5.1 Refer to Practice E261 for a general discussion of the measurement of fast-neutron fluence rates with threshold detectors.5.5.1 Fig. 5 (2) shows how the neutron energy depends upon the angle of scattering in the laboratory coordinate system when the incident deuteron has an energy of 150 keV and is incident on a thick and a thin tritiated target. For thick targets, the incident deuteron loses energy as it penetrates the target and produces neutrons of lower energy. A thick target is defined as a target thick enough to completely stop the incident deuteron. The two curves in Fig. 5, for both thick and thin targets, come from different sources. The dashed line calculations come from Ref (3); the solid curve calculations come from Ref (4); and the measured data come from Ref (5). The dash-dot curve and the right-hand axis give the difference between the calculated neutron energies for thin and thick targets. Computer codes are available to assist in calculating the expected thick and thin target yield and neutron spectrum for various incident deuteron energies (6).FIG. 5 Dependence of 3H(d,n)4He Neutron Energy on Angle (2)5.6 The Q-value for the primary 3H(d,n)4He reaction is +17.59 MeV. When the incident deuteron energy exceeds 3.71 MeV and 4.92 MeV, the break-up reactions 3H(d,np)3H and 3H(d,2n)3He, respectively, become energetically possible. Thus, at high deuteron energies (>3.71 MeV) this reaction is no longer monoenergetic. Monoenergetic neutron beams with energies from about 14.8 to 20.4 MeV can be produced by this reaction at forward laboratory angles (7).5.7 It is recommended that the dosimetry sensors be fielded in the exact positions where the dosimetry results are wanted. There are a number of factors that can affect the monochromaticity or energy spread of the neutron beam (7, 8). These factors include the energy regulation of the incident deuteron energy, energy loss in retaining windows if a gas target is used or energy loss within the target if a solid tritiated target is used, the irradiation geometry, and background neutrons from scattering with the walls and floors within the irradiation chamber.1.1 This test method covers a general procedure for the measurement of the fast-neutron fluence rate produced by neutron generators utilizing the 3H(d,n)4He reaction. Neutrons so produced are usually referred to as 14-MeV neutrons, but range in energy depending on a number of factors. This test method does not adequately cover fusion sources where the velocity of the plasma may be an important consideration.1.2 This test method uses threshold activation reactions to determine the average energy of the neutrons and the neutron fluence at that energy. At least three activities, chosen from an appropriate set of dosimetry reactions, are required to characterize the average energy and fluence. The required activities are typically measured by gamma-ray spectroscopy.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The acquisition of chemical information from variations in the energy position of peaks in the XPS spectrum is of primary interest in the use of XPS as a surface analytical tool. Surface charging acts to shift spectral peaks independent of their chemical relationship to other elements on the same surface. The desire to eliminate the influence of surface charging on the peak positions and peak shapes has resulted in the development of several empirical methods designed to assist in the interpretation of the XPS peak positions, determine surface chemistry, and allow comparison of spectra of conducting and non-conducting systems of the same element. It is assumed that the spectrometer is generally working properly for non-insulating specimens (see Practice E902).5.2 Although highly reliable methods have now been developed to stabilize surface potentials during XPS analysis of most materials (5, 6), no single method has been developed to deal with surface charging in all circumstances (10, 11). For insulators, an appropriate choice of any control or referencing system will depend on the nature of the specimen, the instruments, and the information needed. The appropriate use of charge control and referencing techniques will result in more consistent, reproducible data. Researchers are strongly urged to report both the control and referencing techniques that have been used, the specific peaks and binding energies used as standards (if any), and the criteria applied in determining optimum results so that the appropriate comparisons may be made.1.1 This guide acquaints the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) user with the various charge control and charge shift referencing techniques that are and have been used in the acquisition and interpretation of XPS data from surfaces of insulating specimens and provides information needed for reporting the methods used to customers or in the literature.1.2 This guide is intended to apply to charge control and charge referencing techniques in XPS and is not necessarily applicable to electron-excited systems.