5.1 Assumptions—Leaky Aquifer: 5.1.1 Drawdown (sW) in the control well is constant,5.1.2 Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates aquifer,5.1.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive, and5.1.4 The control well is 100 % efficient.5.2 Assumptions—Nonleaky Aquifer: 5.2.1 Drawdown (sW) in the control well is constant,5.2.2 Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates aquifer,5.2.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive,5.2.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the nonleaky aquifer, and5.2.5 The control well is 100 % efficient.5.3 Implications of Assumptions: 5.3.1 The assumptions are applicable to confined aquifers and fully penetrating control wells. However, this practice may be applied to partially penetrating wells where the method may provide an estimate of hydraulic conductivity for the aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well if the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity.5.3.2 Values obtained for storage coefficient are less reliable than the values calculated for transmissivity. Storage coefficient values calculated from control well data are not reliable.NOTE 7: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This practice covers an analytical solution for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of a leaky or nonleaky confined aquifer. It is used to analyze data on the flow rate from a control well while a constant head is maintained in the well.1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Practice D5786.1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this technique for the determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between field situation and the simplifying assumption of the solution.1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this practice.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice provides requirements for the handling, transportation, and storage of HFC-23 encountered in distribution through both commercial and military channels. It is intended to ensure that HFC-23 is handled, transported, and stored in such a way its physical property values are not degraded. Transport may be by various means, such as, but not limited to, highway, rail, water, and air.1.1 This practice covers guidance and direction to suppliers, purchasers, and users in the handling, transportation, and storage of HFC-23.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers sampling; inspection; rejection; certification; packaging and marking; and shipping, handling, and storage of gypsum panel products. When specified by the purchase agreement, samples of gypsum panel products shall be taken at the place of manufacture or at the destination. At least 0.25 % of the number of gypsum panel products in a shipment, but not less than three gypsum panel products, shall be so selected as to be representative of the shipment and shall constitute a sample for the purpose of tests by the purchaser or user. Inspection of the gypsum panel products shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the producer or supplier as part of the purchase agreement. Rejection of gypsum panel products that fails to conform to the requirements specified shall be reported to the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. When specified in the purchase agreement, a producer's or supplier's report shall be furnished at the time of shipment certifying that the product is in compliance with the ASTM specification. Each gypsum panel product or package shall have legibly marked thereon the following: the thickness, the name of the producer or supplier, the brand name, if any, and the ASTM specification for the product. Gypsum panel products shall be shipped so as to be kept dry. Gypsum panel products shall be stored so as to be kept dry, preferably inside a building. Gypsum panel products shall be neatly stacked flat with care taken to prevent sagging or damage to edges, ends, and surfaces. Where necessary to store gypsum panel products outside, it shall be stacked flat, off the ground, supported on a level platform, and fully protected from weather and direct sunlight exposure.1.1 This specification covers sampling; inspection; rejection; certification; packaging and marking; and shipping, handling, and storage of gypsum panel products shipped from the manufacturer.1.1.1 This specification does not cover storage or stocking on individual job sites.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide may be used in the investigation of underground storage tank systems for equipment problems in a wide variety of applications. Use of this guide is voluntary. It is intended to assist users who want to investigate equipment failures, malfunctions, and other potential causes of suspected releases.4.2 The following groups of users may find the guide particularly helpful:4.2.1 Storage tank system designers and manufacturers;4.2.2 Storage tank installers, testers, and inspectors;4.2.3 Storage tank maintenance contractors;4.2.4 Storage tank removal contractors;4.2.5 Federal, state, tribal or local regulators, including departments of health, departments of environmental protection, and fire departments;4.2.6 Petroleum release remediation professionals;4.2.7 Insurance adjusters;4.2.8 Storage tank owners and operators;4.2.9 Consultants, auditors, and compliance assistance personnel.4.3 This guide is intended to assist in the