定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

5.1 LOI refers to the mass loss of a combustion residue whenever it is heated in an air or oxygen atmosphere to high temperatures. In the cement industry, use of the term LOI normally refers to a mass loss in a sample heated to 950 °C. To combustion engineers, the term LOI normally refers to mass losses in samples heated to temperatures normally less than 950 °C. These test methods establish a procedure for determining LOI values for combustion residues heated to 750 °C or 950 °C. LOI values from these test methods can be used by industries that utilize combustion residues in various processes and products.5.2 If the solid combustion residue is heated to estimate the combustible or unburned carbon in the sample, it has been shown that LOI and estimation of unburned carbon do not necessarily agree well with each other and that LOI should not be used as an estimate of unburned carbon in all combustion residues.4 Direct determination of unburned (combustible) carbon can be carried out using Test Method D6316.5.3 If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the mass fractions of major and minor elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D3682, D4326, and D6349, or the procedures for the 750 °C LOI determination described in these test methods (Method A).5.4 If the solid combustion residue is heated to prepare an ash for the determination of the mass fractions of trace elements, use the heating procedure described in Test Methods D3683 and D6357.NOTE 1: Combustion residues produced in furnace operations or other combustion systems can differ from the ash yield, as determined in Test Methods D3174 and D7582, because combustion conditions influence the chemistry and amount of ash. Combustion causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of metal sulfides into metal oxides, metal sulfates and sulfur oxides, and other chemical reactions. Likewise, the “ash” obtained after igniting combustion residues can differ in composition and amount from Test Methods D3174 and D7582 ash yields because of different heating procedures, combustion of unburned carbon, and decomposition of materials in the residue.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the mass loss from solid combustion residues upon heating in an air or oxygen atmosphere to a prescribed temperature. The mass loss can be due to the loss of moisture, carbon, sulfur, and so forth, from the decomposition or combustion of the residue.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Use this practice to identify and measure the amount of actual and effective floor area that will be unavailable to occupants for the placement of people’s workplaces, furniture, and equipment or for circulation.4.2 Findings from use of this practice are intended for optional inclusion with reports of floor area measured in accordance with Practice E1836/E1836M or in accordance with ANSI/BOMA Z65.1–1996.NOTE 1: The choice between using Practice E1836/E1836M or ANSI/BOMA Z65.1–1996 as the basis for measurement depends on the objectives of the analysis. Practice E1836/E1836M is oriented to the traditional interests of design professionals and would be particularly suitable for single-tenant buildings whereas some categories of space measured by ANSI/BOMA Z65.1–1996 are oriented to the leasing of multi-tenant buildings by real estate professionals.4.3 this practice is not intended for use for regulatory purposes, nor for fire hazard assessment, nor for fire risk assessment.1.1 This practice specifies how to measure certain characteristics of a building, known as building loss features, inside the exterior gross area of a floor and how to calculate the amount of actual and effective floor area that will be not be available for the placement of people’s workplaces, furniture, equipment, or for circulation, if using standard furnishings and orthogonal furniture systems.1.2 This practice can be used to specify a performance requirement to limit the amount of floor area that may be taken up by building loss features.1.3 This practice can be used to assess how well a design(s) for an office facility meets a performance requirement regarding floor area.1.4 This practice can be used to assess how well a constructed office building has met a performance requirement regarding floor area.1.5 This practice is not intended for and not suitable for use for regulatory purposes, fire hazard assessment, and fire risk assessment.1.6 Users of this practice should recognize that, in some situations, the amount of certain actual and effective floor area losses may be mitigated to some degree at some cost by custom-tailoring spaces and creating specially fitted furnishings and carpentry to get some value from space which would not otherwise be usable.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