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This practice is suitable for the removal of contaminants found on materials, parts, and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen. Parts shall have been precleaned to remove visible contaminants prior to using this procedure. Softgoods such as seals and valve seats may be cleaned without precleaning.5.2 This procedure may also be used as the cleanliness verification technique for coupons used during cleaning effectiveness tests as in Test Method G122.5.3 The cleaning efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. Low frequencies in the 20 kHz to 25 kHz range have been found to damage soft metals such as aluminum and silver. Therefore, the specifications of the unit and the frequencies available must be considered in order to optimize the cleaning conditions without damaging the parts.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the cleaning of materials and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen, by ultrasonic techniques.1.2 This practice may be used for cleaning small parts, components, softgoods, etc.1.3 The values stated in SI units are standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 1.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 General—Passive groundwater sampling has increased use since the polyethylene diffusion bag sampler was first introduced (5). As defined above, different types of passive samplers are now available with different functions and usages. The Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC) has provided several technical and regulatory documents on the use of passive groundwater sampling methods (1, 5-7). Collectively, these documents have provided information and references on the technical basis for their use, comparison of sampling results with more traditional sampling methods, descriptions of their proper use, limitations, and a survey of their acceptance and use by responding state regulators. However, the ITRC documents are older and do not include more recent assessments and publications. This Standard seeks to provide newer information on current practice and implementation of passive groundwater sampling techniques.4.1.1 Because of the large number of passive samplers that have been developed over the years for various types of environmental sampling, it is beyond the scope of this standard to discuss separately each of the methods that could or can be used to sample groundwater. Extensive literature reviews on diffusion- and accumulation-passive samplers can be found in the scientific literature (that is, 3, 8-14). These reviews provide information on a wide variety of passive sampling devices for use in air, soil vapor, and water. A review paper on the use of diffusion and accumulation-type passive samplers specifically for sampling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in groundwater (15) includes information on other passive samplers that are not included in the ITRC documents (1, 7) and discusses their use with respect to measuring mass flux.4.2 Use—Passive samplers are deployed at a pre-determined depth, or depths, within a well for a minimum or pre-determined period of time. They should remain submerged at the target depth for their entire deployment period. All of the passive technologies described in this document rely on the sampling device being exposed to the groundwater during deployment and the continuous flushing of the open or screened interval of the well by ambient groundwater flow ((4), (5-7), 16) to produce water quality conditions in the well bore that effectively mimic those conditions in the aquifer adjacent to the screen or open interval. For samplers that require the establishment of equilibrium, it is important that the equilibration period be long enough to allow the well to recover from any disturbance caused by placing the sampler in the well and to prevent, or reduce, losses of analytes from the water sample by sampler materials due to sorption. For kinetic accumulation samplers (used as kinetic samplers), it is important that the deployment time is long enough that quantitative uptake can occur but not so long that uptake is no longer in the linear portion of the uptake curve (that is, has become curvilinear).4.2.1 As with all types of groundwater sampling methods, the appropriate use of passive methods assumes that the well has been properly located (laterally and vertically), designed, constructed, and was adequately developed (as described in Guide D5521/D5521M) and maintained (as described in Practices D5092/D5092M and D6725/D6725M, or Guide D6724/D6724M). These measures are necessary so that the well is in hydraulic communication with the aquifer.4.2.2 Each type of passive sampler has its own attributes and limitations, and thus data-quality objectives (DQOs) for the site should be reviewed prior to selecting a device. For wells in low-permeability formations, diffusive flux may become more important than advective flow in maintaining aquifer-quality water in the well.4.3 Advantages—While passive methods are not expected to replace conventional pumped sampling in all situations, they often offer a faster alternative “tool” for sampling groundwater monitoring wells because purging is eliminated from the pre-sampling procedure. Other advantages include that these samplers can be used in most wells and typically have no depth limitation. These samplers are either disposable or dedicated to a well. This