development of protocols for determination of source and cause of a release and the investigation of a malfunction or failure of any component of a UST system and the implementation of said protocols. This guide outlines steps that may be necessary and include, but are not limited to initial evaluation of the UST system to determine if there has been a component failure preparation of samples of failed or compromised equipment for laboratory analysis; visual; and analytical evaluation of release indications; and documentation of the investigation. The guide provides a series of investigation options from which the user may design failure investigation protocols. The guide describes common investigation techniques in the order in which they might be employed in an investigation.4.4 A user may elect to utilize this guide for a number of reasons, which include, but are not limited to:4.4.1 To differentiate new releases from new discovery of old releases;4.4.2 To establish malfunction and failure rates of various UST system components;4.4.3 To determine expected life spans of various UST components;4.4.4 To identify opportunities for improving the performance and reliability of storage tank equipment;4.4.5 To focus inspection and maintenance efforts on those component of the UST system that are most prone to compromise, malfunction and failure;4.4.6 To identify those components of the UST system that require more frequent maintenance;4.4.7 To reduce equipment replacement costs;4.4.8 To prevent petroleum releases;4.4.9 To identify those conditions that may cause or contribute to equipment or component compromise, deterioration or other cause of malfunction or failure of the UST system;4.4.10 To comply with environmental regulations that require the investigation of suspected releases and determine the source and cause of releases; and4.4.11 To identify conditions that may cause or contribute to nonsudden releases that may not be detected by other leak detection methods.4.5 This guide may be used to establish a framework that pulls together the common approaches to investigation. The framework will allow the user to establish an investigation protocol to meet the user’s specific requirements. Specific user requirements will vary depending upon the purposes of the data collection and the decisions that the investigation is intended to support. This guide does not provide methods to establish specific user investigation requirements nor does it establish minimum levels of documentation.4.6 This guide will acquaint users with methods and tools that may be used in investigations of equipment problems associated with USTs. The user may include a subset of the methods described in this guide in their investigation. The user may consider a variety of factors in determining which combination of the methods to employ.4.7 This guide is not intended to require the user to conduct a failure investigation.4.8 This guide is focused on the identification, documentation, and preservation of compromised UST system equipment. It does not provide guidance on establishing root causes of compromise, malfunction or failure. The identification of root causes of compromise, malfunction or failure may require further expert analysis of the data and equipment collected during the failure investigation.4.9 Determination of equipment failures and evidence of the source and cause of a release are often unavailable due to the loss of critical information necessary to pinpoint equipment failures and conduct an investigation. Adjustment, repair or removal of failed equipment before determining and documenting the cause of the failure may interfere with the failure investigation. Failures may be caused by compatibility issues, manufacturer defects, corrosion, degradation, improper installation, damage, age, misuse, use or other causes. This guide may be used to identify techniques and procedures applicable to maintenance personnel and equipment vendors that will allow an investigator to evaluate possible equipment failures before equipment is adjusted, repaired, replaced or destroyed.4.10 This guide does not address all the safety measures that must be taken when removing and disassembling UST systems. Because most UST systems have contained flammable or combustible liquids special precautions should be taken to prevent fire, explosions and exposure to toxic vapors. API standard STD 2015 and RP 2016 address some of the safety considerations as do many of the procedures available from fire departments.1.1 Overview—This guide is an organized collection of information and series of options for industry, regulators, consultants and the public, intended to assist with the development of investigation protocols for underground storage tank facilities in the United States. While the guide does not recommend a specific course of action, it establishes an investigation framework, and it provides a series of techniques that may be employed to: identify equipment problems; in some cases collect and preserve failed equipment for forensic evaluation or laboratory analysis; identify the source of a release; and document the investigation. The guide includes information on methods of investigation, documentation, collecting and preserving samples; chain of custody; storage; shipping; working with equipment manufacturers; and notification of regulators and listing laboratories. The goal in using the guide is to identify