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This guide provides recommendations for writers of user’manuals and other documents for computer software prepared for scientific and engineering computations in fire models and other areas of fire protection engineering. The guide provides information that can be included in terms of three types of documents.This guide is intended to assist in the understanding, usage, transfer, conversion, and modification of computer software. If the options and instructions contained in this guide are considered when documentation is prepared, the software should be used more readily for its intended purposes.The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratory and into the engineering, fire service, and legal communities. Sufficient documentation of computer software for fire models is necessary to ensure that users can judge the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis for the models, select the appropriate computer operating environment, and use the software effectively within the specified limitations. Adequate documentation will help prevent the unintentional misuse of fire models.Additional guidelines on documentation can be found in ANSI/ANS 10.3 and ANSI/IEEE 1063.ANSI/ANS 10.2 and 10.5 provide guidelines for programming to ease the portability of the software and meet user needs.1.1 This guide provides information that should be in documentation for computer software prepared for scientific and engineering computations in fire models and other areas of fire protection engineering.1.2 The guidelines are presented in terms of three types of documentation: (1) technical document; (2) user's manual; and (3) installation, maintenance, and programming manual.1.3 There are no numerical values stated in this standard. It is recommended that SI units be the standard in the documentation and development of fire models.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.

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5.1 Manufacturers of thermal insulation express the performance of their products in charts and tables showing heat gain or loss per unit surface area or unit length of pipe. This data is presented for typical insulation thicknesses, operating temperatures, surface orientations (facing up, down, horizontal, vertical), and in the case of pipes, different pipe sizes. The exterior surface temperature of the insulation is often shown to provide information on personnel protection or surface condensation. However, additional information on effects of wind velocity, jacket emittance, ambient conditions and other influential parameters may also be required to properly select an insulation system. Due to the large number of combinations of size, temperature, humidity, thickness, jacket properties, surface emittance, orientation, and ambient conditions, it is not practical to publish data for each possible case, Refs (7,8).5.2 Users of thermal insulation faced with the problem of designing large thermal insulation systems encounter substantial engineering cost to obtain the required information. This cost can be substantially reduced by the use of accurate engineering data tables, or available computer analysis tools, or both. The use of this practice by both manufacturers and users of thermal insulation will provide standardized engineering data of sufficient accuracy for predicting thermal insulation system performance. However, it is important to note that the accuracy of results is extremely dependent on the accuracy of the input data. Certain applications may need specific data to produce meaningful results.5.3 The use of analysis procedures described in this practice can also apply to designed or existing systems. In the rectangular coordinate system, Practice C680 can be applied to heat flows normal to flat, horizontal or vertical surfaces for all types of enclosures, such as boilers, furnaces, refrigerated chambers and building envelopes. In the cylindrical coordinate system, Practice C680 can be applied to radial heat flows for all types of piping circuits. In the spherical coordinate system, Practice C680 can be applied to radial heat flows to or from stored fluids such as liquefied natural gas (LNG).5.4 Practice C680 is referenced for use with Guide C1055 and Practice C1057 for burn hazard evaluation for heated surfaces. Infrared inspection, in-situ heat flux measurements, or both are often used in conjunction with Practice C680 to evaluate insulation system performance and durability of operating systems. This type of analysis is often made prior to system upgrades or replacements.5.5 All porous and non-porous solids of natural or man-made origin have temperature dependent thermal conductivities. The change in thermal conductivity with temperature is different for different materials, and for operation at a relatively small temperature difference, an average thermal conductivity may suffice. Thermal insulating materials (k < 0.85 {Btu·in}/{h·ft 2·°F}) are porous solids where the heat transfer modes include conduction in series and parallel flow through the matrix of solid and gaseous portions, radiant heat exchange between the surfaces of the pores or interstices, as well as transmission through non-opaque surfaces, and to a lesser extent, convection within and between the gaseous portions. With the existence of radiation and convection modes of heat transfer, the measured value should be called apparent thermal conductivity as described in Terminology C168. The main reason for this is that the premise for pure heat conduction is no longer valid, because the other modes of heat transfer obey different laws. Also, phase change of a gas, liquid, or solid within a solid matrix or phase change by other mechanisms will provide abrupt changes in the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. For example, the condensation of the gaseous portions of thermal insulation in extremely cold conditions will have an extremely influential effect on the apparent thermal conductivity of the insulation. With all of this considered, the use of a single value of thermal conductivity at an arithmetic mean temperature will provide less accurate predictions, especially when bridging temperature regions where strong temperature dependence occurs.5.6 The calculation of surface temperature and heat loss or gain of an insulated system is mathematically complex, and because of the iterative nature of the method, computers best handle the calculation. Computers are readily available to most producers and consumers of thermal insulation to permit the use of