定价： 533元 / 折扣价： 454 元

定价： 533元 / 折扣价： 454 元

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

5.1 There is a wide variety of nitration compounds that may be produced and accumulate when oils react with gaseous nitrates formed during the engine combustion process. These nitration products may increase the viscosity, acidity and insolubles in the oil, which may lead to ring sticking and filter plugging. Monitoring of nitration products is therefore an important parameter in determining overall machinery health and should be considered in conjunction with data from other tests such as atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy for wear metal analysis (Test Method D5185), physical property tests (Test Methods D445 and D2896), and other FT-IR oil analysis methods for oxidation (Test Method D7414), sulfate by-products (Test Method D7415), and additive depletion (Test Method D7412), which also assess elements of the oil’s condition (1-6).1.1 This test method covers monitoring nitration in gasoline and natural gas engine oils as well as in other types of lubricants where nitration by-products may form due to the combustion process or other routes of formation of nitration compounds.1.2 This test method uses FT-IR spectroscopy for monitoring build-up of nitration by-products in in-service petroleum and hydrocarbon-based lubricants as a result of normal machinery operation. Nitration levels in gasoline and natural gas engine oils rise as combustion by-products react with the oil as a result of exhaust gas recirculation or a blow-by. This test method is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for monitoring of nitration in in-service petroleum and hydrocarbon-based lubricants with the objective of helping diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on measuring the level of nitration in the oil.1.3 Acquisition of FT-IR spectral data for measuring nitration in in-service oil and lubricant samples is described in Practice D7418. In this test method, measurement and data interpretation parameters for nitration using both direct trend analysis and differential (spectral subtraction) trend analysis are presented.1.4 This test method is based on trending of spectral changes associated with nitration in in-service petroleum and hydrocarbon-based lubricants. For direct trend analysis, values are recorded directly from absorption spectra and reported in units of 100*absorbance per 0.1 mm pathlength (or equivalently absorbance units per centimetre). For differential trend analysis, values are recorded from the differential spectra (spectrum obtained by subtraction of the spectrum of the reference oil from that of the in-service oil) and reported in units of 100*absorbance per 0.1 mm pathlength (or equivalently absorbance units per centimetre). Warnings or alarm limits can be set on the basis of a fixed maximum value for a single measurement or, alternatively, can be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1).2 In either case, such maintenance action limits should be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with the correlation of nitration changes to equipment performance.NOTE 1: It is not the intent of this test method to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.1.5 This test method is for petroleum and hydrocarbon-based lubricants and is not applicable for ester-based oils, including polyol esters or phosphate esters.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6.1 Exception—The unit for wave numbers is cm-1.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This practice is intended to cover the extraction, analysis, and information management pertaining to visible wear debris collected from oil system filters or debris retention screens. Further, it is intended that this practice be a practical reference for those involved in FDA.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

This specification establishes the performance requirements and associated test methods for qualifying designs of suspension and nonsuspension production forks employed on bicycles that are intended for use in Condition 3 topography. This kind of condition pertains to rough trails, rough unpaved roads, and rough technical areas and unimproved trails, wherein contact with the irregular terrain and momentary loss of tire contact with the ground may occur during usage. The forks shall go through compression load, bending load, impact resistance, and fatigue tests. Models that fail to meet the specified test requirements shall be rejected.1.1 This specification establishes testing requirements for qualifying designs using production forks intended for use in Condition 3 per Classification F2043.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification establishes the testing requirements for the structural performance of Condition 3 bicycle frames. The bicycle frames shall undergo horizontal and vertical loading fatigue tests, and impact strength test in accordance to a referenced ASTM test method. Frames that fail to meet the performance requirements shall be rejected.1.1 This specification establishes testing requirements for the structural performance properties of Condition 3 bicycle frames.