3.1 This test method is primarily concerned with the oxidation mass loss of manufactured carbon and graphite materials in air at temperatures from 371 °C to 677 °C.3.2 The test method will provide acceptable results at preselected test temperatures that yield less than 10 % mass loss in 100 h. These results can be used to determine relative service temperatures.1.1 This test method provides a comparative oxidation mass loss of manufactured carbon and graphite materials in air.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is used to obtain the ignition loss of a cured reinforced resin sample.NOTE 2: The basic concept of burning off of the organic matrix of a reinforced polymer composite has also been shown to be a useful method for enabling a visual examination of the fiber architecture or laminate structure of some reinforcements.4.2 If only glass fabric or filament is used as the reinforcement of an organic resin that is completely decomposed to volatile materials under the conditions of this test and the small amount of volatiles (water, residual solvent) that are potentially present are ignored, the ignition loss shall be considered to be the resin content of the sample.4.2.1 This test method does not provide a measure of resin content for samples containing reinforcing materials that lose weight under the conditions of the test or containing resins or fillers that do not decompose to volatile materials released by ignition.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ignition loss of cured reinforced resins. This ignition loss shall be considered to be the resin content within the limitations of 4.2.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of composite material to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all of the factors required for fire hazard or fire assessments of the composite materials under actual fire conditions.1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The evaporation loss is of particular importance in engine lubrication. Where high temperatures occur, portions of an oil can evaporate.5.2 Evaporation may contribute to oil consumption in an engine and can lead to a change in the properties of an oil.5.3 Many engine manufacturers specify a maximum allowable evaporation loss.5.4 Some engine manufacturers, when specifying a maximum allowable evaporation loss, quote this test method along with the specifications.5.5 The apparatuses used in Procedure C (see Annex A2) and Procedure D, also permit collection of the volatile oil vapors for determination of their physical and chemical properties. Elemental analysis of the collected volatiles may be helpful in identifying components such as phosphorous, which has been linked to premature degradation of the emission system catalyst.1.1 This test method covers four procedures for determining the evaporation loss of lubricating oils (particularly engine oils). The evaporation measured is reported as percent total loss. The test method relates to one set of operating conditions but may be readily adapted to other conditions as required.1.2 Procedure B and Procedure D that are in the main section of the test method provide equivalent results. Procedures A and C, which are in Annex A1 and Annex A2, have equivalent results. It has been determined that Procedures A and C show a slight bias when compared to Procedures B and D. Procedures B and D give slightly higher results versus Procedures A and C on formulated engine oils, while Procedures B and D give lower results versus Procedures A and C on basestocks. Thus, a correction factor is utilized to convert between the two sets of Procedures based on the fluid type.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 Manufacturers of thermal insulation express the performance of their products in charts and tables showing heat gain or loss per unit surface area or unit length of pipe. This data is presented for typical insulation thicknesses, operating temperatures, surface orientations (facing up, down, horizontal, vertical), and in the case of pipes, different pipe sizes. The exterior surface temperature of the insulation is often shown to provide information on personnel protection or surface condensation. However, additional information on effects of wind velocity, jacket emittance, ambient conditions and other influential parameters may also be required to properly select an insulation system. Due to the large number of combinations of size, temperature, humidity, thickness, jacket properties, surface emittance, orientation, and ambient conditions, it is not practical to publish data for each possible case, Refs (7,8).5.2 Users of thermal insulation faced with the problem of designing large thermal insulation systems encounter substantial engineering cost to obtain the required information. This cost can be substantially reduced by the use of accurate engineering data tables, or available computer analysis tools, or both. The use of this practice by both manufacturers and users of thermal insulation will provide standardized engineering data of sufficient accuracy for predicting thermal insulation system performance. However, it is important to note that the accuracy of results is extremely dependent on the accuracy of the input data. Certain applications may need specific data to produce meaningful results.5.3 The use of analysis procedures described in this practice can also apply to designed or existing systems. In the rectangular coordinate system, Practice C680 can be applied to heat flows normal to flat, horizontal or vertical surfaces for all types of enclosures, such as boilers, furnaces, refrigerated chambers and building envelopes. In the cylindrical coordinate system, Practice C680 can be applied to radial heat flows for all types of piping circuits. In the spherical coordinate system, Practice C680 can be applied to radial heat flows to or from stored fluids such as liquefied natural gas (LNG).5.4 Practice C680 is referenced for use with Guide C1055 and Practice C1057 for burn hazard evaluation for heated surfaces. Infrared