the appropriate level of investigation and to gather and preserve information, in an organized manner, which could be used in the future to improve system design or performance. While this guide may act as a starting point for users with limited experience in failure investigation, the user is encouraged to consult with failure analysis experts for specific investigation procedures that may be needed for certain equipment and the investigation should be conducted by a qualified professional. As users develop their specific investigation protocols, they may find that the investigations can be streamlined for certain types of facilities.1.2 Limitations of This Guide: 1.2.1 Given the variability of the different investigators that may wish to use this guide and the different types of facilities and failures that will be investigated, it is not possible to address all the relevant standards that might apply to a particular investigation. This guide uses generalized language and examples to guide the user. If it is not clear to the user how to apply standards to their specific circumstances, it is recommended that users seek assistance from qualified professionals.1.2.2 This guide does not address safety issues associated with the investigation, taking samples and storing equipment. Users are cautioned to exercise proper care in handling equipment that was in contact with flammable and combustible liquids and vapors. Some of the activities described in this guide may be subject to OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) regulations or may only be conducted by individuals with appropriate HAZWOPER (Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response) training certifications recognized by federal and state regulatory authorities, such as HAZWOPER training.1.2.3 This guide does not address laboratory investigations of material properties and detailed failure analysis.1.2.4 This guide does not cover underground storage tank systems storing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).1.2.5 This guide does not replace state-required closure assessments and investigations. Requirements vary from state to state and often include specific sampling requirements. The user should comply with the requirement of the authority having jurisdiction.1.2.6 Prior to implementing the steps described in Section 5, users of this guide must determine if the authority having jurisdiction has any qualification requirements for the individual performing the investigation.1.2.7 Investigations addressed by this guide may involve knowledge, skills, and abilities generally attributed to individuals certified as tank systems installers, inspectors, or removers, or those who are trained in soil and groundwater sampling protocols (for example, geologists, groundwater professionals, or engineers).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Provide for the physical protection and control of moveable property in storage/warehouse locations, and ensure best value while avoiding undue risk.4.2 This practice establishes a standard approach to storage and warehousing of moveable property.4.3 It is the intent of this practice to provide guidance for an effective and efficient system in the storage of moveable property. Entities adopting this practice shall establish entity specific policies or procedures, or both, implementing this practice.4.4 This practice is not intended to be a guide for the storage of material.1.1 This practice defines the physical protection and control of moveable property in storage locations.1.2 Generally, organizations should establish and maintain control of moveable property through means of storage in a manner that will strike a balance between cost of storage and the degree of protection necessary to mitigate the risk of loss, damage, or destruction.1.3 This practice covers moveable property as defined in Terminology E2135.1.4 This practice is applicable and appropriate for all moveable property-holding entities as defined in Practice E2499.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Determining the storage of a mechanical pump dispenser for consumer usage. Products of consumer usage are of the personal care, household, insecticides, food, automotive, and institutional nature. Pharmaceutical and cosmetic products including perfume are not covered under this practice.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the basic storage stability of a mechanical pump dispenser with a product.1.2 This practice covers an evaluation of the weight lost during storage of mechanical pump dispensers (spray or flow types) with a product.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 For optimum performance, GCLs must be stored and handled prior to their installation in a manner that does not impact their hydraulic or physical properties, or both. Adherence to these storage and handling guidelines will help to ensure that acceptable GCL performance will be achieved.FIG. 1 GCLs Stored Off the Ground and Evenly Supported On Pallets1.1 This guide covers guidelines for the proper storage and handling of geosynthetic clay liners received at the job site by the end user.1.2 This guide contains general guidelines and is not intended to replace project-specific requirements as found in the contract drawings or specifications. In the event of a conflict, the requirements of the project specifications will supersede the requirements of this guide.1.3 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method is useful for determining, in a comparatively short time, the storage stability or settlement of an emulsified asphalt. It is a measure of the permanence of the dispersion as related to time, but it is not to be construed to have significance as a measure of other stability aspects involved in use.NOTE 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptance guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the ability of an emulsified asphalt to remain as a uniform dispersion during storage. It is applicable to emulsified asphalts composed principally of a semisolid or liquid asphaltic base, water, and an emulsifying agent.