3.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional spill response teams who may apply it during response planning and spill events.3.2 This guide presents data on the effects of surface oil, dissolved oil and dispersed oil on components of tropical environments. These data can aid in decision-making related to the use of dispersants to minimize environmental damage from oil spills.1.1 This guide covers recommendations for use of chemical dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills and is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response.1.2 Each on-scene commander has available several means of control or cleanup of spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.1.3 This guide presents general guidelines only. The dispersibility of the oil with the chosen dispersant should be evaluated in compliance with relevant government regulations. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and fuel oils. Differences between individual dispersants and to a certain degree, differences between different oils are not considered.1.4 This guide is one of several related to dispersant considerations in different environments. The other standards are listed in Section 2.1.5 This guide applies to marine and estuarine environments but not to freshwater environments.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide covers recommendations for use of chemical dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis upon which recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1.2 Each on-scene coordinator has available several means of control or cleanup of spilled oil. In this guide, use of chemical dispersants is not to be considered as a "last resort" after other methods have failed. Chemical dispersants are to be given equal considerations with other spill countermeasures. 1.3 This is a general guide only, assuming the oil to be dispersable and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and fuel oils (No. 1 through No. 6). Differences between individual dispersants or between different oils or products are not considered. 1.4 This guide covers one type of habitat, rocky shores. Other guides, similar to this one, cover habitats such as sandy beaches or marshes. The use of dispersants is considered primarily to protect such habitats from impact (or minimize impacts) and also to clean them after the spill takes place. 1.5 This guide applies to marine and estuarine environments, but not to freshwater environments. 1.6 In making dispersant-use decisions appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This guide covers recommendations for the use of chemical dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis upon which recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1.2 Each on-scene coordinator has available several means of control or cleanup of spilled oil. In this guide, use of chemical dispersants is not considered as a last resort after other methods have failed. Chemical dispersants are to be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. 1.3 This is a general guide only assuming the oil to be dispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly and in compliance with relevant government regulations. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and fuel oils (No. 1 through No. 6). Differences between individual dispersants or between different oils or products are not considered. 1.4 This guide covers one type of habitat, salt marshes. Other guides, similar to this one, cover habitats such as rocky shores. The use of dispersants is considered primarily to protect such habitats from impact (or minimize impacts) and also to clean them after the spill takes place. 1.5 This guide applies to marine and estuarine environments, but not to freshwater environments. 1.6 In making dispersant-use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This guide covers recommendations for the use of chemical dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis upon which recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1.2 Each on-scene coordinator has available several means of control or cleanup of spilled oil. In this guide, use of chemical dispersants is not considered as a last resort after other methods have failed. Chemical dispersants are to be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. 1.3 This is a general guide only assuming the oil to be dispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and fuel oils (No. 1 through No. 6). Differences between individual dispersants or between different oils or products are not considered. 1.4 This guide covers one type of habitat, bird environments. Other guides, similar to this one, cover habitats such as rocky shores. The use of dispersants is considered primarily to protect such habitats from impact (or minimize impacts) and also to clean them after the spill takes place. 1.5 This guide applies to marine and estuarine environments but not to freshwater environments. 