure used in the laboratory, that is, a manual of their standard operating procedures (SOPs).1.2 This guide details the practices necessary to provide clear in-house SOPs and a mechanism whereby the normal development and evolution of an analytical test method or procedure can be controlled and properly evaluated for incorporation into the SOP used in that laboratory.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in the note.

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5.1 The nighttime retroreflective properties of pavement markings are known to improve driving safety. Retroreflective composite optics have been developed to improve retroreflectivity in dry and rainy wet conditions. For customers purchasing these materials it’s important to verify the consistency and performance. This guide provides a set of laboratory procedures which can be selected individually or together to evaluate lot-to-lot consistency of composite optics of the same type and manufacturer. These are not in-service performance procedures and don’t necessarily predict in-service performance.1.1 This guide presents a series of options for evaluating lot-to-lot consistency of retroreflective composite optics of the same type and form from the same manufacturer and does not recommend any specific course of action to be taken. This guide is meant to increase the awareness of information and approaches and is not meant to recommend any specific course of action per ASTM’s Form and Style for ASTM Standards definition for a Guide.1.1.1 This guide does not determine lab procedure selection or acceptance criteria for a specific retroreflective composite optics product for its intended use. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer and customer to negotiate these details based on their specific needs.1.1.2 This guide is not intended to predict in-service performance levels.1.1.3 This guide is not intended for comparison of different types of composite optics or manufacturers of composite optics.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This practice shall be used for specific procedures used in preparing rubber compounds for quality control of production, for research and development purposes, and for comparison of different materials.1.1 This practice provides a listing of reference compounding materials required to prepare the rubber test compounds listed in succeeding methods and contains procedures for weighing. It also specifies the mixing equipment, general mixing procedures, vulcanization equipment and procedures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 5.4.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice covers the acceptable installation procedures of insulated vinyl deck covering on portable deck plates. This deck covering shall be installed, in way of the electrical and electronic spaces, for marine use. Requirements for the following are specified: (1) operations area, (2) installation using vinyl sheets, (3) adhesive, (4) fiberglass, (5) fastening with Nylon screws, and (6) exposed areas treated with epoxy. Illustrations of the installation of deck coverings are provided.1.1 This practice covers the acceptable method for installing insulated deck covering on portable deck plates.1.2 This deck covering shall be installed, in way of the electrical and electronic spaces, for marine use.1.3 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide may be used as a reference of acceptable open-cut construction practices for the proper installation of buried fiberglass and thermoplastic pipe. This guide may be used as follows:4.1.1 Installation contractors have an awareness of the level of workmanship required and use this information for bidding purposes and during construction.4.1.2 Construction inspectors have a reference of acceptable installation practices.4.1.3 Specification writers may use this guide as a reference in contract documents.4.1.4 Designers may review this information during planning and design for factors to consider in the preparation of plans and specifications.4.1.5 The owner of the pipeline may use this guide as a reference for restoration of proper pipe support and embedment when original construction is disturbed due to repairs, modifications, or construction of adjacent or crossing pipelines or cables.4.2 This guide should not be used to replace project specification requirements, manufacturer's recommendations, plumbing codes, building codes, or ASTM installation standards, but may be used to supplement that information.1.1 This guide describes installation techniques and considerations for open-cut construction of buried pipe. Although this guide was developed for plastic pipe, the concepts of providing the appropriate soil support, care in handling, correct joining techniques, proper soil compaction methods, and prevention of installation damage may apply to any pipe.1.1.1 Plastic pipe refers to thermoplastic and fiberglass pipe.1.1.2 Thermoplastic pipe refers to pipe fabricated from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene (ABS), cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), or polypropylene (PP). A list of specifications for these products is given in Appendix X2.1.1.3 Fiberglass pipe refers to a glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe. A list of ASTM specifications for these products is given in Appendix X2.NOTE 1: Appendix X2 cannot be considered inclusive because there may be unlisted, recently adopted ASTM specifications for new products that may be installed using this guide.NOTE 2: Only a