inspection, in-situ heat flux measurements, or both are often used in conjunction with Practice C680 to evaluate insulation system performance and durability of operating systems. This type of analysis is often made prior to system upgrades or replacements.5.5 All porous and non-porous solids of natural or man-made origin have temperature dependent thermal conductivities. The change in thermal conductivity with temperature is different for different materials, and for operation at a relatively small temperature difference, an average thermal conductivity may suffice. Thermal insulating materials (k < 0.85 {Btu·in}/{h·ft 2·°F}) are porous solids where the heat transfer modes include conduction in series and parallel flow through the matrix of solid and gaseous portions, radiant heat exchange between the surfaces of the pores or interstices, as well as transmission through non-opaque surfaces, and to a lesser extent, convection within and between the gaseous portions. With the existence of radiation and convection modes of heat transfer, the measured value should be called apparent thermal conductivity as described in Terminology C168. The main reason for this is that the premise for pure heat conduction is no longer valid, because the other modes of heat transfer obey different laws. Also, phase change of a gas, liquid, or solid within a solid matrix or phase change by other mechanisms will provide abrupt changes in the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. For example, the condensation of the gaseous portions of thermal insulation in extremely cold conditions will have an extremely influential effect on the apparent thermal conductivity of the insulation. With all of this considered, the use of a single value of thermal conductivity at an arithmetic mean temperature will provide less accurate predictions, especially when bridging temperature regions where strong temperature dependence occurs.5.6 The calculation of surface temperature and heat loss or gain of an insulated system is mathematically complex, and because of the iterative nature of the method, computers best handle the calculation. Computers are readily available to most producers and consumers of thermal insulation to permit the use of this practice.5.7 Computer programs are described in this practice as a guide for calculation of the heat loss or gain and surface temperatures of insulation systems. The range of application of these programs and the reliability of the output is a primary function of the range and quality of the input data. The programs are intended for use with an “interactive” terminal. Under this system, intermediate output guides the user to make programming adjustments to the input parameters as necessary. The computer controls the terminal interactively with program-generated instructions and questions, which prompts user response. This facilitates problem solution and increases the probability of successful computer runs.5.8 The user of this practice may wish to modify the data input and report sections of the computer programs presented in this practice to fit individual needs. Also, additional calculations may be desired to include other data such as system costs or economic thickness. No conflict exists with such modifications as long as the user verifies the modifications using a series of test cases that cover the range for which the new method is to be used. For each test case, the results for heat flow and surface temperature must be identical (within resolution of the method) to those obtained using the practice described herein.5.9 This practice has been prepared to provide input and output data that conforms to the system of units commonly used by United States industry. Although modification of the input/output routines could provide an SI equivalent of the heat flow results, no such “metric” equivalent is available for some portions of this practice. To date, there is no accepted system of metric dimensions for pipe and insulation systems for cylindrical shapes. The dimensions used in Europe are the SI equivalents of American sizes (based on Practice C585), and each has a different designation in each country. Therefore, no SI version of the practice has been prepared, because a standard SI equivalent of this practice would be complex. When an international standard for piping and insulation sizing occurs, this practice can be rewritten to meet those needs. In addition, it has been demonstrated that this practice can be used to calculate heat transfer for circumstances other than insulated systems; however, these calculations are beyond the scope of this practice.1.1 This practice provides the algorithms and calculation methodologies for predicting the heat loss or gain and surface temperatures of certain thermal insulation systems that can attain one dimensional, steady- or quasi-steady-state heat transfer conditions in field operations.1.2 This practice is based on the assumption that the thermal insulation systems can be well defined in rectangular, cylindrical or spherical coordinate systems and that the insulation systems are composed of homogeneous, uniformly dimensioned materials that reduce heat flow between two different temperature conditions.1.3 Qualified personnel familiar with insulation-systems design and analysis should resolve the applicability of the methodologies to real systems. The range and quality of the physical and thermal property data of the materials comprising the thermal insulation system limit the calculation accuracy. Persons using this practice must have a knowledge of the practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems.1.4 The computer program that can be generated from the algorithms and computational methodologies defined in this practice is described in Section 7 of this practice. The computer program is intended for flat slab, pipe and hollow sphere insulation systems.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 918元 / 折扣价： 781 元 加购物车