1.6 In making dispersant-use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This guide is significant in that it addresses the data and information options of each component of the ecological risk assessment process, for both a screening and complex ERA. It outlines the data and information options while recognizing that an ecological risk assessment may be focused to achieve a particular stated goal. This guide is not intended to represent the views of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), or any other regulatory agency, on data collection for ecological risk assessment.5.2 This guide is to be used by managers, scientists, and technical staff of contractors, industry, government agencies, and universities responsible for conducting ecological risk assessments at contaminated sites. It is to be used to guide data collection phases of the ecological risk assessment. It will assist in the development of the conceptual site model (see Guide E1689) and the identification of potential assessment and measurement endpoints (see Guide E1848 and US EPA’s Generic Ecological Assessment Endpoints, 2016 (5)). While it was written to assist in planning an ERA, the list also may be used in the review of a completed ERA.1.1 An ecological-risk assessment (ERA) is a process for organizing and analyzing data, information, assumptions, and uncertainties to evaluate the likelihood that adverse ecological effects might occur or are occurring as a result of a stressor. This guide is intended to assist remedial project teams, specifically ecological risk assessors, in identifying data and information options that may be used to perform a screening or complex ecological risk assessment (ERA) at a contaminated site.NOTE 1: While the intent of ERA is to evaluate risk (that is, the probability of adverse effects occurring in ecological receptors), there are no measures, statistics, or metrics that calculate or express risk explicitly. However, various metrics or indices, a common example being the hazard quotient, are used to inform risk assessments.1.2 The identification of data and information options for human health risk assessment is outside the scope of this guide.1.3 This guide is intended to provide a list for identifying data and information options and does not recommend a specific course of action for ERA activities.1.4 This guide addresses data and information options for the ecological risk assessment, not verification or long-term monitoring studies.1.5 This guide lists many of the common data and information options for ERA, but there may be others relevant for any particular site.1.6 This guide considers one component of an ERA, that is, identification of data and information options. Other ASTM guides have been developed, for example, Guides E1689 and E1848, and are being developed to cover other components of the risk assessment process.1.7 This guide does not provide information on how to perform any of the analytical procedures used to perform a risk assessment once data collection options are defined.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide covers recommendations for use of chemical dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. It is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis upon which recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1.2 Each on-scene coordinator has available several means of control or cleanup of spilled oil. In this guide, use of chemical dispersants is not to be considered as a last resort after other methods have failed. Chemical dispersants are to be given equal consideration with other spill counter-measures. 1.3 This guide presents general guidelines only. The oil is assumed to be dispersable and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and fuel oils (No. 1 through No. 6). Differences between individual dispersants or between different oils or products are not considered. 1.4 The guidelines are organized by habitat type, for example, sand beaches, marshes. They consider the use of dispersants primarily to protect such habitats from impact (or minimize impacts) and also to clean them after the spill takes place. 1.5 This guide applies to marine and estuarine environments but not to freshwater environments. 1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This guide covers recommendations for use of chemical dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis upon which recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1.2 Each on-scene coordinator has available several means of control or cleanup of spilled oil. In this guide, use of chemical dispersants is not to be considered as a last resort after other methods have failed. Chemical dispersants are to be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. 1.3 This is a general guide only, assuming the oil to be dispersable and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly and in compliance with relevant government regulations. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and fuel oils (No. 1 through No. 6). Differences between individual dispersants or between different oils or products are not considered. 1.4 This guide covers one type of habitat, tidal flats. Other guides, similar to this one, cover habitats such as rocky shores. The use of dispersants is considered primarily to protect such habitats from impact (or minimize impacts) and also to clean them after the spill takes place. 1.5 This guide applies to marine and estuarine environments but not to freshwater environments. 1.6 In making dispersant-use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This guide covers recommendations for the use of chemical dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis upon which recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1.2 Each on-scene coordinator has available several means of control or cleanup of spilled oil. In this guide, use of chemical dispersants is not to be considered as a last resort after other methods have failed. Chemical dispersants are to be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. 