eliminates or reduces the need for decontamination. Passive samplers typically reduce the logistics associated with sampling and are especially useful at sites where it is difficult to bring larger equipment (such as pumps and compressors) to the well location.4.3.1 Passive groundwater sampling techniques typically provide a lower “per-sample” cost than conventional pumped sampling methods (17-26). This is primarily because the labor associated with collecting a sample is substantially reduced and waste handling and disposal is substantially reduced. Eliminating handling and disposal of purge water is an environmental benefit and advantage.4.3.2 If there is interest in identifying contaminant stratification within the well, multiple passive samplers can be used to characterize vertical contaminant distribution with depth. Baffles or packers can be used to segregate the sampling zones and often provide better characterization of each zone. Profiling contamination with depth in a well can be informative when trying to decide where to place a single passive sampler within the well screen for long-term monitoring; placing a sampler at the mid-point of the screen may not yield a sample with the highest contaminant concentrations or one that agrees best with previous low-flow concentrations (for example, 26).4.4 Disadvantages—As with any groundwater sampling method, rapid or rigorous deployment of the sampler(s) can increase turbidity in the well. For passive groundwater samplers, this can be reduced or eliminated if the equilibration time is long enough to allow the return of the natural ambient turbidity in the well. In many cases, passive samplers are deployed at the end of a sampling event and left in the well until the next scheduled sampling event; this practice provides more than enough time for equilibration to occur. Some methods require dedicated equipment purchase which may increase the cost for the initial sampling event in order to obtain the overall cost advantage.4.5 Limitations—There are three primary limitations with passive samplers: analyte capability, sample volume, and physical size with respect to well diameter. For the diffusion and accumulation samplers, the membrane and or sorbent, respectively, determine the analyte capability of the sampler. In contrast, passive-grab samplers collect whole water samples and can be used for any analyte, subject to sample volume and physical size limitations.4.5.1 Analyte capability is often unique to individual passive samplers. In the case of diffusion-based passive samplers, the user should verify that the membrane is suitable for the analytes to be tested. ITRC (5-7) describes the analyte capability of diffusion-bases passive samplers. Two or more individual types of passive samplers can be used simultaneously to sample for a broader spectrum of analyte types.4.5.2 Passive-grab and passive-diffusion samplers collect a finite sample volume. Total sampler volume may limit the number and type of analytes that can be practically collected. Additional samplers or larger volume samplers may be available and can be used to meet the volume requirements. Also, because laboratories typically use only a small portion of the sample collected, it may be possible to provide the laboratory with a smaller sample volume. Table X1.1 provides suggested minimum volumes for several analyte classes. The laboratory should be consulted to confirm adequate sample volume during the method selection process.4.5.3 Regarding physical sizes of the sampler(s), the diameter of the sampler or combination of samplers must be able to fit in the well or multi-level sampler.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This standard provides guidance and information on passive sampling techniques for collecting groundwater from monitoring wells. Passive groundwater samplers are able to acquire a sample from the screen interval in a well, without the active transport associated with a pump or purge technique (1).2 Passive groundwater sampling is a type of no-purge groundwater sampling method where the samplers are left in the well for a predetermined period of time prior to collecting the sample.1.2 Methods for sampling monitoring wells include low-flow purging and sampling methods, traditional well-volume purging and sampling methods, post-purge grab sampling methods (for example, using a bailer), passive no-purge sampling methods, and active no-purge sampling methods such as using a bailer to collect a sample without purging the well. This guide focuses on passive no-purge sampling methodologies for collecting groundwater samples. These methodologies include the use of diffusion samplers, accumulation samplers, and passive-grab samplers. This guide provides information on the use, advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each of these passive sampling technologies.1.3 ASTM Standard D653 provides standard terminology relevant to soil, rock, and fluids contained in them. ASTM Standard D4448 provides a standard guide to sampling groundwater wells, and ASTM Standards D5903 and D6089 provide guides for planning and documenting a sampling event. Groundwater samples may require preservation (Guide D6517), filtration (Guide D6564/D6564M), and measures to pack and