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The impulse-response method is used to evaluate the condition of concrete slabs, pavements, bridge decks, walls, or other concrete plate structures. The method is also applicable to plate structures with overlays, such as concrete bridge decks with asphalt or portland cement concrete overlays. The impulse-response method is intended for rapid screening of structures to identify potential locations of anomalous conditions that require more detailed investigation.5.2 This practice is not intended for integrity testing of piles. For such applications refer to Test Method D5882.5.3 This practice can be used to locate delaminated or poorly consolidated concrete. It can also be used to locate regions of poor support or voids beneath slabs bearing on ground.5.4 Results are used on a comparative basis for comparing concrete quality or support conditions at one point in the tested structural element with conditions at other points in the same element, or for comparing a structural element with another element of the same geometry. Invasive probing (drilling holes or chipping away concrete) or drilling of cores is used to confirm interpretations of impulse-response results.5.5 Because concrete properties can vary from point to point in the structure due to differences in concrete age, batch-to-batch variability, or placement and consolidation practices, the measured mobility and dynamic stiffness can vary from point to point in a plate element of constant thickness.NOTE 1: The flexural stiffness of a plate is directly proportional to the elastic modulus of the material and directly proportional to the thickness raised to the third power (5). As a result, variations in thickness will have a greater effect on variations in mobility than variations in elastic modulus.5.6 The effective radius of influence of the hammer blow limits the maximum concrete element thickness that can be tested. The apparatus defined in this practice is intended for thicknesses less than 1 m.5.7 For highway applications, results may be influenced by traffic noise or low frequency structural vibrations set up by normal movement of traffic across a structure. The intermittent nature of these noises, however, may allow testing during traffic flow on adjacent portions of the structure. Engineering judgment is required to determine whether the response has been influenced by traffic-induced vibrations.5.8 Heavy loads on suspended slabs may affect test results by altering the frequencies and shapes of different modes of vibration. Debris on the test surface may interfere with obtaining a sharp impact and with measuring the response.5.9 The practice is not applicable in the presence of vibrations created by mechanical equipment (jack hammers, sounding with a hammer, mechanical sweepers, and the like) impacting the structure.5.10 Tests conducted next to or directly over structural elements that stiffen the plate will result in reduced mobility and not be representative of the internal conditions of the plate.5.11 The practice is not applicable in the presence of electrical noise, such as that produced by a generator or other electrical sources, that is captured by the data-acquisition system.1.1 This practice provides the procedure for using the impulse-response method to evaluate rapidly the condition of concrete slabs, pavements, bridge decks, walls, or other plate-like structures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide is intended to provide machinery maintenance and monitoring personnel with a guideline for performing trend analysis to aid in the interpretation of machinery condition data.1.1 This guide covers practical techniques for condition data trend analysis.1.2 The techniques may be utilized for all instrumentation that provides numerical test results. This guide is written specifically for data obtained from lubricant samples. Other data obtained and associated with the machine may also be used in determining the machine condition.1.3 This guide provides a methodology for assessing changes in lubricant during service. For limits on a specific lubricant parameter used in different system types, users should refer to Practice D4378, Practice D6224, or other established industry criteria, such as from the OEM. Guide D7720 may be used to determine limits if unavailable through the other references given.1.4 This guide does not address upper or lower control limits. These limits are provided by product manufacturers, defined in ASTM specifications, or both. The range between upper and lower control limits should be greater than the range within each test method’s repeatability coefficient. See Practices D3244, D6299, and D6792 for more information about ensuring that process control limits do not violate statistical fundamentals.