1.3 This is a general guide only assuming the oil to be dispersable and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly and in compliance with relevant government regulations. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and fuel oils (No. 1 through No. 6). Differences between individual dispersants or between different oils or products are not considered. 1.4 This guide covers one type of habitat, sandy beaches or marshes. Other guides, similar to this one, cover habitats such as rocky shores and marshes. The use of dispersants is considered primarily to protect such habitats from impact (or minimize impacts) and also to clean them after the spill takes place. 1.5 This guide applies to marine and estuarine environments, but not to freshwater environments. 1.6 In making dispersant-use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This guide covers recommendations for the use of chemical dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis upon which recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1.2 Each on-scene coordinator has available several means of control or cleanup of spilled oil. In this guide, use of chemical dispersants is not to be considered as a last report after other methods have failed. Chemical dispersants are to be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. 1.3 This is a general guide only assuming the oil to be dispersable and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly and in compliance with relevant government regulations. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and fuel oils (No. 1 through No. 6). Differences between individual dispersants or between different oils or products are not considered. 1.4 This guide covers one type of habitat, gravel or cobble beaches. Other guides, similar to this one, cover habitats such as rocky shores, marshes. The use of dispersants is considered primarily to protect such habitats from impact (or minimize impacts) and also to clean them after the spill takes place. 1.5 This guide applies to marine and estuarine environments, but not to freshwater environments. 1.6 In making dispersant-use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This guide assumes that a decision has been made that an ecological risk assessment is required for a contaminated site. In some cases, this decision could be made before any site data are collected. See Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Conceptual Relationships between Assessment Endpoints, Measurement Endpoints and Lines of Evidence (Source: Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan (FCSAP) Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance, Government of Canada, March 2012)4.2 The selection of assessment endpoints (defined as ecological values to be protected) and measurement endpoints (ecological characteristics related to the assessment endpoints) is a critical step in conducting an ecological risk assessment. Endpoint selection identifies those effects which are ecologically significant and not merely those that are adverse, thus providing a more rational and defensible basis for making risk and remedial decisions.4.3 This guide provides an approach for identifying, selecting and using assessment and measurement endpoints in an ecological risk assessment for a contaminated site. This guide has been developed because there is no universal, simple measure of ecological health analogous to measures used in human health risk assessment. Assessment and measurement endpoints have to be identified and selected from a variety of individual circumstances on a stressor-, ecosystem- and scale-specific basis. It is important to recognize that a diverse set of ecological endpoints could be required for a specific site. EPA/100/F15/005 Generic Ecological Assessment Endpoints (GEAEs) For Ecological Risk Assessment: Second Edition With Generic Ecosystem Services Endpoints Added. July 2016)4.4 This guide is intended to be used primarily by a biologist, ecologist, ecotoxicologist, or a team of environmental scientists during problem formulation and work plan development prior to initiating data collection activities at a contaminated site (3-8, 10).4.5 Ecological risk assessment is usually an iterative process. In many circumstances it proceeds as a series of tiers, that is, desktop/screening, preliminary, and detailed/focused phases. This guide can be used to refine or modify assessment and measurement endpoints developed in earlier phases of the process.4.6 This guide can be used whenever assessment and measurement endpoints must be identified and selected following an initial or preliminary problem formulation/planning phase:4.6.1 Analysis phase (exposure assessment, hazard/effects assessment, stress/dose-response assessment;4.6.2 Risk characterization phase; or4.6.3 Remediation phase and possible subsequent ecological monitoring.4.7 This guide is intended to be used in the evaluation of baseline conditions (current and future) and in the evaluation of conditions resulting from remedial actions or corrective measures.AbstractThis guide deals with an approach to identification, selection, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessment and measurement