4.1 This specification provides designers of general aviation aeroplanes a process for evaluating and testing a fuel system under hot weather conditions to ensure safety during flight. The specification is applicable to kerosene-type turbine engine fuels and fuel systems for traditional general aviation aeroplanes.1.1 This standard practice provides requirements for performing hot weather testing as a means of compliance to Subsection 7.7 of Specification F3063/F3063M for kerosene-type turbine fuels such as Jet A and Jet A-1 (Specification D1655). The appendix provides supplemental information and considerations for turbine fuel system hot weather operation. The material was developed through open consensus of international experts in general aviation.1.2 An applicant intending to propose this information as Means of Compliance for a design approval must seek guidance from their respective oversight authority (for example, published guidance from applicable civil aviation authorities (CAAs)) concerning the acceptable use and application thereof. For information on which oversight authorities have accepted this standard (in whole or in part) as an acceptable Means of Compliance to their regulatory requirements hereinafter (“the Rules”), refer to the ASTM Committee F44 web page (www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/F44.htm).1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning is given in Section 6 on Test Setup.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers quenched and tempered carbon and alloy steel forgings for magnetic retaining rings for turbine generators. Specimens shall be manufactured by melting process and vacuum degassing. Forgings shall also undergo preliminary machining prior to heat treatment (quenching and tempering) for mechanical properties testing. Steel materials shall conform to tensile and notch toughness requirements, which include tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and Charpy V-notch impact strength. Heat and product analyses shall be performed as well wherein specimens shall conform to chemical requirements of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. Nondestructive tests such as magnetic particle test and ultrasonic inspection may also be performed.1.1 This specification covers quenched and tempered carbon and alloy steel forgings for magnetic retaining rings for turbine generators.1.2 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operations and maintenance departments, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification covers vacuum treated and differentially heat treated alloy steel forgings for turbine rotors. Materials shall be manufactured by melting process, heat treatment (consisting of normalizing and tempering to achieve creep resistance in the high pressure portion, and quenching and tempering to achieve high toughness in the low pressure portion), rough machining, and boring. Heat and product analyses shall be performed to evaluate conformance of the steel to required chemical compositions. Tension and impact tests shall also be executed to make sure that forgings adhere to tensile and notch toughness requirements, including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Final products shall be free of cracks, seams, laps, shrinkage, and other injurious imperfections. To evaluate such imperfections, nondestructive tests, such as ultrasonic and internal inspection procedures, may be conducted at the preference of the purchaser. Forgings that do not meet the requirements specified, may be retreated one or more times, but not more than three additional times.1.1 This specification covers vacuum treated, alloy steel forgings, differentially heat treated for turbine rotors.1.2 Differential heat treatment of a rotor forging involves subjecting two portions of the forging concurrently to two different austenitizing temperatures followed by two different cooling rates for normalizing and quenching, and then tempering, to achieve creep resistance in the high pressure (HP) portion and high toughness in the low pressure (LP) portion.21.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Degradation of fluid lubricants because of oxidation or thermal breakdown can result in fluid thickening or in the formation of acids or insoluble solids and render the fluid unfit for further use as a lubricant.5.2 This test method can be used for estimating the oxidation stability of oils. It can function as a formulation screening tool, specification requirement, quality control measurement, or as a means of estimating remaining service life. It shall be recognized, however, that correlation between results of this test method and the oxidation stability of an oil in field service can vary markedly with field service conditions and with various oils.5.3 This test method is designed to compliment Test Method D5846 and is intended for evaluation of fluids which do not degrade significantly within a reasonable period of time at 135 °C.