few of the ASTM specifications listed in Appendix X2 include the associated fittings. While this guide applies to the installation of pipe, couplings, and fittings, no attempt was made to list all the possible fitting specifications that may be used in conjunction with the pipe specifications. Consult each specification or manufacturer for appropriate fitting standards.1.1.4 For simplification, the term pipe will be used in this document to mean pipe sections, fittings, and couplings.1.2 This guide contains general construction information applicable for plastic pipe and supplements the installation standards for the various types of pipe as described in Practices D2321, D2774, D3839, F690, and Guide F645.NOTE 3: This guide is not applicable for gas pipe applications as additional requirements may apply.1.3 Flexible pipe, such as thermoplastic and fiberglass, are typically designed to rely on the stiffness of the soil surrounding the pipe for support. The contract documents should describe the requirements of an appropriate soil support system. The construction practices described in this guide can be instrumental in attaining the required soil stiffness.1.3.1 A discussion of the interaction between a buried pipe and the surrounding soil and the importance of attaining proper soil support is in Appendix X1.1.3.2 Following these guidelines will be helpful in preventing local deformations in the pipe.1.4 This guide does not cover underwater installation, pipe that needs to be supported on piling, perforated pipe used for drainage, or gas pipelines.1.5 Pipelines through areas described as “expansive soils,” “collapsing soils,” landfills or water-logged land (such as swamps) should be constructed using site-specific installation procedures and are not discussed in this guide.1.6 This guide is not intended to cover all situations. Specific pipe characteristics, fluid transported, local site conditions, environmental concerns, or manufacturer's recommendations may require different guidelines.1.7 The construction practices presented in this guide may be affected by the installation requirements of owners, specifying organizations, or regulatory agencies for pipelines crossing roads and highways, other pipelines or cables, or waterways such as streams, drainage channels, or floodways.1.8 Culverts or pipe that are used as passages through water retaining embankments (for example, earth dams) may be constructed using the principles of this guide, if appropriate provisions are made to prevent water movement along the outside of the pipe (using impervious soils, cutoff collars, head walls, etc.).1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are given for information only.NOTE 4: There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard covering the primary subject matter of this guide.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The descriptive information required in this practice can be used to describe a soil to aid in the evaluation of its significant properties for engineering use.5.2 The descriptive information required in this practice should be used to supplement the classification of a soil as determined by Test Method D2487.5.3 This practice may be used in identifying soils using the classification group symbols and names as prescribed in Test Method D2487. Since the names and symbols used in this practice to identify the soils are the same as those used in Test Method D2487, it shall be clearly stated in reports and all other appropriate documents, that the classification symbol and name are based on visual-manual procedures.5.4 This practice is to be used for identification of soils in the field, laboratory, or any other location where soil samples are inspected and described.5.5 This practice may be used to group similar soil samples to reduce the number of laboratory tests necessary for positive soil classification.NOTE 2: The ability to describe and identify soils correctly is learned more readily under the guidance of experienced personnel, but it may also be acquired systematically by comparing numerical laboratory test results for typical soils of each type with their visual and manual characteristics.5.6 Soil samples from a given boring, test pit or location which appear to have similar characteristics are not required to follow all of the procedures in this practice, providing at least one sample is completely described and identified. These samples may follow only the necessary procedures to determine they are “similar” and shall be labeled as such.5.7 This practice may be used in combination with Practice D4083 when working with frozen soils.NOTE 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This practice covers procedures for the description of soils for engineering purposes.1.2 This practice also describes a procedure for identifying soils, at the option of the user, based on the classification system described in Test Method D2487. The identification is based on visual examination and manual tests. It shall be clearly stated in reporting, the soil identification is based on visual-manual procedures.1.2.1 When precise classification of soils for engineering purposes is required, the procedures outlined in Test Method D2487 shall be used.1.2.2 In this practice, the identification procedures assigning a group symbol and name are limited to soil particles smaller than 3 in. (75 mm).1.2.3 The identification portion of this practice is limited to naturally occurring soils. Specimens used for identification may be either intact or disturbed.NOTE 1: This practice may be used as a descriptive system applied to such materials as shale, claystone, shells, crushed rock, etc. (see Appendix X2).1.3 The descriptive information in this practice may be used with other soil classification systems or for materials other than naturally occurring soils.1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are rationalized conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The sieve designations are identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Practice E11.