this practice.5.7 Computer programs are described in this practice as a guide for calculation of the heat loss or gain and surface temperatures of insulation systems. The range of application of these programs and the reliability of the output is a primary function of the range and quality of the input data. The programs are intended for use with an “interactive” terminal. Under this system, intermediate output guides the user to make programming adjustments to the input parameters as necessary. The computer controls the terminal interactively with program-generated instructions and questions, which prompts user response. This facilitates problem solution and increases the probability of successful computer runs.5.8 The user of this practice may wish to modify the data input and report sections of the computer programs presented in this practice to fit individual needs. Also, additional calculations may be desired to include other data such as system costs or economic thickness. No conflict exists with such modifications as long as the user verifies the modifications using a series of test cases that cover the range for which the new method is to be used. For each test case, the results for heat flow and surface temperature must be identical (within resolution of the method) to those obtained using the practice described herein.5.9 This practice has been prepared to provide input and output data that conforms to the system of units commonly used by United States industry. Although modification of the input/output routines could provide an SI equivalent of the heat flow results, no such “metric” equivalent is available for some portions of this practice. To date, there is no accepted system of metric dimensions for pipe and insulation systems for cylindrical shapes. The dimensions used in Europe are the SI equivalents of American sizes (based on Practice C585), and each has a different designation in each country. Therefore, no SI version of the practice has been prepared, because a standard SI equivalent of this practice would be complex. When an international standard for piping and insulation sizing occurs, this practice can be rewritten to meet those needs. In addition, it has been demonstrated that this practice can be used to calculate heat transfer for circumstances other than insulated systems; however, these calculations are beyond the scope of this practice.1.1 This practice provides the algorithms and calculation methodologies for predicting the heat loss or gain and surface temperatures of certain thermal insulation systems that can attain one dimensional, steady- or quasi-steady-state heat transfer conditions in field operations.1.2 This practice is based on the assumption that the thermal insulation systems can be well defined in rectangular, cylindrical or spherical coordinate systems and that the insulation systems are composed of homogeneous, uniformly dimensioned materials that reduce heat flow between two different temperature conditions.1.3 Qualified personnel familiar with insulation-systems design and analysis should resolve the applicability of the methodologies to real systems. The range and quality of the physical and thermal property data of the materials comprising the thermal insulation system limit the calculation accuracy. Persons using this practice must have a knowledge of the practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems.1.4 The computer program that can be generated from the algorithms and computational methodologies defined in this practice is described in Section 7 of this practice. The computer program is intended for flat slab, pipe and hollow sphere insulation systems.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide data that can be used for comparison and evaluation of the accuracy of different CAS systems.5.2 The use of CAS systems and robotic tracking systems is becoming increasingly common and requires a degree of trust by the user that the data provided by the system meets necessary accuracy requirements. In order to evaluate the potential use of these systems, and to make informed decisions about suitability of a system for a given procedure, objective performance data of such systems are necessary. While the end user will ultimately want to know the accuracy parameters of a system under clinical application, the first step must be to characterize the digitization accuracy of the tracking subsystem in a controlled environment under controlled conditions.5.3 In order to make comparisons within and between systems, a standardized way of measuring and reporting point accuracy is needed. Parameters such as coordinate system, units of measure, terminology, and operational conditions must be standardized.1.1 This standard will measure the effects on the accuracy of computer assisted surgery (CAS) systems of the environmental influences caused by equipment utilized for bone preparation during the intended clinical application for the system. The environmental vibration effect covered in this standard will include mechanical vibration from: cutting saw (sagittal or reciprocating), burrs, drills, and impact loading. The change in accuracy from detaching and re-attaching or disturbing a restrained connection that does not by design require repeating the registration process of a reference base will also be measured.1.2 It should be noted that one system may need to undergo multiple iterations (one for each clinical application) of this standard to document its accuracy during different clinical applications since each procedure may have different exposure to outside forces given the surgical procedure variability from one procedure to the next.1.3 All units of measure will be reported as millimeters for this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 RADT Object Model as a Basis for Communication—The RADT object model is the first model used to create a common library of consistent entities (objects) and their attributes in the terminology of object analytical models as applied to the healthcare domain. These object models can be used to construct and refine standards relating to healt care information and its management. Since the RADT object model underpins the design and implementation of specific systems, it provides the framework for establishing the systematics of managing observations made during health care. The observations recorded during health care not only become the basis for managing an individual's health care by practitioners but are also used for research and resource management. They define the common language for abstracting and codifying