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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2.1 Aerosol products are subjected to storage tests to ascertain the shelf-life of the complete package, and to evaluate the degree of suitability of the valve and container components for their intended uses.2.2 It is impractical to promulgate a standard procedure for conducting storage tests, since variations will be necessitated by differences in the ultimate objective (for example, the primary interest of one test may be concerned with container suitability or shelf-life of a new product in an existing package, while another test may be concerned with valve evaluation).2.3 It follows that storage testing must be flexible enough to accommodate the small procedural changes required. Thus, this recommended practice will only set forth those principles to be observed in establishing a definite procedure, in order to allow the individual operator the prerogative of adapting these to satisfy his particular requirements.1.1 This practice covers the storage testing of aerosol products.1.2 There are two major types of storage tests that may be performed on aerosol products:1.2.1 Live Storage Tests, where the valves are actuated and the determinations are made at relatively frequent intervals (the purpose being to simulate consumer use of aerosol dispensers), and1.2.2 Dead Storage Tests, performed to simulate warehouse storage conditions when shelf-life information is sought.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 4.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 This practice is intended for use in sampling liquid hydrocarbons including crude oils, condensates, refinery process intermediates, and refined products. Generally these samples are expected to contain mercury from the parts per billion (10–9 mass) to parts per million (10–6 mass) range.5.2 This practice is not intended for use when sampling aqueous systems where the concentrations of mercury are often in the parts per trillion (10–12 mass) range. These samples are often better addressed by using the rigorously clean techniques from the EPA Method 1669 “clean hands, dirty hands” sampling procedures.5.3 This practice is not intended for use for liquefied samples, for which special containers may be required for pressurized samples.5.4 This practice is only suitable for stabilized samples which remain 100 % liquid at ambient conditions. For samples that on depressurization lose some of the light hydrocarbon ends it is important to note that elemental mercury may be lost during sampling. Sampling modules which inject unstabilized liquid hydrocarbons close to process conditions directly to the mercury analyzer can be used to overcome this issue.5.5 Based on this practice, two Test Methods (D7622 and D7623) are available for determination of mercury in crude oil, based on cold vapor atomic absorption technique.5.6 In some refined streams and in tank samples free water may be present. Process streams that are water saturated may condense water as the sample cools from process temperature to ambient temperature. Ionic mercury species are water soluble and these water droplets may contain mercury or adsorb mercury over time.5.7 The presence of mercury during crude oil production, transport, and refining can be an environmental and industrial hygiene concern.1.1 This practice covers the types of and preparation of containers found most suitable for the handling of hydrocarbon samples for the determination of total mercury.1.2 This practice was developed for sampling streams where the mercury speciation is predominantly Hg(0) present as a mixture of dissolved Hg(0) atoms, adsorbed Hg(0) on particulates (for example, carbonaceous or mineral fines and Fe2O3) and suspended droplets of metallic mercury.1.3 The presence of suspended droplets of metallic mercury (often called “colloidal” mercury, since the droplet size can be very small) can make obtaining a representative sample very difficult for a variety of reasons (for example, non-isokinetic sampling of the liquid can result in over- or under-collection of suspended droplets and collection of mercury that has accumulated in dense larger drops and pools on the bottom of piping and in sample taps). Pay strict attention to the detailed procedure (Section 7) to ensure representative samples are collected.1.4 When representative test portions are collected and analyzed in accordance with acceptable procedures, the total mercury is representative of concentrations in the sample.