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 8.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The major portion of carbon black consumed by the rubber industry is used to improve the physical properties, life expectancy, and utility of rubber products. These test methods provide an SBR recipe and directions for evaluating all types of carbon black intended for use in rubber products. Other procedures are available elsewhere in the ASTM standards for the evaluation of carbon black itself.3.2 These test methods may be used to characterize carbon black in terms of specific properties of the standard compound. These test methods are useful for the quality assurance of carbon black production. They may also be used for the preparation of reference compounds, to confirm the day-to-day reliability of testing operations used in the rubber industry, for the evaluation of experimental compounds, and quality control of production compounds.1.1 These test methods cover the standard materials, test formula, mixing procedure, and test methods for the evaluation and production control of carbon blacks in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Assumptions of Solution of Cooper et al (1):5.1.1 The head change in the control well is instantaneous at time t  = 0.5.1.2 Well is of finite diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.5.1.3 Flow in the nonleaky aquifer is radial.NOTE 2: The exact conservation equation of Richards (5)with the volumetric water content can be simplified to take the form used in the solution of (1)with the storage coefficient, which implies several assumptions including that of constant total stresses (6).5.2 Implications of Assumptions: 5.2.1 The mathematical equations applied ignore inertial effects and assume the water level returns the static level in an approximate exponential manner. The geometric configuration of the well and aquifer are shown in Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Cross Section Through a Well in Which a Slug of Water is Suddenly Injected5.2.2 Assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions and fully penetrating wells. However, this practice is commonly applied to partially penetrating wells and in unconfined aquifers where it may provide estimates of hydraulic conductivity for the aquifer interval adjacent to the open interval of the well if the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity.NOTE 3: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.5.2.3 As pointed out by Cooper et al (1) the determination of storage coefficient by this practice has questionable reliability because of the similar shape of the curves, whereas, the determination of transmissivity is not as sensitive to choosing the correct curve. However, the curve selected should not imply a storage coefficient unrealistically large or small.NOTE 4: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.NOTE 5: Some published literature (7, 6) have discussed the appropriateness of the slug test. These have not been universally accepted and the industry continues to use this practice.1.1 This practice covers the determination of transmissivity from the measurement of force-free (overdamped) response of a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water level in a well. Force-free response of water level in a well to a sudden change in water level is characterized by recovery to initial water level in an approximate exponential manner with negligible inertial effects.1.2 The analytical procedure in this practice is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4044/D4044M for collection of test data.1.3 Limitations—Slug tests are considered to provide an estimate of transmissivity. Although the assumptions of this practice prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well open through the full thickness of the aquifer), the slug test is commonly conducted using a partially penetrating well. Such a practice may be acceptable for application under conditions in which the aquifer is stratified and horizontal hydraulic conductivity is much greater than vertical hydraulic conductivity. In such a case the test would be considered to be representative of the average hydraulic conductivity of the portion of the aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection. Details of this work, together with tables of sampling plans of other forms, have been published previously. See Refs (1-3).4 Since the basic computations required have already been made, it has been quite easy to provide these new factors. No changes in method or details of application have been made over those described in the publications referenced above. For this reason, the text portion of this report has been briefly written. Readers interested in further details are referred to these previous publications. Other sources of material on the underlying theory and approach are also available (4-7).4.2 The procedure to be used is essentially the same as the one normally used for attribute sampling inspection. The only difference is that