5.1 In the design and operation of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration installations, it is important to predict the CaSO4, SrSO4, and BaSO4 scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids and the increase in concentration of the scaling salts, the scaling properties of the concentrate stream will be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the scaling potential for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration operating parameters.5.2 Scaling by CaSO4, SrSO4, and BaSO4 will adversely affect the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration performance. This practice gives various procedures for the prevention of scaling.1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of calcium, strontium, and barium sulfates for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis or nanofiltration system. The calculations are used to determine the need for scale control in the operation and design of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration installations. This practice is applicable for all types of reverse osmosis devices (tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber) and nanofiltration devices.1.2 This practice is applicable to both brackish waters and seawaters.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method distinguishes magnesium sulfate from other water soluble non-tanning salts found in leather.1.1 This test method covers quantitatively determining the magnesium sulfate (epsom salt) in leather.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Sulfates and chlorides may be found in filter plugging deposits and fuel injector deposits. The acceptability for use of the fuel components and the finished fuels depends on the sulfate and chloride content.5.2 Existent and potential inorganic sulfate and total chloride content, as measured by this test method, can be used as one measure of the acceptability of gasoline components for automotive spark-ignition engine fuel use.1.1 This test method covers an ion chromatographic procedure for the determination of the existent inorganic and potential sulfate and total inorganic chloride content in hydrous and anhydrous denatured ethanol to be used in motor fuel applications. It is intended for the analysis of ethanol samples containing between 0.55 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of existent inorganic sulfate, 4.0 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg of potential inorganic sulfate, and 0.75 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg of total inorganic chloride.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 These test methods are used to determine the purity of barium sulfate and to determine the concentration of known impurities. This information is useful to producers and users as an aid in the manufacture of coatings.1.1 These test methods cover the analysis of barium sulfate pigment.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is for the determination of the anions: chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in atmospheric wet deposition.5.2 Fig. X1.1 in the appendix represents cumulative frequency percentile concentration plots of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate obtained from analyses of over 5000 wet deposition samples. These data may be used as an aid in the selection of appropriate calibration solutions (2).1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in atmospheric wet deposition samples (rain, snow, sleet, and hail) by suppressed ion chromatography. For additional applications, see to Test Method D4327.1.2 The concentration ranges for this test method are as listed below. The range tested was confirmed using the interlaboratory collaborative test (see Table 1 for statistical summary of the collaborative test).  MethodDetectionL (mg/L) (1) Range ofMethod(mg/L) RangeTested(mg/L)Chloride 0.03 0.09–2.0 0.15–1.36Nitrate 0.03 0.09–5.0 0.15–4.92Sulfate 0.03 0.09–8.0 0.15–6.521.3 The method detection limit (MDL) is based on single operator precision (1)2 and may be higher or lower for other operators and laboratories. The precision and bias data presented are insufficient to justify use at this low level; however, it has been reported that this test method is reliable at lower levels than those that were tested. The MDLs listed above were determined following the guidance in 40 CFR Part 136 Appendix B. Other approaches to the determination of MDLs may yield different MDLs.1.4 Method Detection Limits will vary depending on the type and length of column(s) used, the composition and strength of eluent used, the bore size of the instrumentation (that is, microbore or standard bore), eluent flow rate and other variables between instruments. The method detection limits listed above are those used in determining the Precision and Bias of this method as given in Table 1.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 When determining the limiting detectable concentration of a fluorescent substance, it is usually necessary to increase the readout scale of a photoelectric instrument to a point where noise (that is, random fluctuations of the system) becomes apparent. This noise will be superimposed upon the signal from the sample.4.2 In molecular fluorescence spectroscopy, the limit of detection for the sample will be determined by the limiting signal-to-noise ratio, S/N, where the signal, S, is the difference between readings obtained with the sample and blank solutions, and N is the total root-mean-square (rms) noise. The limit of detection for the sample will be given by the instrument readings that give a signal equal to three times the rms value of the noise.NOTE 2: Factors other than noise affecting the sample concentration corresponding to the limit of detection include: the spectral bandwidths of the excitation and emission monochromators, the intensity of the exciting light that can be concentrated on the sample, the fraction of the fluorescence collected by the detection system, the response time of the detection system, and the purity of the