observations. The inconsistency and incompleteness of the data recorded in paper records is well known and has been noted by the Institute of Medicine's study (4). The ability to build the recommended EHR begins with RADT, as noted in Practice E1239. A more detailed specification of the RADT process and its specific functional domain shall begin with a formal model. Furthermore, following agreement on the initial model, that model shall evolve as knowledge accumulates and the initial view of the healthcare domain extends to other social and psychologic processes that link healthcare with other functional domains of society. The management of lifelong cases of care, such as those of birth defects in newborns, will involve interactions with social work and educational functional domains of experience. It has been recognized for some time (5) that a “healthcare team,” in the broader sense, is involved in dealing with these complex cases. The RADT model is the core to linking these functional domains together in a transparent way. For that reason, the object terminology is used to enable the most global view and vernacular that will facilitate communication among technical specialties that participate in managing some aspect of health care or that build systems to manage the required information.5.2 Common Terminology as a Basis for Education—The use of models and their associated terminology implies that education of the healthcare practitioners shall incorporate this view to a significant extent. While a detailed specification of systems requires extensive lexicons of carefully defined terms, a more understandable terminology shall evolve for the process of educating practitioners during their formal education as well as continuing to educate current practioners concerning how this new technology can be integrated with their existing practices. This challenge has yet to be met, but the objects and modeling concepts presented here are intended to be named with the most intuitive titles in order to promote clear understanding during their use in instruction. Nevertheless, relating these objects and their properties to everyday practice remains a significant challenge, for both the implementors of systems and educators. The perspectives cataloged here can be used in the creation of system documentation and curricula represented in a variety of media.1.1 This practice is intended to amplify Practice E1239 and to complement Practice E1384 by detailing the objects that make up the reservation, registration, admitting, discharge, and transfer (RADT) functional domain of the computer-based record of care (CPR). As identified in Practice E1239, this domain is seminal to all patient record and ancillary system functions, including messaging functions used in telecommunications. For example, it is applicable to clinical laboratory information management systems, pharmacy information management systems, and radiology, or other image management, information management systems. The object model terminology is used to be compatible with other national and international standards for healthcare data and information systems engineering or telecommunications standards applied to healthcare data or systems. This practice is intended for those familiar with modeling concepts, system design, and implementation. It is not intended for the general computer user or as an initial introduction to the concepts.

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5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide data that can be used for evaluation of the accuracy of different CAS systems.5.2 The use of surgical navigation and robotic positioning systems is becoming increasingly common. In order to make informed decisions about the suitability of such systems for a given procedure, their accuracy capability needs to be evaluated under clinical application and compared to the requirements. As the performance of a whole system is constrained by those of its subparts, a preliminary step must be to objectively characterize the accuracy of the tracking subsystem in a controlled environment under controlled conditions.5.3 In order to make comparisons within and between systems, a standardized way of measuring and reporting accuracy is needed. Parameters such as coordinate system, units of measurement, terminology, and operational conditions must be standardized.1.1 This document provides procedures for measurement and reporting of basic static performance of surgical navigation and/or robotic positioning devices under defined conditions. They can be performed on a subsystem (for example, tracking only) or a full computer-aided surgery system as would be used clinically. Testing a subsystem does not mean that the whole system has been tested. The functionality to be tested based on this practice is limited to the performance (accuracy in terms of bias and precision) of the system regarding point localization in space by means of a pointer. A point in space has no orientation; only multidimensional objects have orientation. Therefore, orientation of objects is not within the scope of this practice. However, in localizing a point the different orientations of the pointer can produce errors. These errors and the pointer orientation are within the scope of this practice. The aim is to provide a standardized measurement of performance variables by which end users can compare within a system (for example, with different reference elements or pointers) and between different systems (for example, from different manufacturers). Parameters to be evaluated include (based upon the features of the system being evaluated):(1) Accuracy of a single point relative to a coordinate system.(2) Sensitivity of tracking accuracy due to changes in pointer orientation.(3) Relative point-to-point accuracy.1.1.1 This method covers all configurations of the evaluated system as well as extreme placements across the measurement volume.1.2 This practice defines a standardized reporting format, which includes definition of the coordinate systems to be used for reporting the measurements, and statistical measures (for example, mean, RMS, and maximum error).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard, except for angular measurements, which may be reported in terms of radians or degrees.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers the basic data formats to be used by search and rescue computer applications programs (software) for import from and export to other programs.1.2 Additional data or word processing formats may be supported by search and rescue programs.