sample items are tested for life or survival instead of for some other property. For single sampling, the following are the required steps:4.2.1 Using the tables of factors provided in Annex A1, select a suitable sampling inspection plan from those tabulated in Practice E2234.4.2.2 Draw at random a sample of items of the size specified by the selected Practice E2234 plan.4.2.3 Place the sample of items on life test for the specified period of time, t.4.2.4 Determine the number of sample items that failed during the test period.4.2.5 Compare the number of items that failed with the number allowed under the selected Practice E2234 plan.4.2.6 If the number that failed is equal to or less than the acceptable number, accept the lot; if the number failing exceeds the acceptable number, reject the lot.4.3 Both the sample sizes and the acceptance numbers used are those specified by Practice E2234 plans. It will be assumed in the section on examples that single sampling plans will be used. However, the matching double sampling and multiple sampling plans provided in MIL-STD-105 can be used if desired. The corresponding sample sizes and acceptance and rejection numbers are used in the usual way. The specified test truncation time, t, must be used for all samples.4.4 The probability of acceptance for a lot under this procedure depends only on the probability of a sample item failing before the end of the test truncation time, t. For this reason, the actual life at failure need not be determined; only the number of items failing is of interest. Life requirements and test time specifications need not necessarily be measured in chronological terms such as minutes or hours. For example, the life measure may be cycles of operation, revolutions, or miles of travel.4.5 The underlying life distribution assumed in this standard is the Weibull distribution (note that the exponential distribution is a special case of the Weibull). The Weibull model has three parameters. One parameter is a scale or characteristic life parameter. For these plans and procedures, the value for this parameter need not be known; the techniques used are independent of its magnitude. A second parameter is a location or “guaranteed life” parameter. In these plans and procedures, it is assumed that this parameter has a value of zero and that there is some risk of item failure right from the start of life. If this is not the case for some applications, a simple modification in procedure is available. The third parameter, and the one of importance, is the shape parameter, β.5 The magnitude of the conversion factors used in the procedures described in this report depends directly on the value for this parameter. For this reason, the magnitude of the parameter shall be known through experience with the product or shall be estimated from past research, engineering, or inspection data. Estimation procedures are available and are outlined in Ref (1).4.6 For the common case of random chance failures with the failure rate constant over time, rather than failures as a result of “infant mortality” or wearout, a value of 1 for the shape parameter shall be assumed. With this parameter value, the Weibull distribution reduces to the exponential. Tables of conversion factors are provided in Annex A1 for 15 selected shape parameter values ranging from 1/2 to 10, the range commonly encountered in industrial and technical practice. The value 1, used for the exponential case, is included. Factors for other required shape parameter values within this range may be obtained approximately by interpolation. A more complete discussion of the relationship between failure patterns and the Weibull parameters can be found in Refs (1-3).4.7 One possible acceptance criterion is the mean life for items making up the lot (μ). Mean life conversion factors or values for the dimensionless ratio 100t/μ have been determined to correspond to or replace all the p' or percent defective values associated with Practice E2234 plans. In this factor, t represents the specified test truncation time and μ the mean item life for the lot. For reliability or life-length applications, these factors are used in place of the corresponding p' values normally used in the use of Practice E2234 plans for attribute inspection of other item qualities. The use of these factors will be demonstrated by several examples (see Sections 5, 7, and 9).4.8 Annex Table 1A lists, for each selected shape parameter value, 100t/μ ratios for each of the Practice E2234 AQL [p'(%)] values. With acceptance inspection plans selected in terms of these ratios, the probability of acceptance will be high for lots whose mean life meets the specified requirement. The actual probability of acceptance will vary from plan to plan and may be read from the associated operating characteristic curves supplied in MIL-STD-105. The curves are entered by using the corresponding p'(%) value. Annex Table 1B lists 100t/μ ratios at the LQL for the quality level at which the consumer's risk is 0.10. Annex Table 1C lists corresponding 100t/μ ratios for a consumer's risk of 0.05.4.8.1 These ratios are to be used directly for the usual case for which the value for the Weibull location or threshold parameter (γ) can be assumed as zero. If γ is not zero but has some other known value, all that shall be done is to subtract the value for γ from t to get t0 and from m to get m0. These transformed values, t 0 and m0, are then employed in the use of the tables and for all other computations. A solution in terms of m0 and t0 can then be converted back to