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定价： 78元 / 折扣价： 67 元 加购物车

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4.1 Hand-held meters provide a rapid means of sampling MC of wood-based materials during and after processing to maintain quality assurance and compliance with standards. These measurements are influenced by actual MC, a number of other wood variables, environmental conditions, geometry of the measuring probe circuitry, and design of the meter. The maximum accuracy can only be obtained by an awareness of the effect of each parameter on the meter output and correction of readings as specified by this test method.4.1.1 This test method employs controlled conditions and straight-grain, clear wood specimens to provide measurements that are reproducible in a laboratory. The controlled conditions prevent moisture and temperature gradients in the test specimen.4.1.2 In laboratory calibration, the reference direct moisture measurements (for example, Test Methods D4442) shall be made only in the area of direct measurement of the meter. This minimizes error associated with sampling of differing areas of measurement between this test method and that of the reference (Test Methods D4442).4.2 Most uses of hand-held moisture meters employ correlative (predictive) relationships between the meter reading and wood areas or volumes that exceed that of the direct meter measurement (for example, larger specimens, pieces of lumber, or lots). These correlative relationships are beyond the scope of this test method. (See Practice D7438.)1.1 This test method applies to the measurement of moisture content (MC) of solid wood products, including those containing additives (that is, chemicals or adhesives) for laboratory standardization and calibration of hand-held moisture meters1.2 This test method makes no distinction between meter measurement technologies for standardization and calibration requirements. Provision is made for test specimen size to accommodate specific meters. Appendix X1 provides an explanatory discussion and history corresponding to the mandatory sections. Fundamental measurement technologies are described in Appendix X2 when available.1.2.1 Meters employing differing technologies may not provide equivalent readings under the same conditions. When this test method has been applied, it is assumed that the referenced meter is acceptable unless otherwise specified. Meters shall be calibrated with respect to MC by direct measurement as determined by Test Methods D4442.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The guide may be used to demonstrate the effectiveness of topical antimicrobial products using pigskin as a surrogate for human skin and the cup scrub technique for sampling.5.2 The techniques described can be used to simulate Test Method E1174 and will use the pigskin substrate to overcome limitations posed by exposure of human subjects to potentially pathogenic microorganisms, while offering the benefit of applicability to a wide variety of hand-washing conditions that cannot be simulated in test tubes.5.3 Use of the pigskin surrogate offers less expensive and higher throughput screening.1.1 This guide is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of hand hygiene topical antimicrobial products using pigskin as a surrogate model.1.2 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for these procedures.1.3 This standard guide can be used to evaluate topical antimicrobial handwash or handrub formulations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 It may be desirable at times to provide hand holes in corrugated boxes. Package designers use hand holes to solve ergonomic and handling problems associated with large or awkward containers. This guide provides an aid for proper hand hole design and use.4.1.1 Boxes for handling by a single person.4.1.2 Boxes that are too large or awkward to be handled well by a single person (4.4.1).4.2 Ergonomics: 4.2.1 In studying and applying ergonomic principles, of primary concern is the need to provide a safe work environment for material handlers who may be required to lift or transport packages. A safe work environment is difficult to define and varies with the package in question. Several ergonomic safety issues involve repetitive motions and spine loading in the lifting process. Other issues involve finger and foot protection.4.2.2 In distribution centers or warehouses, low back disorders have been identified as areas of elevated risk. Low back problems continue to represent the most common and costly musculoskeletal disorders in the work place.44.2.3 One method used to reduce the concern of distance of lift (spinal loading) is to bring the reach of the material handler's hands closer to the body. With large or awkward boxes, placing hand holes in a more advantageous position can solve this problem.4.2.4 Maximum weight for lifting is not generally specified by safety organizations. However, when considerations of repetition, movement, and other ergonomics are taken into account, a typical maximum load per single person is often limited to 40 to 50 lb per package.4.3 NIOSH: 4.3.1 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has published Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting.5 This document may be of assistance in developing proper hand holes and their placement for a specific package.4.3.2 Hand holes for single person box handling are generally intended for vertical symmetric lifting with some rotation and is limited to a few steps. Use of hand holes to lift with one hand, push a box, or pull a box are not recommended practices.4.3.3 Actual maximum acceptable load for a single person lift depends on box weight, size, lift frequency