ship samples (Guide D6911). Standard D7069 provides guidance on the quality control and quality assurance of sampling events. ASTM Standard D5092/D5092M provides standard practice for the design and installation of groundwater monitoring wells, ASTM Standard D5521/D5521M provides a standard guide for developing groundwater monitoring wells in granular aquifers, and D6452 provides a standard guide for purging methods used in groundwater quality investigations. Consult ASTM Standard D6724/D6724M for a guide on the installation of direct-push groundwater monitoring wells and ASTM Standard D6725/D6725M for a guide on the installation of direct-push groundwater monitoring wells with pre-pack screens.1.4 The values stated in SI Units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in inches (such as with well diameters) are given in parentheses, and are provided for information. Use of units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconforming with this standard.1.5 This guide provides information on passive groundwater sampling in general and also provides a series of considerations when selecting a passive groundwater sampling method. However, it does not recommend a specific course of action, and not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all field situations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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6.1 The immersion technique is frequently used to locate leaks in sealed containers. Leaks in a container can be seen independently. Leak size can be approximated by the size of the bubble. It is not suitable for measurement of total system leakage.6.2 The liquid film technique is widely applied to components and systems that can not easily be immersed and is used to rapidly locate leaks. An approximation of leak size can be made based on the type of bubbles formed, but the technique is not suitable for measuring leakage rate. It can be used with a vacuum box to test vessels which cannot be pressurized or where only one side is accessible.6.3 Accuracy—This practice is not intended to measure leakage rates, but to locate leaks on a go, no-go basis. Their accuracy for locating leaks of 4.5 × 10 −10 mol/s (1 × 10−4 Std cm3/s)2 and larger is ±5 %. Accuracy for locating smaller leaks depends upon the skill of the operator.6.4 Repeatability—On a go, no-go basis, duplicate tests by the same operator should not vary by more than ±5 % for leaks of 4.5 × 10 −9 mol/s (1 × 10−4 Std cm3/s).26.5 Reproducibility—On a go, no-go basis, duplicate tests by other trained operators should not vary by more than 10 % for leaks of 4.5 × 10 −9 mol/s (1 × 10−4 Std cm3/s)2 and larger.1.1 This practice covers procedures for detecting or locating leaks, or both, by bubble emission techniques. A quantitative measure is not practical. The normal limit of sensitivity for this test method is 4.5 × 10−10 mol/s (1 × 10−5 Std cm3/s).21.2 Two techniques are described:1.2.1 Immersion technique, and1.2.2 Liquid application technique.NOTE 1: Additional information is available in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Article 10-Leak Testing, and Guide E479.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Recycled plastic materials may contain incompatible plastic or other undesirable contaminants that could affect the processing or quality, or both, of the plastic prepared for reuse. Techniques to separate and identify incompatible plastics, moisture, chemicals, or original product residues, and solid contaminants such as metals, paper, glass, and wood are essential to the processing of recycled plastic materials.5.2 This guide lists existing ASTM and ISO methods plus currently practiced industrial techniques for identification and classification of contaminants in recycled plastics flake or pellets.1.1 This guide is intended to provide information on available methods for the separation and classification of contaminants such as moisture, incompatible polymers, metals, adhesives, glass, paper, wood, chemicals, and original-product residues in recycled plastic flakes or pellets. Although no specific methods for identification or characterization of foam products are included, foam products are not excluded from this guide. The methods presented apply to post-consumer plastics.1.2 For specific procedures existing as ASTM test methods, this guide only lists the appropriate reference. Where no current ASTM standard exists, however, this guide gives procedures for the separation or identification, or both, of specific contaminants. Appendix X1 lists the tests and the specific contaminant addressed by each procedure.1.3 This guide does not include procedures to quantify the contaminants unless this information is available in referenced ASTM standards.