actual or absolute values by adding the value for γ to each.AbstractThis practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model. The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection.1.1 This practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD-105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model.1.2 A system of units is not specified by this practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice provides a means of assuring that products supplied during ship construction and maintenance are substantially the same as the materials on which the original selection was based. The selection of a paint for shipboard use frequently involves laboratory and field evaluations of candidate materials as part of the specification process. When a paint is selected, it shall have the same composition and characteristics throughout the delivery period as the materials originally evaluated.5.1.1 When significant changes in composition or paint characteristics are observed, it is necessary to determine the cause of the change (production error or formulation change) and its impact on coating performance. Actions to take if a formulation change is required are specified in 6.5.5.2 This practice is not meant to cover all possible chemical or physical tests that may be used to identify a coating. Additional tests may be needed to meet specific user needs.5.3 This practice does not recommend specific tolerance limits for the tests indicated. Tolerance values need to be agreed upon by the coating supplier, the shipbuilder, and the ship’s owner.5.4 This practice does not establish critical attributes that must be controlled. These attributes are selected by the shipbuilder and the ship’s owner based on specific needs (for example, colors).1.1 This practice provides the quality control receipt inspection procedures for protective coatings (paints) procured for end item use on ships and other marine structures. The practice includes methods and procedures for verifying that coating materials received are within the range of physical and chemical characteristics as those originally specified and tested.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This guide is intended as general guidance in establishing procedures for internal control of the security seals. It is not meant to restrict the use of procedures that may be required for unique or unusual situations. Likewise, not all of the practices will necessarily apply to a particular situation.1.1 This guide covers procedures for maintaining a continuous line of accountability for security seals from the time of manufacture to destruction of the seal subsequent to its use.1.2 The procedures contained herein are applicable to usage of security seals that are coded or numbered in a manner to make each seal unique. See also Classification F832.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Assumptions: 5.1.1 Control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.5.1.2 Control well is of infinitesimal diameter and partially penetrates the aquifer.5.1.3 The nonleaky artesian aquifer is homogeneous, and aerially extensive. The aquifer may also be anisotropic and, if so, the directions of maximum and minimum hydraulic conductivity are horizontal and vertical, respectively. The methods may be used to analyze tests on unconfined aquifers under conditions described in a following section.NOTE 1: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well conditions are shown in Fig. 2.5.2 Implications of Assumptions—The vertical flow components in the aquifer are induced by a control well that partially penetrates the aquifer, that is, a well that is not open to the aquifer through its full thickness. The effects of vertical flow components are measured in piezometers near the control well, that is, within a distance, r, in which vertical flow components are significant, that is:5.3 Application of Method to Unconfined Aquifers: 5.3.1 Although the assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions, Weeks (1) has pointed out that the solution may be applied to unconfined aquifers if drawdown is small compared with the saturated thickness of the aquifer or if the drawdown is corrected for reduction in thickness of the aquifer, and the effects of delayed gravity response are small. The effects of gravity response become negligible after a time as given, for piezometers near the water table, by the equation:for values of ar/b < 0.4 and by the equation:for greater values of ar/b.5.3.2 Drawdown in an unconfined aquifer is also affected by curvature of the water table or free surface near the control well, and by the decrease in saturated thickness, that causes the transmissivity to decline toward the control well. This method should be applicable to analysis of tests on water-table aquifers for which the control well is cased to a depth below the pumping level and the drawdown in the control well is less than 0.2b. Moreover, little error would be introduced by effects of water-table curvature, even for a greater drawdown in the control well, if the term (s2/2 b) for a given piezometer is small compared to the δ s term.5.3.3 The transmissivity decreases as a result of decreasing thickness of the unconfined aquifer near the control well. Jacob (4) has shown that the effect of decreasing transmissivity on the drawdown may be corrected by the equation:where s is the observed drawdown and s′ is the drawdown in an equivalent confined aquifer.NOTE 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This practice covers an analytical solution for determining the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer by analysis of the response of water levels in the aquifer to the discharge from a well that partially penetrates the aquifer. This standard uses data derived from Test Method D4050.1.2 Limitations—The limitations of the technique for determination of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumption of this practice.1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through he ASTM consensus process.