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice provides requirements for the handling, transportation, and storage of Halon 1301 encountered in distribution through both commercial and military channels. It is intended to ensure that Halon 1301 is handled, transported, and stored in such a way that its physical property values are not degraded. Transport may be by various means, such as, but not limited to, highway, rail, water, and air.1.1 This practice covers guidance and direction to suppliers, recyclers, reclaimers, purchasers, and users in the handling, transportation, and storage of Halon 1301.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice provides requirements for the handling, transportation, and storage of HFC-236fa encountered in distribution through both commercial and military channels. It is intended to ensure that HFC-236fa is handled, transported, and stored in such a way its physical properties are not degraded. Transport may be by various means, such as, but not limited to, highway, rail, water, and air.1.1 This practice covers guidance and direction to suppliers, purchasers, and users in the handling, transportation, and storage of HFC-236fa.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Information is provided in this document and other referenced documents to assist the licensee and the licensor in analyzing the materials aspects of performance of SNF and DCSS components during extended storage. The effects of the service conditions of the first licensing period are reviewed in the license renewal process. These service conditions are highlighted and discussed in Annex A1 as factors that affect materials performance in an ISFSI. Emphasis is on the effects of time, temperature, radiation, and the environment on the condition of the SNF and the performance of components of ISFSI storage systems.5.2 The storage of SNF that is irradiated under the regulations of 10 CFR Part 50 is governed by regulations in 10 CFR Part 72. Regulatory requirements for the subsequent geologic disposal of this SNF are presently given in 10 CFR Part 60, with specific requirements for the use of Yucca Mountain as a repository being given in the regulatory requirements of 10 CFR Part 63. Between the life-cycle phases of storage and disposal, SNF may be transported under the requirements of 10 CFR Part 71. Therefore, in storage, it is important to acknowledge the transport and disposal phases of the life cycle. In doing this, the materials properties that are important to these subsequent phases are to be considered in order to promote successful completion of these subsequent phases in the life cycle of SNF. Retrievability of SNF (or high-level radioactive waste) is set as a requirement in 10 CFR Part 72.122(g)(5) and 10 CFR Part 72.122(l). Care should be taken in operations conducted prior to disposal, for example, storage, transfer, and transport, to ensure that the SNF is not abused and that SNF assemblies will be retrievable, the protective value of the cladding is not degraded and remains capable of serving as an active barrier to radionuclide release during transfer and transport operations. It is possible that cladding could be altered during dry storage. The hydrogen effects, fracture toughness of the cladding and the creep behavior are important parameters to be evaluated and controlled during the dry storage phase of the life cycle. These degradation mechanisms are discussed in Annex A2 and Annex A4.1.1 Part of the total inventory of commercial spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is stored in dry cask storage systems (DCSS) under licenses granted by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The purpose of this guide is to provide information to assist in supporting the renewal of these licenses, safely and without removal of the SNF from its licensed confinement, for periods beyond those governed by the term of the original license. This guide provides information on materials behavior under conditions that may be important to safety evaluations for the extended service of the renewal period. This guide is written for DCSS containing light water reactor (LWR) fuel that is clad in zirconium alloy material and stored in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), at an independent spent-fuel storage installation (ISFSI).2 The components of an ISFSI, addressed in this document, include the commercial SNF, canister, cask, and all parts of the storage installation including the ISFSI pad. The language of this guide is based, in part, on the requirements for a dry SNF storage license that is granted, by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), for up to 20 years. Although government regulations may differ for various nations, the guidance on materials properties and behavior given here is expected to have broad applicability.1.2 This guide addresses many of the factors affecting the time-dependent behavior of materials under ISFSI service [10 CFR Part 72.42]. These factors are those regarded to be important to performance, in license extension, beyond the currently licensed 20-year period. Examples of these factors are given in this guide and they include materials alterations or environmental conditions for components of an ISFSI system that, over time, could have significance related to safety. For purposes of this guide, a license period of an additional 20 to 80 years is assumed.1.3 This guide addresses the determination of the conditions of the spent fuel and storage cask materials at the end of the initial 20-year license period as the result of normal