endpoints) that are susceptible to the direct and indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors and agents associated with wastes and contaminated media at specific sites under current and future land uses. It does not address assessment and measurement endpoints for non-site specific studies (for example, chemical specific or regional risk assessments) or measurements in abiotic media (soil, water, or air). Conditions of the site and risk assessment that should be considered in identifying and selecting assessment and measurement endpoints include stressor characteristics, ecosystem types, spatial scale, temporal scale, ecological organization, and functionality/values. The following subsections present a partial listing of representative measurement endpoints: measurement endpoints representing ecosystem assessment endpoints, measurement endpoints representing community assessment endpoints, measurement endpoints representing population assessment endpoints, and measurement endpoints representing individual organism assessment endpoints. Other general considerations, desirable characteristics of assessment and measurement endpoints, candidate site-related ecological receptors, candidate assessment endpoints, specific steps in identifying, selecting and using assessment and measurement endpoints, addressing uncertainties in the identification and selection of assessment and measurement endpoints, documenting the selection of assessment and measurement endpoints.1.1 This guide covers an approach to identification, selection, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessment and measurement endpoints) (1-8)2 that are susceptible to the direct and indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors or agents associated with wastes and contaminated media at specific sites under current and future land uses. It does not address assessment and measurement endpoints for non-site specific studies (for example, chemical-specific or regional risk assessments) or measurements in abiotic media (soil, water, or air).1.2 This guide addresses only the identification, selection, and use of assessment and measurement endpoints, not the full range of activities that occur in an ecological assessment or ecological risk assessment at a contaminated site (1, 3-8). These activities are addressed in other ASTM guides and references provided at the end of this guide.1.3 This guide is intended to identify assessment and measurement endpoints to be used for screening, preliminary, focused, detailed, and quantitative ecological risk assessments conducted in a linear or iterative fashion (3, 8). This is a partial, incomplete listing of possible levels of assessment. In a tiered ecological risk assessment, it may be necessary to redefine ecological endpoints when planning to collect more data or when additional site data are obtained and evaluated.1.4 This guide is intended to be used by trained biologists, ecologists, and ecotoxicologists familiar with risk assessment, and ecological and ecotoxicological concepts.1.5 This guide (including Appendix X1) consists of a series of options or instructions and does not recommend a specific course of action or provide detailed guidelines to be followed at all sites. See 2.2.2 of Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees.31.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.1.3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. The dispersibility of the oil with the chosen dispersant should be evaluated.1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.1.3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. The dispersibility of the oil with the chosen dispersant should be evaluated.1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.3.2 This guide should be adapted to site-specific circumstances.1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.1.3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. The dispersibility of the oil with the chosen dispersant should be evaluated.1.4 This guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The Eco-RBCA process presented in this guide is a streamlined decision-making process for implementing corrective action protective of ecological resources at chemical release sites in a consistent manner. Eco-RBCA provides a framework for sites not covered under regulatory programs, for sites under regulatory programs that lack guidance, or for sites under programs with guidance that lack detail. Eco-RBCA may also provide a useful framework to help merge an approach when multiple regulatory programs apply.4.2 Ecological risk assessment is a science-based process that can be used to provide insight for risk management decision-making. Numerous federal and state programs have guidance for conducting ERA. Available regulatory approaches to ERA were reviewed in preparation for the development of this Eco-RBCA guide. Eco-RBCA was designed to be adaptable to the use of a variety of methods for considering risks to relevant ecological receptors and habitats. Some attributes of the standard are:4.2.1 Use of a tiered approach, including process flow charts to identify critical steps and facilitate the development of an overview of the entire process;4.2.2 Identification, development, and use of TPDs from Step 1 and throughout the entire Eco-RBCA process;4.2.3 Indications of the value and timing of stakeholder involvement, recognizing that some regulations require