solvent. The size and arrangement of the sample container with respect to the light beams are also important, as they affect both the desired signal and the extraneous signal that only contributes noise.NOTE 3: The value of rms noise (N) can be obtained by calculating the standard deviation of a series of readings of the signal from the sample at the peak emission wavelength at approximately 450 nm as follows:where:   =   mean of the series of readings,x   =   value of the individual reading, andn   =   number of readings.Alternatively, rms noise may be estimated by noting the extreme differences between the members of a series of readings (peak-to-peak noise) and dividing by a factor that is usually taken to be 5.6, 71.1 This test method employs the signal-to-noise ratio to determine the sensitivity of a fluorescence measuring system in testing for the limit of detection (LOD) of quinine sulfate dihydrate in solution. The results obtained with quinine sulfate dihydrate in solution are suitable for specifying instrument performance on samples having excitation and fluorescence bands wider than 10 nm at or near room temperature.1.1.1 This test method is not intended to be used as (1) a rigorous test of performance of instrumentation, or (2), to intercompare the quantitative performance of instruments of different design. Intercomparison of the LOD between instruments is commonly expressed as the ratio of the water Raman peak intensity to the root-mean-square (rms) noise as measured on a fluorometer using an excitation wavelength of 350 nm This test method uses the excitation and emission peak wavelengths for quinine sulfate dihydrate in solution, which are approximately 350 nm and 450 nm, respectively.1.2 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing non-laser, low-energy excitation sources. There is no assurance that extremely intense illumination will not cause photodecomposition2 of the compound suggested in this test method. For this reason, it is recommended that this test method not be indiscriminately employed with high intensity light sources. This test method is not intended to determine minimum detectable amounts of other materials. If this test method is extended to employ other chemical substances, the user should be aware of the possibility that these other substances may undergo decomposition or adsorption onto containers.1.3 A typical LOD for conventional fluorometers using this test method is 1 ng of quinine sulfate per mL.1.4 The suggested shelf life of a 1 mg/mL stock solution of quinine sulfate dihydrate is three months, when stored in the dark in a stoppered glass bottle.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 An increase in sulfate material can be an indicator of oil degradation caused by oxidation of sulfur in the oil and sulfur in fuel. It can also indicate the breakdown or oxidation of some key additives in the oil such as antiwear and extreme pressure additives as well as blow-by concerns. As oxidized sulfur from blow-by enters the lubricant, it will consume the overbase additive to generate sulfate by-products. Monitoring of sulfate by-products is therefore an important parameter in determining overall machinery health and in determining additive depletion and should be considered in conjunction with data from other tests such as atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy for wear metal analysis (Test Method D5185), physical property tests (Test Methods D445 and D2896), base number tests (Test Methods D974 and D4739), and other FT-IR oil analysis methods for nitration (Test Method D7624), oxidation (Test Method D7414), and additive depletion (Test Method D7412), which also assess elements of the oil’s condition, see Refs (1-6).1.1 This test method covers monitoring sulfate by-products in in-service petroleum and hydrocarbon based diesel crankcase engine and motor oils that have a sulfur content of greater than 500 ppm. This test method should not be employed when low-sulfur fuels are used for combustion.1.2 This test method uses Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry for monitoring build-up of sulfate by-products in in-service petroleum and hydrocarbon based lubricants as a result of normal machinery operation. Sulfate by-products can result from the introduction of sulfur from combustion or from the oxidation of sulfur-containing base oil additives. This test method is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for monitoring of sulfate by-products in in-service petroleum and hydrocarbon based lubricants with the objective of helping diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on measuring the level of sulfate by-products in the oil.1.3 Acquisition of FT-IR spectral data for measuring sulfate by-products in in-service oil and lubricant samples is described in Practice D7418. In this test method, measurement and data interpretation parameters for sulfate by-products using both direct trend analysis and differential (spectral subtraction) trend analysis are presented.1.4 This test method is based on trending of spectral changes associated with sulfate by-products of in-service petroleum and hydrocarbon based lubricants. Warnings or alarm limits can be set on the basis of a fixed minimum value for a single measurement or, alternatively, can be based on a rate of change of the response measured, see Ref (1).21.4.1 For direct trend analysis, values are recorded directly from absorption spectra and reported in units of absorbance per 0.1 mm pathlength.1.4.2 For differential trend analysis, values are recorded from the differential spectra (spectrum obtained by subtraction of the absorption spectrum of the reference oil from that of the in-service oil) and reported in units of 100*absorbance per 0.1 mm pathlength (or equivalently absorbance units per centimetre).1.4.3 In either case, maintenance action limits should be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests, or other methods in conjunction with the correlation of sulfate by-product changes to equipment performance.NOTE 1: It is not the intent of this test method to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning, or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.1.5 This test method is for petroleum and hydrocarbon based lubricants and is not applicable for ester based oils, including polyol esters or phosphate esters.