events and conditions. However, the guide also addresses the analysis of potential spent fuel and cask materials degradation as the result of off-normal, and accident-level events and conditions that may occur during any period.1.4 This guide provides information on materials behavior to support continuing compliance with the safety criteria, which are part of the regulatory basis, for licensed storage of SNF at an ISFSI. The safety functions addressed and discussed in this standard guide include thermal performance, radiological protection, confinement, sub-criticality, and retrievability. The regulatory basis includes 10 CFR Part 72 and supporting regulatory guides of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The requirements set forth in these documents indicate that the following items were considered in the original licensing decisions: properties of materials, design considerations for normal and off-normal service, operational and natural events, and the bases for the original calculations. These items may require reconsideration of the safety-related arguments that demonstrate how the systems continue to satisfy the regulatory requirements. Further, to ensure continued safe operation, the performance of materials must be justified in relation to the effects of time, temperature, radiation field, and environmental conditions of normal and off-normal service. Arguments for long-term performance must account for materials alterations (especially degradations) that are expected during the service periods, which include the periods of the initial license and of the license renewal. This guide pertains only to structures, systems, and components important to safety during extended storage period and during retrieval functions, including transport and transfer operations. Materials information that pertains to safety functions, including retrieval functions, is pertinent to current regulations and to license renewal process, and this information is the focus of the guide. This guide is not intended to supplant the existing regulatory process.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 General—This procedure is used for evaluation of the structural integrity of atmospheric storage tanks. The AE method can detect flaws which are in locations that are stressed during pressurization. Such locations include the tank wall, welds attaching pads to the tank, nozzle attachments, and welds attaching circumferential stiffeners to the tank. Among the potential sources of acoustic emission are:5.1.1 In both parent metal and weld associated regions:5.1.1.1 Cracks,5.1.1.2 The effect of corrosion, including cracking of corrosion products or local yielding,5.1.1.3 Stress corrosion cracking,5.1.1.4 Certain physical changes, including yielding and dislocations,5.1.1.5 Embrittlement, and5.1.1.6 Pits and gouges.5.1.2 In weld associated regions:5.1.2.1 Incomplete fusion,5.1.2.2 Lack of penetration,5.1.2.3 Undercuts, and5.1.2.4 Voids and porosity.5.1.2.5 Inclusions:5.1.2.6 Contamination.5.1.3 In parent metal:5.1.3.1 Laminations.5.1.4 In brittle linings:5.1.4.1 Cracks,5.1.4.2 Chips, and5.1.4.3 Inclusions.NOTE 1: Not all of these sources are typically encountered in field examination, some are detected under laboratory conditions.5.2 Accuracy of the results from this practice can be influenced by factors related to setup and calibration of instrumentation, background noise, material properties and characteristics of an examined structure.5.3 The outcome of this practice is to determine if the tank is suitable for service or if follow-up NDT is needed before that determination can be made.5.4 Unstressed Areas—Flaws in unstressed areas and passive flaws (those that are structurally insignificant under the applied load) will not generate AE. Such locations can include the roof and certain welds associated with platforms, ladders, and stairways.5.5 Passive Flaws (in Stressed Areas)—Some flaws in stressed areas might not generate acoustic emission during stressing. This usually means that the flaw has a higher stress tolerance than the examination stress.5.6 Filling—Filling proceeds at rates which minimize AE activity caused by fluid flow and which allow vessel deformation to be in equilibrium with applied load. Hold periods are used throughout the filling schedule to evaluate AE activity produced by the loaded structure in the absence of fill noise.5.7 Follow-up—Sources detected by AE should be examined using other NDT methods.5.8 Background Noise—Excess background noise may distort AE data or render them useless. Users must be aware of common sources of background noise: high fill rate (measurable flow noise), mechanical contact (impact, friction, fretting) with the tank by objects, electromagnetic interference (EMI) (motors, welders, overhead cranes) and radio frequency interference (RFI) (broadcasting facilities, walkie talkies), leaks at pipe or hose connections, leaks in the tank bottom or walls, airborne particles, insects, or rain drops, heaters, spargers, agitators, level detectors and other components inside the tank, chemical reactions occurring inside the tank, and hydrodynamic movement of gas bubbles. This practice should not be used if background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled.1.1 This practice covers guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examinations of new and in-service aboveground storage tanks of the type used for