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Uses—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis by parties who wish to conduct a BEPIE. The process defined in this guide involves: (1) the collection of building and equipment information, including whole building energy consumption, much of which is typically collected as part of an E2018 PCA; (2) weather-normalizing the whole building energy consumption to obtain an EUI; (3) benchmarking the EUI to compare against the EUI of peer buildings; and (4) determining if the building’s EUI is under-performing compared to the EUI of peer buildings. If the building’s EUI is under-performing, the guide (1) evaluates the extent to which the building is under-performing; (2) provides guidance on what energy efficiency improvements might be made to bring the building to the performance level of its peers; and (3) provides guidance to obtain a probable cost for these energy efficiency improvements. The guide is intended principally as an approach to conducting a standardized building energy performance inquiry in connection with commercial real estate involved in a commercial real estate transaction with the intent to identify a condition of EUI under-performance compared to peer buildings. The guide provides for two approaches: a Screening Assessment (SA) that may be conducted, for example, as an adjunct to an E2018 PCA during due diligence prior to an acquisition, and a More Comprehensive Assessment (MCA) that would include more rigorous investigation as may, for example, be conducted by a building owner seeking to make an investment in EEMs. This guide is intended to reflect a commercially practical and reasonable inquiry.4.2 Clarifications on Use: 4.2.1 Use in Conjunction with an E2018 PCA—This guide, when added as a supplemental scope of work to an E2018 PCA, is designed to assist the user and Consultant in developing information about energy consumption and energy efficiency improvements that may be undertaken to reduce energy consumption in a building involved in a commercial real estate transaction. The guide also has utility to a wide range of situations, including those that may not involve a commercial real estate transaction. The guide is not intended to replace an E2018 PCA, but rather to supplement it.4.2.2 Independent Use—This guide may also be used independently of any other building or property condition assessment.4.2.3 Site-Specific—This guide is site and property-specific in that it relates to an existing building’s or property’s energy performance.4.3 Who May Conduct—A BEPIE should be performed by a qualified Consultant or individual (hereafter referred to as the “Consultant”) with the education, training and experience necessary to perform the requirements of this guide (refer to 8.6). No practical approach can be designed to eliminate the role of professional judgment and the value and need for experience in the individual performing the inquiry. The professional experience of the Consultant is, consequently, important to the performance of a BEPIE.4.4 Additional Services—Additional services not included within the scope of this guide may be contracted for between the user and the Consultant (refer to 13.1 – 13.2). For example, the user or Consultant may also wish to apply for LEED® or ENERGY STAR® certification.4.5 Principles—The following principles are an integral part of this guide and are intended to be referred to in resolving any ambiguity or exercising such discretion as is accorded the user or Consultant in performing a BEPIE.4.5.1 Uncertainty is not eliminated—No BEPIE standard can wholly eliminate uncertainty in determining the myriad of variables that can impact the energy consumption of a building on a property and the energy savings that might be realized by making energy efficiency improvements. The BEPIE is intended to reduce, but not eliminate, uncertainty regarding the impact of such variables.4.5.2 Assessment is not exhaustive—This guide is not meant to be an exhaustive assessment. There is a point at which the cost of the information obtained or the time required to gather it outweighs the usefulness of the information and, in fact, may be a material detriment to the orderly completion of a commercial real estate transaction. One of the purposes of this guide is to identify a balance between the competing goals of limiting the costs and time demands inherent in performing a BEPIE and the reduction of uncertainty about unknown conditions resulting from collecting additional information.4.5.3 Level of inquiry is variable—Not every building will warrant the same level of assessment. The appropriate level of assessment should be guided by the type and complexity of the property being evaluated, the needs of the user, and the information already available or developed in the course of the inquiry.4.6 Rules of Engagement—The contractual and legal obligations between a Consultant and a user (and other parties, if any) are outside the scope of this guide. No specific legal relationship between the Consultant and user was considered during the preparation of this guide.1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to define a commercially useful standard in the United States of America for incorporating building energy performance into an assessment of existing property condition, and specifically into a property condition assessment (PCA) on a building involved in a commercial real estate transaction. The guide is intended to provide a methodology for the user to identify building