coordination with federal, state, tribal, and natural-resource trustees, and other stakeholders;4.2.4 Identification of situations under which an ERA may or may not be necessary; and4.2.5 Identification of decision points where ERA results are used for risk management decision making.4.3 Activities described in this guide should involve persons with the appropriate skills and expertise. The user may rely on individuals expert in remediation science and technology, ecology/biology, ecotoxicology, ERA practices, and site characterization techniques.4.4 This guide and supporting appendices provide examples and technical support for the proper application of the Eco-RBCA process. The user should avoid inappropriate actions or use of Eco-RBCA such as:4.4.1 Prescribing Tier 1 RESC as presumptive remediation cleanup goals rather than as screening criteria or, when appropriate, as site-specific remediation cleanup goals;4.4.2 Limiting the use of the Eco-RBCA process to Tier 1 evaluation only and not continuing with Tier 2 or Tier 3 evaluations for sites where further tiered evaluation is appropriate;4.4.3 Placing arbitrary time constraints on the corrective action process that do not reflect the actual urgency and risk posed by the site;4.4.4 Using Eco-RBCA only at sites where active remedial action is not technically feasible;4.4.5 Initiating remedial action(s) before determining applicable corrective action goals;4.4.6 Limiting options to a single class of remedial action for all sites;4.4.7 Using unjustified or inappropriate exposure factors;4.4.8 Using unjustified or inappropriate toxicity parameters;4.4.9 Using modeling that is not supported by the available data or knowledge of site conditions;4.4.10 Using measurement or assessment endpoints that are ambiguous or insufficiently defined;4.4.11 Drawing conclusions that are not supported by available data;4.4.12 Failing to monitor the effectiveness of engineering or institutional controls;4.4.13 Using an interim remedial action not to reduce risk but solely to delay the Eco-RBCA process;4.4.14 Failing to consider the long-term effectiveness, reliability, and risks to relevant ecological receptors and habitats of potential remedial action options; or,4.4.15 Continuing monitoring or remedial action at sites that have achieved remedial action goals (unless monitoring is specifically required for an engineering or institutional control or other regulatory requirements).1.1 This is a guide to risk-based corrective action for the protection of ecological resources and supplements the RBCA process (Guide E2081). The primary objective of the Eco-RBCA process is to provide a flexible framework for a tiered approach to ERA and risk management decision making at chemical release sites. To this end, available guidance documents from various federal and state agencies were reviewed and their common attributes incorporated into this guide, where possible. The Eco-RBCA process complements existing technical and regulatory ecological risk guidance (see 4.2). In particular, it is intended to be compatible with the USEPA programmatic guidelines for ERA (1)2, guidance for the Superfund program (2), and other USEPA (3) risk assessment and corrective-action programs. Eco-RBCA might also be used in conjunction with corrective action strategies that include human health issues (for example, Guide E2081).1.2 Chemical release sites vary greatly in terms of complexity, physical and chemical characteristics, and the risk that they might pose to ecological resources. The Eco-RBCA process, as described in Guide E2081, recognizes this variability and incorporates a tiered approach that integrates site assessment, response actions, and remedial actions with ERA. The process begins with relatively simple analyses in Tier 1 and, if necessary, proceeds to more detailed evaluations in Tier 2 or Tier 3. The process of gathering and evaluating data is conducted in such a manner that only those data that are necessary for a given tier's decision making are collected at each tier. Hence, this can facilitate effective use of resources and reduce initial data requirements.1.3 Eco-RBCA is intended to provide a framework for sites not covered under regulatory programs and for sites under regulatory programs that lack specific guidance. Eco-RBCA may also provide a useful framework to help merge several possible approaches into a single approach when multiple regulatory programs apply. The user should be aware of the federal, state, and local corrective action programs and policies that are applicable for the site and, regardless of the program, that agency approvals might be required to implement the process for completing ERAs.1.4 Various TPDs will need to be made regarding the aspects of Eco-RBCA. These TPDs may cover both the philosophical and methodological aspects, from what values to protect to exactly how the Eco-RBCA process will be performed. TPDs may affect every stage of the process, from the initial site assessment to development and monitoring of the remedy. It is the responsibility of the user to identify the appropriate TPDs. Section 7, Appendix X2, and Guide E2081 provide more detail regarding TPDs in the Eco-RBCA process.1.5 The general performance standard for this document requires that:1.5.1 Applicable TPDs be identified, beginning at the initiation of the Eco-RBCA process, and as appropriate, at later stages;1.5.2 Data used in the Eco-RBCA