storage of liquids.1.2 This practice will detect acoustic emission in areas of sensor coverage that are stressed during the course of the examination. For flat-bottom tanks these areas will generally include the sidewalls (and roof if pressure is applied above the liquid level). The examination may not detect flaws on the bottom of flat-bottom tanks unless sensors are located on the bottom.1.3 This practice may require that the tank experience a load that is greater than that encountered in normal use. The normal contents of the tank can usually be used for applying this load.1.4 This practice is not valid for tanks that will be operated at a pressure greater than the examination pressure.1.5 It is not necessary to drain or clean the tank before performing this examination.1.6 This practice applies to tanks made of carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum and other metals.1.7 This practice may also detect defects in tank linings (for example, high-bulk, phenolics and other brittle materials).1.8 AE measurements are used to detect and localize emission sources. Other NDT methods may be used to confirm the nature and significance of the AE indications (s). Procedures for other NDT techniques are beyond the scope of this practice.1.9 Examination liquid must be above its freezing temperature and below its boiling temperature.1.10 Superimposed internal or external pressures must not exceed design pressure.1.11 Leaks may be found during the course of this examination but their detection is not the intention of this practice.1.12 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Purpose—This guide provides a process for characterization of existing CCPs placed in active and inactive storage area(s) to assist in potential harvesting strategies. In this guide, information on the following activities required for the safe and effective characterization of CCPs from storage area(s) is included: (1) available site characterization information inventory/review, (2) available end use(s) information inventory/review, (3) end use(s) and level of confidence (Tiers I, II, and III) related to the CCP characterization selected and RDM; (4)CCP characterization plan development; and (5) CCP storage area(s) characterization report. More detailed descriptions of these activities are in Sections 6 – 10.4.2 Potential Beneficial Use(s) of CCPs—There are many CCP storage area(s) that are potentially harvestable and can provide a functional benefit. The beneficial use of CCPs contained in these storage area(s) can have significant environmental and economic benefits for the user and can significantly reduce disposal operations (1-4).9 Beneficial use of CCPs can provide industry with a safe and responsible way to manage the CCPs economically, while promoting conservation and recycling, meeting sustainability goals, and addressing the shortage of CCPs in some building product market areas (1, 2, 5). CCPs consist of fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FBC ash, economizer ash, and FGD material. End use(s) may include cement/concrete, light aggregate, flowable fill, controlled or structural fill, road base/subbase, soil amendment, waste stabilization/solidification, agriculture, grout, mineral filler, snow/ice traction control, blasting grit/abrasives, roofing granules, mining application, gypsum panel, and others (see Terminology E2201 for definitions of CCPs) (Sections 6 and 7).4.2.1 Fly ash is the most abundant CCP in existing storage area(s). Its beneficial uses include, but are not limited to, partial replacement for cement in concrete and concrete products—once in concrete, fly ash reacts with Portland cement to create additional reaction products that improve the strength and durability of concrete; raw feed for the production of clinker —fly ash can be calcined along with other minerals to produce clinker; blended cements—fly ash can be an important component in the production of blended cement, especially when pozzolanic properties are desired; filler in plastics—fly ash typically increases the stiffness and compressive strength when used as a filler in plastics; CLSM—CLSM that include fly ash typically have improved flowability and strength as well as reduced bleeding and shrinkage; as a soil stabilization material; as an aggregate/soil replacement construction material in structural fill and mine reclamation projects; fillers in carpet backing—fly ash is a high-performance mineral filler; and as a solidification agent within landfills and remediation projects (Sections 6 – 9).4.2.2 Bottom ash can be beneficially used as raw feed to produce clinker, as a component of structural fills, and as aggregate in the manufacturing of masonry products (Sections 6, 7, and 9).4.2.3 Boiler slag can be used as blasting grits and roofing granules. Other applications include, but are not limited to, as a component of structural fills and mineral filler in asphalt (Sections 7 and 9).4.2.4 FBC ash can be used in various mixtures as a low-strength concrete material and soil stabilization agent (Section 7).4.2.5 FGD gypsum, in its majority, is typically beneficially used in gypsum panel products. Other uses include in agricultural applications to improve soil, as a component in structural fills, and as an important component in the production of cement (Sections 6, 7, and 9).4.3 Approval Context—This guide does not supersede local, state, or country requirements, if