energy under-performance compared to peer buildings. If the building is under-performing compared to its peers, a methodology is provided to identify potential energy performance improvements and provide a probable cost for such improvements. The guide may be used independently or as a voluntary supplement to ASTM Guide E2018 PCA. Utilization of this guide and incorporating it into a PCA is voluntary. If the property owner is unwilling or unable to provide building energy consumption information and it is not possible to develop a reasonable estimate of building energy consumption, the methodology defined by this guide cannot be performed.1.2 Building Energy Performance and Improvement Evaluation (BEPIE)—the process as described in this guide by which a person collects, analyzes and reports on a building’s energy consumption, compares it to peer buildings and determines if the building is under-performing. If the building is under-performing, potential major improvements (energy efficiency measures, EEMs) that may reduce building energy consumption to achieve parity with peer buildings are identified and a probable cost is provided. Building energy performance as defined by this guide involves the collection of annual whole building energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, and other related energy-consuming end-uses. Building energy consumption, for example, includes total electricity used at the building; purchased or delivered steam, hot water, or chilled water to the building; natural gas, fuel oil, propane, biomass, or any other matter consumed as fuel at the building. Annual whole building energy consumption in kBTU/yr is weather-normalized and converted to energy use intensity (EUI, kBTU/SF-yr), and then benchmarked against weather-normalized energy consumption in peer buildings. If the building consumes more energy than peer buildings, it is assumed to be under-performing. For under-performing buildings, the methodology provided in this guide identifies potential energy improvements and associated costs that may be able to bring the building to parity with peers. If electricity is generated on site from renewable/alternative energy systems (for example, solar photovoltaic systems, wind energy generator technology, fuel cells, or microturbines), the electricity produced is considered energy savings and is netted against building energy requirements with the purpose of reducing building EUI. The assessment conducted for the BEPIE may be a Screening Assessment (SA) that might be conducted in due diligence prior to building acquisition, or a More Comprehensive Assessment (MCA) that might be conducted by the owner of a building who may have had an SA conducted prior to acquiring the building. A BEPIE as performed according to this guide is building- and site-specific. For multifamily type property, the BEPIE is property-specific where a property may include multiple buildings. For such cases, data from the multiple buildings are aggregated prior to analysis.1.3 Objectives—Objectives in the development of this guide are to: (1) define a commercially useful guide for incorporating building energy performance into the assessment of existing property condition as part of due diligence associated with real estate transactions conducted pre-acquisition, post-acquisition or independent of an acquisition; (2) identify buildings that consume more energy than their peers, that is, are under-performing relative to peers; (3) identify how under-performing buildings might be improved and provide a probable cost to bring under-performing buildings to parity with peers; (4) define a commercially useful and reliable guide for conducting a building energy performance and improvement evaluation; (5) facilitate consistency in conducting and reporting of building energy performance and the evaluation of measures that may improve energy performance; (6) provide a process for conducting a BEPIE that is technically sound, consistent, transparent, practical and reasonable; and (7) provide criterion for identifying what constitutes a building being considered an energy under-performer compared to its peers.1.4 Documentation—The scope of this guide includes data collection, compilation, analysis and reporting. All sources, records and resources relied upon in the BEPIE assessment should to be documented.1.5 Considerations Outside the —The use of this guide is limited to the conduct of a BEPIE as defined by this guide. While this information may be used in assessing building valuation or for other reasons, any such use is solely between the user and the Consultant and beyond the scope of this guide.1.6 Organization of the Guide—BEPIE has 14 sections and 12 appendices. The appendices are included for informational purposes only and are provided for guidance in implementing this guide.Section 1 Describes the scope of the guide.Section 2 Identifies referenced documents.Section 3 Provides terminology pertinent to the guide.Section 4 Discusses the significance and use of the guide.Section 5 Discusses the relationship between this guide and ASTM E2018, ASTM E2797 and ASHRAE 211.Section 6 Describes the user’s responsibilities under this