and distance of movement. Maximum weight and size limits can be estimated using the NIOSH equations.4.4 Other Box Apertures – Improper Use as Hand Holes: 4.4.1 Some hand holes are intended for hand gripping to facilitate moving or turning a heavy box but are not intended for lifting.4.4.2 Not all box apertures are intended to be used as hand holes. These apertures may be intended for ventilation, inspection, adjustment of contents or other uses. These other apertures are not intended for use in manipulating boxes and it is improper to use these apertures as hand holes.4.4.3 Examples of typical hand holes are shown in Fig. 1. Use of hand holes and associated cautions should be agreed upon between the supplier and the user.FIG. 1 Common Hand Hole Types4.4.4 Since all end use conditions and requirements cannot be foreseen and since designing for worst case scenario for all applications is prohibitively expensive, designers should follow best practices. The prudent designer will consider product and package weight when deciding the proper use of a hand hole.1.1 This standard provides guidelines for designing pre-cut apertures intended for use as hand holes in corrugated boxes during manual handling of boxed cargo.1.2 Limitations—This standard offers guidance for package development and for subsequent testing of boxes to measure performance. It is not intended to provide specific information on the design of hand holes.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use..1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Soil gas is simply the gas phase (air) that exists in the open spaces between soil particles in the unsaturated portion of the vadose zone. VOCs can potentially migrate through the soil, or ground water, or both, and present an impact to the environment and human health.NOTE 1: Not all VOCs in soil gas are due to spills or leaks. Simple VOCs, such as acetone, methanol, and ethanol may also arise from natural biological processes.5.2 Application of Soil Gas Surveys—Soil gas surveying offers an effective, quick and cost-effective method of detecting volatile contaminants in the vadose zone. Soil gas surveying has been demonstrated to be effective for selection of suitable and representative samples for other more costly and definitive investigative methods. This method is highly useful at the initiation of the preliminary site investigation for determining the existence and extent of volatile or semi volatile organic contamination, and determination of location of highest concentrations, as well as, monitoring the effectiveness of on-going remedial activities (D6196).5.3 Samples are collected by inserting a sampling device into a borehole with hydraulically-driven direct push drilling or manually-driven driven hand sampling equipment (see Note 2).NOTE 2: Soil gas sampling can be performed beneath impervious surfaces, such as concrete slabs or pavement by drilling or boring through the surface.5.4 Soil gas surveys can be performed over a wide range of spatial designs. Spatial designs include soil gas sampling in profiles or grid patterns at a single depth or multiple depths. Multiple depth sampling is particularly useful for contaminant determinations in cases with complex soil type distribution and multiple sources. Depth profiling can also be useful in the determination of the most appropriate depth(s) at which to monitor soil gas, as well as the demonstration of migration and degradation processes in the vadose zone.5.5 Soil gas surveys are used extensively in preliminary site investigations and monitoring of effectiveness of on-going site remediation efforts. Project objectives should be known and the limitation of this method considered. Limitations include:5.5.1 Data generated from soil gas surveying is relative and not of the quality necessary for final decisions; and5.5.2 Soil gas surveys need to be done quickly, so this method is for active soil-gas sampling devices only.1.1 This practice details the collection of active soil gas samples using a variety of sample collection techniques with tooling associated with direct push drilling (DP) or manual-driven hand-sampling equipment, for the express purpose of conducting soil gas surveys.1.2 This practice proceeds on the premise that soil gas surveys are primarily used for two (2) purposes: 1) as a preliminary site investigative tool and 2) for the monitoring of ongoing remediation activities (D7663).1.3 The practicality of field use demands that soil gas surveys are relatively accurate, as well as being simple, quick, and inexpensive. This guide suggests that the objective of soil gas surveys is linked to three factors:1.3.1 VOC detection and quantitation, including determination of depth of VOC contamination.1.3.2 Sample retrieval ease and time.1.3.3 Cost.1.4 This practice may increase the awareness of a fundamental difference between soil gas sampling for the purpose of soil gas surveys versus sub-slab or vapor intrusion investigations or both. Specifically, the purpose of a soil gas survey is to provide quick and inexpensive data to the investigator that will allow the investigator to 1) develop a site investigation plan that is strategic in its efforts, 2) determine success or progress of on-going remedial activities, or 3) select the most suitable subsequent investigation equipment, or combinations thereof. On the other hand, the objective of soil gas sampling for sub-slab and vapor intrusion investigations is not preliminary, but rather the end result of the site investigation or long-term precise monitoring. As such, stringent sampling methods and protocol are necessary for precise samples and data collection.1.5 Details included in this practice include a broad spectrum of practices and applications of soil gas surveys, including:1.5.1 Sample recovery and handling,1.5.2 Sample analysis,1.5.3 Data interpretation, and1.5.4 Data reporting.