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Cleaning of masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces is undertaken for a variety of reasons including aesthetic improvement, removal of contaminants, maintenance, and surface preparation. This guide provides for selecting, testing, and evaluating cleaning techniques for removal of soiling and staining.4.2 Cleaning systems may adversely affect both building materials being cleaned as well as other materials, mechanical, electrical, and other building systems, and building exterior, interior, and site features.4.3 In some situations, it may be prudent to spot clean or to not clean.4.4 It should be noted that, in some cases, cleaning may be inconsistent with the goals of historic preservation.1.1 This guide covers procedures for the selection and assessment of cleaning techniques for removing soiling and staining from masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces. Removal of paints, coatings, and graffiti may require measures beyond the scope of this guide. New construction is excluded from the scope of this guide.1.2 This guide does not purport to address the causes of soiling or staining or to propose remedies for recurring soiling or staining.1.3 Where work on surfaces of artistic, architectural, cultural, or historic significance is being considered, guidance from specialists should be sought.1.4 This guide does not purport to address removal and replacement of prior repairs, repair of damaged surfaces, or other irregularities that contribute to the uneven or discolored appearance of masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These test methods are useful in research and quality control for evaluating insulating materials and systems since they provide for the measurement of charge transfer and energy loss due to partial discharges(4) (5) (6).5.2 Pulse measurements of partial discharges indicate the magnitude of individual discharges. However, if there are numerous discharges per cycle it is occasionally important to know their charge sum, since this sum is related to the total volume of internal gas spaces that are discharging, if it is assumed that the gas cavities are simple capacitances in series with the capacitances of the solid dielectrics (7) (8).5.3 Internal (cavity-type) discharges are mainly of the pulse (spark-type) with rapid rise times or the pseudoglow-type with long rise times, depending upon the discharge governing parameters existing within the cavity. If the rise times of the pseudoglow discharges are too long , they will evade detection by pulse detectors as covered in Test Method D1868. However, both the pseudoglow discharges irrespective of the length of their rise time as well as pulseless glow are readily measured either by Method A or B of Test Methods D3382.5.4 Pseudoglow discharges have been observed to occur in air, particularly when a partially conducting surface is involved. It is possible that such partially conducting surfaces will develop with polymers that are exposed to partial discharges for sufficiently long periods to accumulate acidic degradation products. Also in some applications, like turbogenerators, where a low molecular weight gas such as hydrogen is used as a coolant, it is possible that pseudoglow discharges will develop.1.1 These test methods cover two bridge techniques for measuring the energy and integrated charge of pulse and pseudoglow partial discharges:1.2 Test Method A makes use of capacitance and loss characteristics such as measured by the transformer ratio-arm bridge or the high-voltage Schering bridge (Test Methods D150). Test Method A has been found useful to obtain the integrated charge transfer and energy loss due to partial discharges in a dielectric from the measured increase in capacitance and tan δ with voltage. (See also IEEE 286 and IEEE 1434)1.3 Test Method B makes use of a somewhat different bridge circuit, identified as a charge-voltage-trace (parallelogram) technique, which indicates directly on an oscilloscope the integrated charge transfer and the magnitude of the energy loss due to partial discharges.1.4 Both test methods are intended to supplement the measurement and detection of pulse-type partial discharges as covered by Test Method D1868, by measuring the sum of both pulse and pseudoglow discharges per cycle in terms of their charge and energy.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precaution statements are given in Section 7.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers soft magnetic iron parts fabricated by pressing and sintering of iron powder. The specification does not cover parts produced by metal injection molding. Parts produced to this specification shall have a minimum sintered density of 6.6 g/cm3 (6600 kg/m3) in the magnetically critical section of the part. Chemical requirements for the sintered part are given. Three grades distinguished by the measured maximum value of coercive field strength are defined. Apart from the required measurements of sintered density, chemical composition and coercive field strength, information on magnetic aging and its detection is given. Appendices containing magnetic and mechanical property data for a variety of sintering conditions are provided. 1.1 This specification covers parts produced from iron powder metallurgy materials. 1.2 This specification deals with powder metallurgy parts in the sintered or annealed condition. Should the sintered parts be subjected to any secondary operation that causes mechanical strain, such as machining or sizing, they should be resintered or annealed. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units, which are provided for information only, and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The determination of the soil-moisture flux is one of the fundamental needs in the soil physics and hydrology disciplines. The need arises from requirements for defining recharge rates to groundwater for water supply predictions, for contaminant transport estimates, for performance/risk assessment studies, and for infiltration testing purposes. The techniques outlined in this guide provide a number of alternatives for quantifying soil-moisture flux and/or the recharge rate for various purposes and conditions. This guide is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to techniques available for quantifying soil-moisture flux, but rather a “state-of-the-practice” summary. Likewise, this guide is not intended to be used as a comprehensive guide to performance of these methods, those detailed methods may come at a later time. Techniques that might be useful for the implementation of these methods, for example, sampling network design, are not part of this guide, but may come at a later time.All of the techniques discussed in this guide have merit when it comes to quantification of the soil-moisture flux. Factors influencing the choice of methods include: need/objectives; cost; time scale of test; and defensibility/reproducibility/reduction in uncertainty. If the need for soil-moisture flux information is crucial in the decision making process for a give site or study, the application of multiple techniques is recommended. Most of the techniques identified above have independent assumptions associated with their use/application. Therefore, the application of two or more techniques at a given site may help to bound the results, or corroborate data distributions. The uncertainties involved in these analyses are sometimes quite large, and therefore the prospect of acquiring independent data sets is quite attractive.As stated above, each of these techniques for quantification of soil-moisture flux has assumptions and limitations associated with it. The user is cautioned to be cognizant of those limitations/assumptions in applying these techniques at a given site so as not to violate any conditions and thereby invalidate the data.In general, the tracer techniques for quantifying soil-moisture flux will have less uncertainty associated with them than do the soil-physics based modeling approaches because they are based on direct measures of transport phenomena, rather than indirect measures of soil characteristic data/parameters. However, the forward problem of predicting future soil-water movement rates or transient behavior is best served by the modeling applications. The tracer methods may be used to calibrate, or supply boundary condition data to, the modeling techniques.Published reviews of these methods are also available in the literature (1, 2, 3).1.1 This guide describes techniques that may be used to quantify the soil-water (or soil-moisture) flux, the soil-water movement rate, and/or the recharge rate within the vadose zone. This guide is not intended to be all-inclusive with regard to available methods. However, the techniques described do represent the most widely used methods currently available.1.2 This guide was written to detail the techniques available for quantifying soil-moisture flux in the vadose zone. These data are commonly required in studies of contaminant movement and in estimating the amount of water replenishing a renewable groundwater resource, that is, an aquifer. State and federal regulatory guidelines typically require this information in defining contaminant travel times, in performance assessment, and in risk assessment. Both unsaturated and saturated flow modelers benefit from these data in establishing boundary conditions and for use in calibrations of their computer simulations.1.3 This guide is one of a series of standards on vadose zone characterization methods. Other standards have been prepared on vadose zone characterization techniques.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

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4.1 This practice provides general guidelines for the practice of thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectrometric detection and analysis (TGA/IR). This practice assumes that the thermogravimetry involved in the practice is proper. It is not the intention of this practice to instruct the user on proper thermogravimetric techniques. Please refer to Test Method E1131 for more information.1.1 This practice covers techniques that are of general use in the qualitative analysis of samples by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with infrared (IR) spectrometric techniques. The combination of these techniques is often referred to as TGA/IR.1.2 A sample heated in a TGA furnace using a predetermined temperature profile typically undergoes one or more weight losses. Materials evolved during these weight losses are then analyzed using infrared spectroscopy to determine chemical identity. The analysis may involve collecting discrete evolved gas samples or, more commonly, may involve passing the evolved gas through a heated flowcell during the TGA experiment. The general techniques of TGA/IR and other corresponding techniques, such as TGA coupled with mass spectroscopy (TGA/MS), as well as, TGA, used in conjunction with GC/IR, are described in the referenced literature (1-4).21.3 Some thermal analysis instruments are designed to perform both thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry simultaneously. This type of instrument is sometimes called a simultaneous thermal analyzer (STA). The evolved gas analysis performed with an STA instrument (5) is similar to that with a TGA, and so, would be covered by this practice. With use of a simultaneous thermal analyzer, the coupled method typically is labeled STA/IR.