5.1 The loss of volatile materials from greases and oils can adversely affect the original performance characteristics of a lubricant and, therefore, could be a significant factor in evaluating a lubricant for a specific use. Such volatiles can also be considered contaminants in the environment in which the lubricant is to be used. Correlation between results from this test method and service performance has not been established.5.2 The test method can be used at any specified temperature between 93 °C and 316 °C (200 °F and 600 °F) that may be agreed upon by the user of the method. (Warning—This test method should not be used at temperatures which exceed the flash point of the base oil of the grease.)NOTE 1: The specified flow of air, 2.58 g/min ± 0.02 g/min, (2 L/min at standard temperature and pressure), assumes dry air. It is not known that the original work involved dry air but it has since been shown that this can be a factor in reproducibility and should be addressed. Air with a dew point of less than 10 °C at standard temperature and pressure will be satisfactory.1.1 This test method covers the determination of evaporation loss of lubricating greases at temperatures between 93 °C and 316 °C (200 °F and 600 °F). This test method is intended to augment Test Method D972, which is limited to 149 °C (300 °F).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see 5.2.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with heat and smoke release and resulting from burning the materials insulating electrical or optical fiber cables, when made into cables and installed on a vertical cable tray. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner. The ignition source used in this test method is also described as a premixed flame flaming ignition source in Practice E3020, which contains an exhaustive compilation of ignition sources.5.2 The rate of heat release often serves as an indication of the intensity of the fire generated. General considerations of the importance of heat release rate are discussed in Appendix X1 and considerations for heat release calculations are in Appendix X2.5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics that are measurable by this test method are useful to make decisions on fire safety. The test method is also used for measuring smoke obscuration. The apparatus described here is also useful to measure gaseous components of smoke; the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. The carbon oxides are major indicators of the completeness of combustion and are often used as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements.5.4 Test Limitations: 5.4.1 The fire-test-response characteristics measured in this test are a representation of the manner in which the specimens tested behave under certain specific conditions. Do not assume they are representative of a generic fire performance of the materials tested when made into cables of the construction under consideration.5.4.2 In particular, it is unlikely that this test is an adequate representation of the fire behavior of cables in confined spaces, without abundant circulation of air.5.4.3 This is an intermediate-scale test, and the predictability of its results to large scale fires has not been determined. Some information exists to suggest validation with regard to some large-scale scenarios.1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method provides a means to measure the heat released and smoke obscuration by burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables when the cable specimens, excluding accessories, are subjected to a specified flaming ignition source and burn freely under well ventilated conditions. Flame propagation cable damage, by char length, and mass loss are also measured.1.3 This test method provides two different protocols for exposing the materials, when made into cable specimens, to an ignition source (approximately 20 kW), for a 20 min test duration. Use it to determine the heat release, smoke release, flame propagation and mass loss characteristics of the materials contained in single and multiconductor electrical or optical fiber cables.1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of materials insulating electrical or optical fiber cables in fire conditions other than the ones specifically used in this test method nor does it measure the contribution of the materials in those cables to a developing fire condition.1.5 Data describing the burning behavior from ignition to the end of the test are obtained.1.6 This test equipment is suitable for measuring the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases (see Appendix X4).1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard (see IEEE/ASTM SI-10). The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 The insertion loss of a pipe lagging system depends upon the lagging system materials, the method used to apply the materials, the pipe wall thickness, the size