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide should be used to support existing decision frameworks for the selection and application of analytical procedures to sediment programs.4.2 Activities described in this guide should be conducted by persons familiar with current sediment site characterization and remediation techniques, sediment remediation science and technology, toxicology concepts, risk and exposure assessment methodologies, and ecological evaluation protocols.4.3 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data validators, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders, which may include, but are not limited to, owners, buyers, developers, lenders, insurers, government agencies, and community members and groups.4.4 This guide is not intended to replace or supersede federal, state, local or international regulatory requirements. Instead this guide may be used to complement and support such requirements.4.5 This guide provides a decision framework based on over-arching features and elements that should be customized by the user based on site-specific conditions, regulatory context, and sediment program objectives for a particular site. This guide should not be used alone as a prescriptive checklist.4.6 The selection and application of analytical methods and test procedures for sediment programs is an evolving science. This guide provides a systematic but flexible decision framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agency and by user based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, programmatic and regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, use of alternative scientifically-based methods and procedures, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, multiple lines of evidence approach, and unforeseen circumstances.4.7 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including: Section 1 - ; Section 2 - References; Section 3 - Terminology; Section 4 - . The remainder of this guide is organized as a tool kit to support the selection and application of a range of test methods and procedures that may be used at various stages of a sediment program, including: Section 5 - Physical Property Test Methods; Section 6 - Chemistry Analytical Methods; Section 7 - Passive Sampling Methods; Section 8 - Biological Test Methods; Section 9 - Environmental Forensics Analytical Methods; and Section 10 - Analytical Methods Development. Nonmandatory Appendix X1 – Appendix X13 provide users of this guide with additional information. A list of References and a Bibliography are provided at the end of this guide.4.8 Project Scoping and Planning—This guide supports that systematic planning process for selection and application of analytical procedures used for sediment programs. The use of this guide compliments applicable existing guidance used to develop a Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) and to establish data quality objectives (DQO) necessary to meet project goals and to fully understand data quality. This process encourages planners to identify and focus on the key issues that must be addressed and resolved for successful, cost-effective, and defensible project outcomes.4.9 The use of this guide also supports the development and refinement of a Conceptual Site Model (CSM) as part of the planning process for site activities that involve gathering environmental data.4.10 Implementation of the guide is site-specific. The user of this guide may choose to customize the implementation of the guide for particular types and/or phases of sediment programs.4.11 This guide may be initiated at any time during a sediment program, including: site characterization, assessment, remedy selection, remedial design, remedial implementation, remedial operation and maintenance, baseline and long-term monitoring, remedy optimization, and corrective action.4.12 Use of this guide supports the use of systematic project planning, dynamic work strategies, use of innovative sampling and analytical technologies, and application of best management practices and guiding principles as applied to contaminated sediment programs.4.13 Use of this guide supports a multiple lines of evidence approach, including a weight of evidence approach, for assessment, remediation, and monitoring of contaminated sediments.4.14 Use of this guide is consistent with the Sediment-RBCA process which guides the user to acquire and evaluate additional data, obtain the appropriate data and refine goals, objectives, receptors, exposure pathways, and the site conceptual model. As the Sediment-RBCA process proceeds, data and conclusions reached at each tier help focus subsequent tiered evaluation. This integrative process results in efficient, cost-effective decision-making and timely, appropriate response actions for contaminated sediment programs.4.15 Planning Framework—When applying this guide, the user should undertake a systematic project planning and scoping process to collect information to assist in making site-specific, user-defined decisions for a particular