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the oxidation of inhibited lubricants in the presence of air, copper, and iron metals.1.2 This test method was developed and is used to evaluate the high temperature oxidation stability and deposit forming tendency of oils for steam and gas turbines. It has been used for testing other lubricants made with mineral oil and synthetic basestocks for compressors, hydraulic pumps, and other applications, but these have not been used in cooperative testing.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Identified hazardous chemicals are listed in Section 7. Before using this test method, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Mercaptan sulfur has an objectionable odor, an adverse effect on fuel system elastomers, and is corrosive to fuel system components.1.1 This test method covers the determination of mercaptan sulfur in gasolines, kerosines, aviation turbine fuels, and distillate fuels containing from 0.0003 % to 0.01 % by mass of mercaptan sulfur. Organic sulfur compounds such as sulfides, disulfides, and thiophene, do not interfere. Elemental sulfur in amounts less than 0.0005 % by mass  does not interfere. Hydrogen sulfide will interfere if not removed, as described in 10.2.1.2 The values in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 9, 10, and Appendix X1.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 DRA is frequently added into multiproduct pipelines to increase throughput or reduce energy requirements of fuel movement. Although these additives are not used in jet fuel, contamination can occur from other products if proper batching guidelines are not followed or by other cases of human error. CRC Report No. 642 reviewed the impact of DRA on jet fuel fit-for-purpose performance and concluded that the fuel spray angle and atomization capability of several engine-type fuel nozzles can be adversely affected impacting high altitude relight performance at elevated concentrations. A method that accurately quantifies the amount of DRA in jet fuel can be useful in confirming the absence of significant contamination to protect the safety of aviation operations. This test method is designed to measure down to sub-100 µg/L levels of DRA in aviation fuel.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of high molecular weight polymers, in particular pipeline drag reducer additive (DRA), in aviation turbine fuels with a 72 µg/L lower detection limit. The method cannot differentiate between different polymers types. Thus, any non-DRA high molecular weight polymer will cause a positive measurement bias. Further investigation is required to confirm the polymer detected is DRA.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Insoluble material may form in oils that are subjected to oxidizing conditions.5.2 Significant formation of oil insolubles or metal corrosion products, or both, during this test may indicate that the oil will form insolubles or corrode metals, or both, resulting in varnish formation during field service. The level of varnish formation in service will be dependent on many factors (turbine design, reservoir temperature, duty-cycle, for example. peaking, cycling, or base-load duty, maintenance, and so forth) and a direct correlation between results in this test and field varnish formation are yet to be established.5.3 Oxidation condition at 120 °C under accelerated oxidation environment of Test Method D4310 and measurement of sludge and RPVOT value could reflect a practical oil quality in actual turbine operations. Results from this test should be used together with other key lubricant performance indicators (including other established oxidation and corrosion tests) to indicate suitability for service.1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the sludging tendencies of steam and gas turbine lubricants during the oxidation process in the presence of oxygen and metal catalyst (copper and iron) at an elevated temperature. This test method may be used to evaluate industrial oils (for example, circulating oils and so forth).1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method D4310 where the sludging and corrosion tendencies of the same kinds of oils are determined after 1000 h at 95 °C in the presence of water. Water is omitted in this modification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the figures are provided for information only for those using old equipment based on non-SI units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user. The fuels shall be homogeneous mixtures of hydrocarbon oils free of inorganic acid, and free of excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter likely to make frequent cleaning of suitable strainers necessary. All grades containing residual components shall remain homogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The following test methods shall be performed to determine certain properties: flash point test, pour point test, water and sediment test, carbon residue test, ash test, distillation test, viscosity test, density test, and sulfur test.1.1 This specification covers the grades of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. These grades are described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 0-GT S5000, No. 0-GT S500, and No. 0-GT S15 includes naphtha, Jet B, and other light hydrocarbon liquids that characteristically have low flash point