guide.Section 7 Describes the data collection needs for this guide.Section 8 Describes the building energy performance and improvement evaluation process.Section 9 Describes the benchmarking process.Section 10 Describes the process for conducting a screening assessment.Section 11 Describes the more comprehensive assessment process.Section 12 Describes reporting of findings and conclusions.Section 13 Identifies non-scope considerations.Section 14 Identifies keywords associated with the guide.Appendix X1 Driving Forces for Considering Building Energy Performance in PCAs.Appendix X2 Common Commercial Building Types.Appendix X3 EPA Portfolio Manager.Appendix X4 Commercial (CBECS) and Residential (RECS) Building Energy Consumption Surveys.Appendix X5 U.S. Climate Zones.Appendix X6 Building Performance Database.Appendix X7 EULs of Common Energy-consuming Equipment.Appendix X8 EEM Replacement Schedule Considerations.Appendix X9 Energy Savings for Common EEMs.Appendix X10 Common Energy and Water Savings Measures.Appendix X11 Building Energy Performance and Sustainability Certifications.Appendix X12 Sample BEPIE Screening Assessment Report Format1.7 This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a building’s many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 Nothing in this guide is intended to create or imply the existence of a legal obligation for reporting building energy performance or other building-related information. Any consideration of whether such an obligation exists under any federal, state, local, or common law is beyond the scope of this guide.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 Moisture in concrete floor slabs affects the performance of flooring systems such as resilient, wood, and textile floor coverings and coatings. Manufacturers of such systems generally require moisture testing be performed before installation of coverings on floor slabs and screeds. The measurement of sub-surface comparative moisture condition in the upper 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) stratum of a concrete slab with a non-destructive moisture meter is one such method.5.2 Excessive moisture in floor slabs after installation can cause floor covering system failures such as delamination, bonding failure, deterioration of finish flooring and coatings, and microbial growth.5.3 5.3 Comparative moisture content tests indicate the moisture in the slab, which is usually referenced to the percentage of dry weight. That is:Results indicate conditions at the time of the test.5.4 Methods of meter calibration and factors affecting equilibration are described in Section 8.1.1 This guide focuses on obtaining the comparative moisture condition within the upper 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) stratum in concrete, gypsum, anhydrite floor slabs and screeds for field tests. Due to the wide variation of material mixtures and additives used in floor slabs and screeds, this methodology may not be appropriate for all applications. See 1.2 through 1.8 and Section 11. Where appropriate or when specified, use further testing as outlined in Test Methods F1869 or F2170 before installing a resilient floor covering.1.2 This guide is intended for use to determine if there are moisture-related conditions existing on, or in, the floor slabs that could adversely impact the successful application and performance of resilient flooring products.1.3 This guide may be used to aid in the diagnosis of failures of installed resilient flooring.1.4 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with meter manufacturer’s operation instructions and interpretive data where available.1.5 Where possible or when results need to be quantified, use this guide to determine where additional testing such as Test Methods F1869 or F2170 as specified to characterize the floor slab and the test area environment for moisture, humidity and temperature conditions.1.6 This guide may not be suitable for areas that have surface applied moisture migration systems, curing compounds or coatings that cannot be removed or cleaned off sufficiently to allow the moisture to move upwards through the slab. For a floor slab of 6 in. (150 mm) plus thickness, low porosity slabs, slabs with no vapor retarder installed, and slabs where the above surface environmental conditions can have a greater than normal influence on the moisture reduction gradient of the floor slab or screed, consider Test Method F2170 (below surface in situ rh method) as a more suitable test method under these circumstances.1.7 This guide is not intended to provide quantitative results as a basis for acceptance of a floor for installation of moisture sensitive flooring finishes systems. Test Methods F1869 or F2170 provide quantitative information for determining if moisture levels are within specific limits. Results from this guide do not provide vital information when evaluating thick slabs, slabs without effective vapor retarders directly under the slab, lightweight aggregate concrete floors, and slabs with curing compound or sealers on the surface.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in Section 7.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车