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6.1 Exception—The unit for wave numbers is cm-1.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method provides a means of assessing the sulfate resistance of mortars made using portland cement, blends of portland cement with pozzolans or slags, and blended hydraulic cements. Test Method C452 is suitable for evaluating portland cements but not blended cements or blends of portland cement with pozzolans or slags.3.2 The standard exposure solution used in this test method, unless otherwise directed, contains 352 moles of Na2SO4 per m3 (50 g/L). Other sulfate concentrations or other sulfates such as MgSO4 may be used to simulate the environmental exposure of interest. Further discussion of these and other technical issues is given in the Appendix.1.1 This test method covers the determination of length change of mortar bars immersed in a sulfate solution. Mortar bars made using mortar described in Test Method C109/C109M are cured until they attain a compressive strength of 20.0 ± 1.0 MPa [3000 ± 150 psi], as measured using cubes made of the same mortar, before the bars are immersed.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used primarily by those interested in research on methods for determining the potential sulfate resistance of portland cement. This test method is also used to establish that a sulfate-resisting portland cement meets the performance requirements of Specification C150/C150M.1.1 This test method, which is applicable only to portland cements, covers the determination of the expansion of mortar bars made from a mixture of portland cement and gypsum in such proportions that the mixture has a sulfur trioxide (SO3) content of 7.0 mass %.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Values in SI units [or inch-pound units] shall be obtained by measurement in SI units [or inch pound units] or by appropriate conversion, using the Rules for Conversion and Rounding given in IEEE/ASTM SI 10, of measurements made in other units (or SI units). Values are stated in only SI units when inch-pound units are not used in practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)21.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Anionic surfactants, such as those listed in 1.1, commonly are used in detergent formulations. Their acceptability for use depends on their purity. Sulfate content, as measured by this test method, can be used to estimate the purity of an anionic surfactant under test.1.1 This test method describes a potentiometric titration procedure for determining the inorganic sulfate content of surfactants. It is intended for the analysis of -olefin sulfonates, alkane sulfonates, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, and the like.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.

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4.1 This practice covers the mathematical calculation of the supersaturation of three principal sulfate scaling compounds found in industrial operations. Application of this standard practice to the prediction of scale formation in a given system, however, requires experience. The calculations tell the user if a water, or mixture of waters, is in a scaling mode. Whether or not scale will in fact form, how quickly it will form, where it will form, in what quantities, and what composition are subject to factors beyond the scope of this practice. However, based on how supersaturated a given water or mixture of waters is, an objective evaluation of the relative likelihood of scale formation can be made.NOTE 1: There are several personal computer (PC) type programs that are both available commercially and publicly that will perform these calculations.1.1 This practice covers the calculation of supersaturation of barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) in brackish water, seawater, and brines in which barium, strontium, and calcium ions either coexist or exist individually in solution in the presence of sulfate ions.1.2 This practice is not applicable for calculating calcium sulfate dihydrate supersaturation if the temperatures of saline waters under investigation exceed 95°C. At temperatures above 95°C, hemianhydrate and anhydrite would be major insoluble forms.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method can be used to determine if soils could have an adverse reaction with hydraulic cement concrete.1.1 This test method is for the determination of water-soluble sulfate in soils.1.2 This test method was developed for concentrations of water-soluble sulfate in soils between 0.02 and 3.33 % sulfate by mass.1.3 This test method does not determine sulfur in any form except as sulfate.1.4 Some governing bodies regulate the movement of soils from one area to another. It is up to the sampler and laboratory to comply with all regulations.1.5 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The determination of sulfate is important because it has been reported that when this ion is present in excess of about 250 mg/L in drinking water, it causes a cathartic action (especially in children) in the presence of sodium and magnesium, and gives a bad taste to the water.5.2 Test Method D4327 (“Test Method of Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion Chromatography”) may be used.1.1 This turbidimetric test method covers the determination of sulfate in water in the range from 5 mg/L to 40 mg/L of sulfate ion (SO4−−).1.2 This test method was used successfully with drinking, ground, and surface waters. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.1.3 Former gravimetric and volumetric test methods have been discontinued. Refer to Appendix X1 for historical information.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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