project. Planning activities should include the following factors: (a) Assemble an experienced team of project professionals; (b) Engage stakeholders early and often in the planning process; (c) Define, agree on, and document clearly stated project objectives and intended outcomes; (d) Recognize that sediment programs are complex, uncertainty is high, that an appropriate projectspecific approach may be developed with the investment of time and effort, and that compromise and uncertainty are inherent in the process; (e) Identify the applicable regulatory program(s); (f) Compile existing site data; and (g) Establish a plan for documenting and reporting key decisions and results. These project planning and scoping activities should be carried forward as the project progresses.4.16 Experience and Expertise—The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced project professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan and execute a sediment data acquisition program. The team may include: regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, and data reviewers, data validators, data users, and other stakeholders.4.17 Stakeholders—The users of this guide are encouraged to engage key stakeholders early and often in the project planning and scoping process, especially regulators, project sponsors, and service providers including analytical testing laboratories. A concerted ongoing effort should be made by the guide user to continuously engage stakeholders as the project progresses in order to gain insight, technical support and input for resolving technical issues and challenges that may arise during project implementation.4.18 Documentation—The users of this guide should establish a plan for documenting and reporting the results of the project planning process, including: key challenges, options considered, decisions taken, data acquisition approach, data results, and project outcomes relative to project objectives. Project documentation may include: Project Work Plans, Sampling and Analysis Plans (SAP), Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPP), Technical Memos, and Project Reports. The user must ensure that the test methods used meet the analytical rigor required by the regulatory agency or agencies having oversight authority for the project.4.19 The users of this guide are encouraged to continuously update and refine the project Conceptual Site Model (CSM), Work Plans and Reports used to describe the physical properties, chemical composition and occurrence, biologic features, and environmental conditions of the sediment project.4.20 Key Considerations—This guide supports users in the identification of key considerations for designing and implementing sediment program data acquisition plans, including discussion of applicability and use limitations of analytical methods and testing procedures.4.21 Challenges—This guide is designed to assist the user in more fully understanding and navigating the challenges inherent in the selection and application of analytical methods and test procedures for use in sediment programs, specifically challenges in generating analytical data of sufficient sensitivity to support the stringent regulatory screening levels applied to sediment programs. USEPA (2005a) (1)5 has long recognized the challenges associated with sediment programs, as summarized below:4.21.1 Sources may be various, large, ongoing, and/or difficult to control,4.21.2 Impacts may be diffuse, large, and diverse,4.21.3 Environment may be dynamic, increasing the difficulty in understanding effects of natural forces and man-made events on sediment movement and stability and contaminant fate and transport,4.21.4 Cleanup work often involves engineering challenges and higher costs than for other media,4.21.5 Mixed land uses and numerous property owners and communities with differing views, opinions, and impacts often complicate cleanup efforts, and4.21.6 Ecologically valuable resources and/or legislatively protected species or habitats may be present.1.1 This is a guide for the selection and application of a range of analytical methods and testing procedures that may be used during sediment programs, including physical properties testing, chemical analytical methods, passive sampling procedures, bioassays and toxicity testing, environmental forensics methods and procedures, and methods development procedures for sediment programs.1.2 Sediment programs vary greatly in terms of environmental complexity, physical, chemical and biological characteristics, human health and ecological risk concerns, and geographic and regulatory context. This guide provides information for the selection and application of analytical methods and testing protocols applicable to a wide range of sediment programs.1.3 This guide describes widely accepted considerations and best practices used in the selection and application of analytical procedures used during sediment programs. This guide supports and complements existing regulations and technical guidance.1.4 This guide is designed for general application to a wide range of sediment programs performed under international, federal, state and local environmental programs. This guide describes the selection and application of analytical methods and test procedures, not the requirements for specific regulatory jurisdictions. This guide compliments but does not replace regulatory agency requirements.1.5 This guide may be used for a wide range of sediment programs, including programs with overlapping regulatory jurisdictions, programs without a clearly