and low viscosity as compared with kerosine and fuel oils.1.1.2 Grades No. 1-GT S5000, No. 1-GT S500, and No. 1-GT S15 are a light distillate fuel oil suitable for use in nearly all gas turbines.1.1.3 Grades No. 2-GT S5000, No. 2-GT S500, and No. 2-GT S15, which is a heavier distillate than Grade No. 1-GT, can be used by gas turbines not requiring the clean burning characteristics of Grade No. 1-GT. Fuel heating equipment may be required by the gas turbine depending on the fuel system design or ambient temperature conditions, or both.1.1.4 Grade No. 3-GT may be a heavier distillate than Grade No. 2-GT, a residual fuel oil that meets the low ash requirements, or a blend of distillate with a residual fuel oil. Fuel heating will be required by the gas turbine in almost every installation.1.1.5 Grade No. 4-GT includes most residuals and some topped crudes. Because of the wide variation and lack of control of properties, the gas turbine manufacturer should be consulted with regard to acceptable limits on properties.1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute a requirement of this specification unless mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the significance of various test methods used in inspecting the fuels.1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contaminants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limitations due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.NOTE 1: The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D4418 for methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum sources as gas turbine.NOTE 2: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of gas turbine fuel oils at the time and place of delivery.1.4 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 918元 / 折扣价： 781 元 加购物车

5.1 This test can be a guide to end-users on the formation of lubricant-generated, insoluble deposits.5.2 The results from this test are intended to be used as a condition monitoring trending tool as part of a comprehensive program, as outlined in standards such as Practice D4378.1.1 This test method extracts insoluble contaminants from a sample of in-service turbine oil onto a patch and the color of the membrane patch is analyzed by a spectrophotometer. The results are reported as a ΔE value, within the CIELAB scale.1.2 This test method is not appropriate for turbine oils with dyes.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Fluid analysis is one of the pillars in determining fluid and equipment conditions. The results of fluid analysis are used for planning corrective maintenance activities, if required.5.2 The objective of a proper fluid sampling process is to obtain a representative fluid sample from critical location(s) that can provide information on both the equipment and the condition of the lubricant or hydraulic fluid.5.3 The additional objective is to reduce the probability of outside contamination of the system and the fluid sample during the sampling process.5.4 The intent of this guide is to help users in obtaining representative and repeatable fluid samples in a safe manner while preventing system and fluid sample contamination.1.1 This guide is applicable for collecting representative fluid samples for the effective condition monitoring of steam and gas turbine lubrication and generator cooling gas sealing systems in the power generation industry. In addition, this guide is also applicable for collecting representative samples from power generation auxiliary equipment including hydraulic systems.1.2 The fluid may be used for lubrication of turbine-generator bearings and gears, for sealing generator cooling gas as well as a hydraulic fluid for the control system. The fluid is typically supplied by dedicated pumps to different points in the system from a common or separate reservoirs. Some large steam turbine lubrication systems may also have a separate high pressure pump to allow generation of a hydrostatic fluid film for the most heavily loaded bearings prior to rotation. For some components, the lubricating fluid may be provided in the form of splashing formed by the system components moving through fluid surfaces at atmospheric pressure.1.3 Turbine lubrication and hydraulic systems are primarily lubricated with petroleum based fluids but occasionally also use synthetic fluids.1.4 For large lubrication and hydraulic turbine systems, it may be beneficial to extract multiple samples from different locations for determining the condition of a specific component.1.5 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.1.5.1 The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide provides information addressing the conditions that lead to turbine oil microbial contamination and biodeterioration, the general characteristics of and strategies for controlling microbial contamination. It compliments and amplifies information provided in Practices D4378 and D6224 on condition monitoring of lubricating oils.5.2 This guide focuses on microbial contamination in turbine oils and power generation turbine oil systems. Uncontrolled microbial contamination in turbine oils and lubrication systems remains a largely unrecognized but potentially costly problem in power