applicable. This guide is intended to be used for storage area(s) that are both within an approval authority program and historic (or unpermitted) storage area(s).4.3.1 For characterizing CCPs from storage area(s) for potential harvesting within an approval authority program, governing documents should be carefully reviewed and followed to establish that all requirements relative to harvesting design, operations, monitoring, closure, and post closure are followed or that agreements are established for compliance and allow for characterization activities.4.3.2 For characterizing CCPs from historic (or unpermitted) storage area(s) for potential harvesting, the project team may engage with the appropriate local, state, province, country approval, or combination thereof, authorities to determine the appropriate requirements and should establish that the appropriate engineering controls and institutional controls are incorporated into the characterization project.4.3.3 In addition to approvals related to the CCP storage area and harvesting activities, some jurisdictions may have a separate approval process for beneficial uses of materials. This approval process, often referred to as a beneficial use determination, may require characterization of the material and the beneficial use. Jurisdictions that require approval of beneficial use may also maintain exemptions or predeterminations for certain materials or beneficial uses.4.4 Use of Guide—Approval authorities may incorporate this guide, in whole or part, into general guidance documents or site-specific approval documents.4.5 Professional Judgment—This guide presumes the active involvement of an environmental professional who is knowledgeable in how to characterize CCP, design and construct storage area(s), and identify acceptable site conditions or, when appropriate, satisfy applicable statutory or approval authority limitations on the use of an operating, closed, or historic (unpermitted) storage area(s).4.6 Inherent Uncertainty—Professional judgment, interpretation, and some uncertainties are inherent in the processes described herein even when decisions are based on objective scientific principles and accepted industry practices.1.1 This guide provides a framework to characterize coal combustion products (CCPs) situated in active or inactive storage units for potential harvesting and beneficial use and may be considered a companion standard to Guide E3183.1.2 A framework is provided in this guide to address critical aspects related to the characterization of CCPs placed in active (operational) and inactive storage of (closed or no longer receiving CCPs) storage area(s). These storage area(s) may be used for wet or dry CCPs.1.3 This guide does not include information on how to determine what storage area(s) or facilities should be selected for potential characterization of CCPs as each entity may approach a characterization program in accordance with their own intent and regulatory requirements. In addition, it does not include information on how the user should evaluate inventories to determine the order of their storage area(s) for potential characterization including consideration of risk, performance, and cost. This guide for potential harvesting for beneficial use is intended to be used to evaluate the storage area(s) once the storage area(s) are selected for evaluation.1.4 This guide does not include information on the permitting that may be required to implement CCP characterization activities or may be associated with the processing or end use(s). Therefore, additional approvals not discussed within this guide may be needed.1.5 This guide is intended to help characterize CCPs that may be harvested while gaining understanding of their homogeneity within a given wet or dry storage area.1.6 The CCPs that may be characterized include fly ash, bottom ash, and economizer ash; boiler slag; flue gas desulfurization material; fluidized bed combustion products as defined in Terminology E2201; cenospheres; or other materials suitable for beneficial use.1.7 Laws and approval requirements governing the use of CCPs vary by locality, state, province, and country and generally do not yet include provisions for CCP characterization as described herein. The user of this guide is responsible for determining and complying with the applicable approval requirements, which may extend beyond characterization to include approval requirements or guidance on issues such as disturbance, storage, transportation, end use, and other concepts. This guide may complement approval programs in which guidance on characterization is unavailable or insufficient, thereby improving the chance that such storage area(s) may be repurposed for public or private benefit or both. It may be important to engage and educate the approval authority early and often throughout the planning, design, and implementation of the characterization activities. The project team may also consider affording an opportunity to solicit input from other stakeholders.1.8 This guide should not be used to characterize (that is, environmentally assess) wet or dry CCP storage area(s) for ownership transfer, although portions of such information resulting from characterizing CCPs using this guide may supplement other environmental assessments that are used in such a transfer.1.9 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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