established regulatory framework, voluntary programs, Brownfield programs, and international programs. The users of this guide should be aware of the appropriate regulatory requirements that apply to sediment programs. The user should consult applicable regulatory agency requirements to identify appropriate technical decision criteria and seek regulatory approvals, as necessary, prior to selection and application of analytical methods and test procedures to sediment programs.1.6 This guide supports the collaboration of stakeholders, including project sponsors, regulators, laboratory service providers, and others, on the selection and application of analytical procedures to sediment programs. This guide highlights key considerations for designing sediment program data acquisition plans, including applicability and use limitations of analytical methods and test procedures, and data usability considerations. This guide recognizes the challenges inherent in selection and application of analytical methods and test procedures for sediment systems, as well as the challenges inherent in generating analytical data of sufficient sensitivity to meet regulatory criteria applied to sediment programs.1.7 ASTM standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements.1.8 Test methods, procedures, and guidelines published by ASTM, USEPA, and other U.S. and international agencies are used for sediment programs, many of which are referenced by this guide. However, these documents do not provide guidance on the selection and application of analytical methods and test procedures for sediment programs. This guide was developed for that purpose.1.9 This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for sediment programs.1.10 The user of this guide should review existing information and data available for a sediment project to determine the most appropriate entry point into and use of this guide.1.11 Table of Contents:   SectionIntroduction   1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3 4Physical Property Test Methods 5Chemistry Analytical Methods 6Passive Sampling Methods 7Biological Test Methods 8Environmental Forensics Analytical Methods 9Analytical Method Development 10Key Differences in Physical Properties of Sediment and Soil Appendix X1Guidelines for Collection of Sediment Samples for Physical Properties Testing Appendix X2Key Concepts in Sediment Stratigraphy for Physical Properties Testing Appendix X3Quick Reference Guide for Sediment Chemistry Analytical Method Selection Appendix X4Sampling Reference Guide for Sediment Chemistry Analytical Methods Appendix X5Critical Success Factors for Sediment Chemistry Analytical Programs Appendix X6Quick Reference Guide for Passive Sampling Method Selection Appendix X7Advantages and Limitations of Passive Sampler Types for Organic Compounds Appendix X8Methodologies and Equations for Determining Aqueous Chemical Concentrations from Passive Sampler Results Appendix X9Pros and Cons Evaluation of Biological Test Methods Appendix X10Decision Tree for Biological Testing Selection Appendix X11Species List for Biological Testing Appendix X12Daubert Criteria to Guide the Selection and Application of Analytical Test Methods Used for Environmental Sediment Forensics Appendix X13References  Bibliography  1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Microbiological water testing procedures using membrane filtration are based on the premise that all bacteria within a specific size range will be retained by the membrane filter used. If the membrane filter does not retain these bacteria, false negative results or lowered density estimates may occur that could have serious repercussions due to the presence of unrecognized potential health hazards in the water being tested, especially in drinking water.5.1.1 This procedure as devised will enable the user to test each membrane filter lot number for its ability to retain all bacterial equal to, or larger than, the stated membrane pore size.5.2 Since this membrane is often used to sterilize nonautoclavable liquids, it is essential that the retention characteristics of this membrane are stable.1.1 This test method covers a procedure to test membrane filters for their ability to retain bacteria whose diameter is equal to or slightly larger than the 0.2-µm pore size of the membrane filter.1.2 The procedures described are for the use of user laboratories as differentiated from manufacturers’ laboratories.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Microbiological water testing procedures using membrane filtration are based on the premise that all bacteria within a specific size range will be retained by the membrane filter used. If the membrane filter does not retain these bacteria, false negative results or lowered density estimates may occur that could have serious repercussions due to the presence of unrecognized potential health hazards in the water being tested, especially in drinking water.5.2 This procedure as devised will enable the user to test each membrane filter lot number for its ability to retain all bacteria equal to, or larger than, the stated membrane pore size.1.1 This test method covers a procedure to test membrane filters for their ability to retain bacteria whose diameter is equal to or slightly larger than membrane filters with pore size rated at 0.40 to 0.45 μm.1.2 The procedures described are for the use of user laboratories as differentiated from manufacturers’ laboratories.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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