process be of sufficient quantity and quality to answer the questions and support the decisions made at the tier of investigation;1.5.3 Site assessments be distinguished into tiers of appropriate levels of evaluation;1.5.4 Actions taken should integrate the Eco-RBCA process for the protection of relevant ecological receptors and habitats and RBCA for the protection of human health (see Guide E2081), as appropriate;1.5.5 Applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations be followed; and1.5.6 Potential adverse effects on relevant ecological receptors and habitats be considered when selecting remedial action alternatives. The remedial action alternatives should be consistent with the TPDs and the RBCA process (see Guide E2081).1.6 Ecological resources are the focus of this guide; risks to human health are addressed for petroleum releases and chemical releases in other ASTM RBCA standards (Guides E1739 and E2081). There are many features common to all three of the RBCA guides. These three guides share the basic elements of RBCA: (1) site assessment; (2) tiered evaluations of exposure, effects, and risk; (3) risk-based decision making; and (4) response, remedial action, and monitoring. There are a number of distinctions between human health and ecological risk assessments. For example, while human health risk assessments focus on individuals, evaluations of ecological risk typically focus on populations, communities, or ecosystems. Exceptions are species or critical habitats designated for special protection (for example, endangered or culturally-important species). Biological data to support an ERA are more amenable to direct field observation than are human exposure and epidemiological data.1.7 The Eco-RBCA process addresses current and potential future risks to relevant ecological receptors and habitats at chemical release sites. It is not intended to apply to current permitted releases and permit applications.1.8 Eco-RBCA focuses on chemical stressors. However, the user may need to consider biological or physical stressors at the site or effects from chemical sources unrelated to the site.1.9 The process described in this guide integrates the principles of current ERA practices with site assessment activities and remedial-action selection to ensure that the risk management decision protects ecological resources. Fig. 1 illustrates the following activities in Eco-RBCA and those described in Section 7 (7.1 – 7.10):1.9.1 Step 1—Initial Site Assessment;1.9.2 Step 2—Decision Point;1.9.3 Step 3—Tier 1 Ecological Risk Assessment;1.9.4 Step 4—Tier 1 Decision Point;1.9.5 Step 5—Tier 2 Ecological Risk Assessment;1.9.6 Step 6—Tier 2 Decision Point;1.9.7 Step 7—Tier 3 Ecological Risk Assessment;1.9.8 Step 8—Tier 3 Decision Point;1.9.9 Step 9—Implementing the Remedial Action Program; and1.9.10 Step 10—Monitoring Programs (7.10).1.9.11 The above steps can be applied in a flexible manner. It may not be necessary to conduct a full tier of evaluation if existing site information indicates that a subsequent tier is more applicable to address site-specific concerns. Where experience indicates that a more sophisticated assessment is warranted at a site, the user may elect to proceed conceptually through any earlier tiers to conduct a site-specific assessment typical of Tier 2 or Tier 3. Additionally, the decision points in Steps 4, 6, and 8 allow the user to exit the tiered evaluation process and select the appropriate remedial action once adequate information is available for decision making.1.10 This guide is organized as follows:1.10.1 Section 2 lists referenced ASTM documents;1.10.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide;1.10.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of this guide;1.10.4 Section 5 describes the tiered approach to the Eco-RBCA process;1.10.5 Sections 6 and 7 presents Eco-RBCA procedures in a step-by-step process; and1.10.6 The reference section provides all documents cited in this guide.1.11 This guide also includes the following appendices, which are provided as supplemental information and are not included as mandatory sections of this guide:1.11.1 Appendix X1 presents information related to risk management issues;1.11.2 Appendix X2 presents issues regarding TPDs;1.11.3 Appendix X3 presents information on the activities occurring in each tier of the Eco-RBCA process;1.11.4 Appendix X4 describes screening criteria and how they can be applied within the Eco-RBCA framework;1.11.5 Appendix X5 presents the selection and use of relevant ecological screening benchmarks;1.11.6 Appendix X6 includes two examples of the application of the Eco-RBCA framework; and1.11.7 Appendix X7 presents information on uncertainty and its role in Eco-RBCA.1.12 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.4.2 This guide should be adapted to site-specific circumstances.1.1 This guide covers the use of surface washing agents to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered although these and other factors are often important in spill response.1.2 In making surface washing agent use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.3 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of chemical surface washing agents is considered.1.4 This guide applies only to permeable land surfaces. This guide does not apply to shorelines.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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