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or Inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.7.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consideration for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This standard cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.9 This practice is not to be used for long term monitoring of contaminated sites or for site closure confirmation.1.10 This practice is not to be used for passive determination of flow patterns at contaminated sites.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This practice does not purport to set standard levels of acceptable risk. Use of this practice for purposes of risk assessment is wholly the responsibility of the user.1.13 Concerns of practitioner liability or protection from or release from such liability, or both, are not addressed by this practice.1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元 加购物车

1.1 This consumer safety specification establishes performance requirements, test methods, and marking requirements to promote safe use of a hand-held infant carrier by an occupant and caregiver.1.2 This consumer safety specification is intended to minimize the risk of incidents to an occupant resulting from normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse or abuse of a hand-held infant carrier.1.3 No hand-held infant carrier produced after the approval date of this consumer safety specification, either by label or other means, shall indicate compliance with this specification, unless it conforms to all requirements contained herein.1.4 This consumer safety specification is not intended to address accidents and injuries resulting from the interaction of other persons with the child occupant in a hand-held infant carrier or the accidents resulting from abuse and misuse by children able to walk.1.5 This consumer safety specification is not intended to address incidents or injuries resulting from use of the product in a motor vehicle, nor is it intended to address any issues that may arise from the manufacturer meeting the certification requirements of 49 CFR 571.213 or other applicable add-on child restraint standards.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this consumer safety specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the arc rating of a hand protective product material, or a combination of hand protective product materials.5.1.1 Because of the variability of the arc exposure, different heat transmission values are observed at individual sensors. Evaluate the results of each sensor in accordance with Section 12.5.2 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.5.3 This test method specifies a standard set of exposure conditions. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. In addition to the standard set of exposure conditions, other conditions are allowed and shall be documented in the reporting of the testing results.1.1 This test method is used to determine the arc rating of hand protective products in the form of gloves, glove materials, glove material systems, or other protective products designed to fit on the hand and specifically intended for electric arc flash protection use as protective accessories for workers exposed to electric arcs. The arc rating is determined in the test with an arc that has a heat flux value of 2100 kW/m2 [50 cal/cm2/s].1.2 This test method will determine the arc rating of hand protective products made of materials that meet the following requirements for flame resistance: less than 150 mm [6 in.] char length, less than 2 s afterflame and no melt and drip when tested in accordance with Test Method D6413, receive a reported 50 % probability of ignition of a material or flammable underlayer (see definition of ignition50) by this method, or that have been evaluated and pass the ignition withstand requirements of this test method.1.2.1 It is the intent of this test method to be used for hand protective products that are flame resistant or that have an adequate flame resistance for the required hazard (see 1.2). Non-flame resistant hand protective products may be used as under layers in multiple-layer systems or tested for ignition probability or ignition withstand.1.2.2 Hand protective products tested by this test method are new and ratings received by this method may be reduced or eliminated by hydrocarbon loading (gasoline, diesel fuel, transformer oil, etc.), sweat, dirt, grease, or other contaminants. The end user takes responsibility for use of hand protective products tested by this method when contaminated in such a manner that could reduce or eliminate the arc rating of the hand protective products.1.2.3 This test method is designed to provide information for gloves used for electric arc protection only. This test method is not suitable for determining electrical protective properties of hand protective products.1.3 This test method is used to measure and describe the properties of hand protective products in response to convective and radiant energy generated by an electric arc under controlled laboratory conditions.1.4 This test method does not apply to electrical contact or electrical shock hazards.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined1.6 This standard shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire assessment that takes into account all of the factors, which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, see Section 7.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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