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3.1 With the proliferation of computers and other electronic devices, it is difficult to imagine a crime that could not potentially involve digital evidence. Because of the paucity of degree programs in computer forensics, practitioners have historically relied on practical training through law enforcement or vendor-specific programs or both.3.2 In this guide, curricula for different levels of the educational system are outlined. It is intended to provide guidance to:3.2.1 Individuals interested in pursuing academic programs and professional opportunities in computer forensics,3.2.2 Academic institutions interested in developing computer forensics programs, and3.2.3 Employers seeking information about the educational background of graduates of computer forensics programs and evaluating continuing education opportunities for current employees.1.1 This guide will improve and advance computer forensics through the development of model curricula consistent with other forensic science programs.1.2 Section 4 describes the alternative paths by which students may arrive at and move through their professional training. Sections 5 through 7 cover formal educational programs in order of increasing length: a two- year associate degree, a four-year baccalaureate degree, and graduate degrees. Section 8 provides a framework for academic certificate programs offered by educational institutions. Section 9 outlines model criteria and implementation approaches for training and continuing education opportunities provided by professional organizations, vendors, and academic institutions.1.3 Some professional organizations recognize computer forensics, forensic audio, video, and image analysis as subdisciplines of computer forensics. However, the curricula and specific educational training requirements of subdisciplines other than computer forensics are beyond the scope of this guide.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This guide establishes a process for the verification of application software used to calculate the mechanical properties of materials.1.2 This guide has two purposes: (1) it provides guidelines for creating standard data sets for verifying computer-generated test results, and (2) it describes how users can verify whether the calculations in their application software produce accurate, acceptable results. This does not ensure that the software will produce correct results in all cases. The verification is only for those conditions covered by the standard data sets. This guide uses the concept of standard “data sets,” which are made available by the ASTM groups responsible for each of the individual standards.1.3 This guide defines the terminology, the format, and the process for the use of these data sets and how the data sets are to be used for verification. It does not define the specific data sets required to verify each of the application standards. Rather, such data sets would become a necessary part of the standard and would be classified as an adjunct in accord with the definition in section B29 of the “Form and Style for ASTM Standards.” This classifies an adjunct as any material that is required for use of the standard but is not practicable to publish as an integral part of the standard.1.4 In Annex A1 there is an example of how such data sets would be made available for one example standard.1.5 Because the verification data sets are contained in files supplied to the application software in the computer, this procedure only provides verification of post-test calculations performed by the computer system. It does not evaluate the data acquisition system, real-time calculations, or any other part of the software beyond the post-test calculations.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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2.1 Commercially available computer material management programs are being used regularly in the rubber industry. These programs typically will retrieve information from a raw material or compounding material data base by chemical name, CAS registry number, trade name, and supplier name. Retrieving information by these fields can present problems. The common chemical names are not standardized. IUPAC nomenclature is standardized but the names typically are too lengthy for easy retrieval. Also, the user may not have information such as trade name, supplier name, or CAS registry number.2.2 An alternate method of retrieving information from a raw material or compounding material data base is to sort by classification. This has the added advantage of enabling a compounder to select a compounding material from a given classification for a new compound formulation.1.1 This classification is intended to establish a method to find compounding materials on a computer data base by both functional and chemical classification. This classification will include rubber compounding materials or ingredients normally used in formulating rubber compounds. This classification is not intended for use in rubber latex or solvent based rubber adhesive applications.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The purpose of this practice is to describe techniques and procedures for computer forensics in regard to evidence handling, computers, digital imaging, and forensic analysis and examination.The examiner should be trained in accordance with Guide E2678.Individuals not trained in proper digital evidence procedures should consult with an appropriate specialist before proceeding.When dealing with technology outside your area of expertise, consult with an appropriate specialist before proceeding.1.1 This practice describes techniques and procedures for computer forensics within the context of a criminal investigation.1.1.1 This practice can be applicable to civil litigation.1.2 This practice describes seizing possible evidence, proper evidence handling, digital imaging, forensic analysis/examination, evidence-handling documentation, and reporting.1.3 This practice is not all inclusive and does not contain information relative to specific operating systems or forensic tools.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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