generation systems.5.2.1 Examples of turbine oil and system biodeterioration include, but are not limited to:5.2.1.1 Filter plugging,5.2.1.2 Oil line and orifice fouling,5.2.1.3 Increased oil acidity,5.2.1.4 Increased oil corrosivity,5.2.1.5 Oil additive depletion,5.2.1.6 Water emulsification,5.2.1.7 Lubricity loss, and5.2.1.8 Decreased oxidative stability and increased sludge generation.5.3 This guide introduces the fundamental concepts of turbine oil microbiology and biodeterioration control.5.4 This guide provides personnel who are responsible for turbine oil system stewardship with the background necessary to make informed decisions regarding the possible economic or safety, or both, impact of microbial contamination in their products or systems.1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms, occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control of microbial contamination in turbine oils and turbine oil systems. This guide applies primarily to turbine lubricants (see Specifications D4293 and D4304) and turbine oil systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to lubricating oils with viscosities <100 mm2/s (for example, see Specification D6158).1.2 This guide focuses on turbine system and turbine oil microbiology. Despite considerable differences in turbine systems (for example, gas and steam driven turbines; power generation and propulsion; etc.) as ecosystems for microbial communities – with the exception of temperature – these differences are largely irrelevant. Ambient temperatures are typically similar. Recirculating turbine oil temperatures are commonly >40 °C. However, generally speaking, all systems in which accumulations of free water can develop, share properties that are considered in this guide.1.2.1 Steam turbines, and to a greater extent hydro turbines, are continuously exposed to water ingression. Diligence is needed to ensure seals and bearings are in good condition to prevent water ingression or conditions that are conducive to biodeterioration. However, due to the risk of the accumulation of condensation, all equipment can become susceptible when shut down for extended periods.1.3 This guide complements Energy Institute’s Guidelines on detecting, controlling, and mitigating microbial growth in oils and fuels used at power generation facilities (2.2). The Energy Institute’s guidance document provides greater detail than the overview provided in this guide.1.4 Microbial contamination in turbine oil systems shares common features with microbial contamination in fuel systems (See Guide D6469). However, there are also relevant differences. Although the chemistry of the fluids is different, this Guide draws heavily on D6469 but highlights unique aspects of turbine oil and turbine oil system biodeterioration and microbial contamination.1.5 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists. It provides basic explanations of microbial contamination and biodeterioration in turbine oils and turbine oil systems.1.6 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 In the United States, high sulfur content distillate products and diesel fuel used for off-road purposes, other than aviation turbine fuel, are required to contain red dye. A similar dye requirement exists for tax-free distillates. Contamination of aviation turbine fuel by small quantities of red dye has occurred. Such contamination presents major problems because airframe and engine manufacturers have severely limited operation on aviation turbine fuel containing red dye.5.2 An alternate methodology for the determination of the presence of red dye in aviation turbine fuel is the observation of the color of the fuel when placed in a white bucket. The presence of the dye can be masked in aviation turbine fuels having dark Saybolt color. This test method provides an objective means of quickly measuring red dye concentration, but to avoid confusion with trace levels of other materials which will be indicated by the instrument, the method requires that instrument readings below 0.026 mg/L be reported as No Dye Present.5.3 The color of the base fuel is masked by the presence of the red dye. This test method provides a means of estimating the base color of aviation turbine fuel and kerosine in the presence of red dye.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the red dye concentration of aviation turbine fuel and kerosine and the estimation of the Saybolt color of undyed and red dyed (<0.750 mg/L of Solvent Red 26 equivalent) aviation turbine fuel and kerosine. The test method is appropriate for use with aviation turbine fuel and kerosine described in Specifications D1655 and D3699. Red dye concentrations are determined at levels equivalent to 0.026 mg/L to 0.750 mg/L of Solvent Red 26 in samples with Saybolt colors ranging from +30 to –16. The Saybolt color of the base fuel for samples dyed red with concentration levels equivalent to 0.026 mg/L to 0.750 mg/L of Solvent Red 26 is estimated in the Saybolt Color range +30 to –16. The Saybolt Color for undyed samples is estimated in the Saybolt color range from +30 to –16.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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