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This statement does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Infrared spectroscopy is the most widely used technique for identifying organic and inorganic materials. This practice describes methods for the proper application of infrared spectroscopy.1.1 This practice covers the spectral range from 4000 cm−1 to 50 cm−1 and includes techniques that are useful for qualitative analysis of liquid-, solid-, and vapor-phase samples by infrared spectrometric techniques for which the amount of sample available for analysis is not a limiting factor. These techniques are often also useful for recording spectra at frequencies higher than 4000 cm–1, in the near-infrared region.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in 6.5.1.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice provides general guidelines for the practice of liquid chromatography or size exclusion chromatography coupled with infrared spectrometric detection and analysis (LC/IR, SEC/IR). This practice assumes that the chromatography involved is adequate to resolve a sample into discrete fractions. It is not the intention of this practice to instruct the user on how to perform liquid or size exclusion chromatography (LC or SEC).1.1 This practice covers techniques that are of general use in qualitatively analyzing multicomponent samples by using a combination of liquid chromatography (LC) or size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with infrared (IR) spectrometric techniques. The sample mixture is separated into fractions by the chromatographic separation. These fractions are subsequently analyzed by an IR spectroscopic method.1.2 Three different types of LC/IR techniques have been used to analyze samples (1, 2).2 These consist of eluent trapping (see Practice E334), flowcell and direct deposition. These are presented in the order that they were first used.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice provides a protocol to compare different decontamination technologies with a standard contamination mechanism and analysis of subsequent decontamination factors/efficiencies.5.2 The use of this practice provides for the preparation of test coupons with a known amount of loose radiological or surrogate contaminant on the surface.5.3 A standard test coupon is described and a list of potential equipment, contaminants, and contaminating solutions is provided within the procedure.5.4 This practice describes a contamination simulation process that meets the requirements of testing performed (previously) by the U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the removal of loose contamination.1.1 This practice is intended to provide a basis for simulating radioactive contamination consistent with processes used to evaluate decontamination. The methods described provide a “loose-type” radiological or surrogate contamination on nonporous surfaces; these methods provide a surface contamination that may be easily removed by brushing or flushing with water.1.2 This practice is intended for nonporous surfaces such as stainless steel, aluminum, glass, laminates, and epoxy painted surfaces. Preparation of porous substrates is not addressed, although similar methodologies may be used. A different practice is employed using Practice E3190, to produce “fixed” contamination.1.3 The chemical simulants shall not include nor generate toxic byproducts as defined by U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) during preparation, application, or removal under normal conditions. A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) shall be provided so that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) can be selected.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method is intended for use with other standards (see 2.1) that address the collection and preparation of samples (dried chips, dusts, soils, and air particulates) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments.1.1 This test method is intended for use with extracted or digested samples that were collected during the assessment, management, or abatement of lead hazards from buildings, structures, or other locations.1.2 This test method covers the lead analysis of sample extracts or digestates (for example, extracted or digested paint, soil, dust, and airborne particulate) using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).1.3 This test method contains directions for sample analysis, as well as quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC), and may be used for purposes of laboratory accreditation and certification.1.4 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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