and shape of the bare and lagged pipe, and the mechanisms causing noise radiation from the pipe. Insertion losses measured using this test method should be used with some caution. In the laboratory, measurements must be made under reproducible conditions, but in practical usage in the field, the conditions that determine the effective insertion loss are difficult to predict and they may lead to slightly different results. Insertion losses measured with this test method can be used successfully for acoustical design purposes. Insertion losses measured with this test method are most useful for pipes and lagging systems which are similar to those used in the laboratory configuration.5.2 This test method may be used to rank-order pipe lagging systems according to insertion loss or to estimate the field insertion loss of pipe lagging systems installed in the field.5.3 This test method assumes that pipe wall stresses resulting from different methods of supporting the test pipe in the laboratory do not have a significant effect upon the measured insertion loss.5.4 Pipe lagging systems typically have small insertion loss, and sometimes negative insertion loss, at frequencies below 500 Hz. The results obtained at frequencies below 500 Hz may be somewhat erratic. Sound sources used with this test method normally have a low frequency limit in the range from 300 to 500 Hz. For these reasons, the lowest band of frequencies for which results are required is centered at 500 Hz.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the insertion loss of pipe lagging systems under laboratory conditions.1.2 A procedure for accrediting a laboratory for purposes of this test method is given in Annex A1.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

5.1 Inflation pressure retention is an important property of tire performance because underinflation can adversely affect tire rolling resistance, handling, structural integrity, and tread life.5.2 This test method is useful for research and development evaluation of the effects of tire component formulations and geometry on inflation pressure retention. Testing for rate of pressure loss under static conditions is practical because of the following:5.2.1 Tires in normal use are predominantly at rest, and5.2.2 Relative air diffusion rates of various tires in normal intermittent road service will correlate with static relative rates, to a first approximation. The relative air diffusion rates of different tires may not be quite the same under dynamic flexing as when tested statically, but the difference is believed to be small.5.3 The results from this test method are not suitable for inferring tire inflation retention under severe service conditions, such as heavy cornering or impacts, that might cause significant air loss at the tire-rim seal.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate of inflation pressure loss resulting from air diffusion through the structures of tubeless tires under constant temperature conditions. The testing is done under static conditions, that is, nonrotating, nonloaded tires.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is designed for testing of either toroidal or mated soft magnetic core components over a range of temperatures, frequencies, and flux densities.4.2 The reproducibility and repeatability of this test method are such that it is suitable for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.1.1 This test method covers the equipment, procedures, and measurement of core loss of either toroidal or mated soft magnetic core components, such as soft ferrite cores, iron powder cores, and so forth, over ranges of controlled ambient temperatures typically from −20 to +120°C, frequencies from 10 kHz to 1 MHz, under sinusoidal flux conditions.1.2 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this test method, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Two procedures, A and B, are outlined in this test method. Procedure A is used most often for development of various beverage container designs to determine the functional characteristics of the package in regard to shelf life. Procedure B is recommended for use in beverage filling operations as a quality control tool in maintaining the desired CO2 fill pressure. A loss of CO2 will affect product taste.5.1.1 Procedure A involves the use of sensitive pressure and temperature monitoring equipment where a high degree of accuracy is essential, for example, a micro-pressure transducer and thermocouple for measuring pressure and temperature of the package in a closed system. Alternatively, this procedure may also use bottles closed with roll-on aluminum caps containing rubber septums. The septum is pierced with a hypodermic needle attached to a pressure transducer to obtain pressure readings. This procedure should be confined to laboratories that are practiced in this type of analytical testing.5.1.2 Procedure B is more widely used when measuring the carbonation level of the package due to the simplicity of the technique. A simple Manual pressure assembly or an Automated CO2 Analyzer is utilized.1.1 The objective of this test method is to determine the carbon dioxide (CO2) loss from plastic beverage containers after a specified period of storage time.1.2 Factors contributing to this pressure loss are volume expansion and the gas transport characteristics of the package, including permeation and leakage.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车