定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 280元 / 折扣价： 238 元 加购物车

定价： 78元 / 折扣价： 67 元 加购物车

定价： 78元 / 折扣价： 67 元 加购物车

4.1 Products are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the transportation environment. The determination of the resonant frequencies of the product may aid the packaging designer in determining the proper packaging system to provide adequate protection for the product, as well as providing an understanding of the complex interactions between the components of the product as they relate to expected transportation vibration inputs.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of resonances of unpackaged products and components of unpackaged products by means of vertical linear motion at the surface on which the product is mounted for test. Two alternate test methods are presented:Test Method A—Resonance Search Using Sinusoidal Vibration, andTest Method B—Resonance Search Using Random Vibration.NOTE 1: The two test methods are not necessarily equivalent and may not produce the same results. It is possible that tests using random vibration may be more representative of the transport environment and may be conducted more quickly than sine tests.1.2 This information may be used to examine the response of products to vibration for product design purposes, or for the design of a container or interior package that will minimize transportation vibration inputs at these critical frequencies, when these products resonances are within the expected transportation environment frequency range. Since vibration damage is most likely to occur at product resonant frequencies, these resonances may be thought of as potential product fragility points.1.3 Information obtained from the optional dwell test methods may be used to assess the fatigue characteristics of the resonating components and for product modification. This may become necessary if the response of a product would require design of an impractical or excessively costly shipping container.1.4 These test methods do not necessarily simulate the vibration effects that the product will encounter in its operational or in-use environment. Other, more suitable test procedures should be used for this purpose.1.5 Test levels given in these test methods represent the correlation of the best information currently available from research investigation and from experience in the use of these test methods. If more applicable or accurate data are available, they should be substituted.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for specific precautionary statements.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.4.2 Resonance buildups during random vibration tests are less intense than during sinusoidal resonance dwell or sweep tests. Therefore, unrealistic fatigue damage due to resonance buildup is minimized.4.3 Random vibration tests should be based on representative field data. When possible, confidence levels may be improved by comparing laboratory test results with actual field shipment effects. Refer to Practice D4169 for recommended random vibration tests. (See Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 for related information.)4.4 There is no direct equivalence between random vibration tests and sinusoidal vibration tests. Equivalent tests between sine and random, in a general sense, are difficult to establish due to nonlinearities, damping and product response characteristics.4.5 Vibration exposure affects the shipping container, its interior packing, means of closure, and contents. This test allows analysis of the interaction between these components. Design modification to one or all of these components may be used to achieve optimum performance in the shipping environment.4.6 Random vibration tests may be simultaneously performed with transient or periodic data to simulate known stresses of this type, that is, rail joints, pot holes, etc.4.7 Random vibration may be conducted in any axis (vertical or horizontal) or in any package orientation. However, different test levels may be utilized for each axis depending on the field environment that is to be simulated.1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.NOTE 1: Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-11).21.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 6.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses when subjected to vibration present in transportation vehicles. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in shipping may require subjecting the container(s) and contents to vibration inputs.4.2 Resonant responses during shipment can be severe and may lead to failure of the container and spillage or leakage of contents. Identification of critical frequencies and the nature of package stresses can aid in minimizing the effect of these occurrences.4.3 This vibration test method is used for the qualification of IBCs in CFR 49 and has demonstrated successful use in transportation.4.4 Exposure to vibration can affect the shipping container, its means of closure, and its contents. This test method allows analysis of the interaction of these components. Design modification to one or more of these components may be utilized to achieve optimum performance in the shipping environment.4.5 This test method is suitable for individual filled containers that are transported unrestrained on the bed of a vehicle.4.6 This test method is not intended for testing intermediate bulk containers at a frequency that causes the container to go into resonance.1.1 This test method covers vibration testing of filled intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) intended to contain liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods) and is suitable for testing IBCs of any design or material type. This test method is required as part of the qualification of IBCs in accordance with the United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN).1.2 This test method is appropriate for testing IBCs ranging from 450 to 3000 L (119 to 793 gal). Packagings of smaller sizes should be tested using Test Method D999 or other applicable methods.1.3 The ISO 2247 standard may not meet the requirements for this test method.1.4 This test method is based on the current information contained in 49 CFR, §178.819.1.5 This test method is used to determine that the IBC maintains integrity and to prevent leakage or spillage of contents during shipping. This test method may also be used as a screening tool or as a design qualification test. Other vibration methods are available to more closely simulate vibration experienced in actual transportation.1.6 When testing packaging designs intended for hazardous materials (dangerous goods), the user of this test method shall be trained in accordance with 49 CFR §172.700 and other applicable hazardous materials regulations such as the ICAO Technical Instructions, IMDG Code, and carrier rules such as the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method may be used for material development, characterization, design data generation, and quality control purposes.5.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for determining the modulus of advanced ceramics that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (1).45.3 This test method addresses the room temperature determination of dynamic moduli of elasticity of slender bars (rectangular cross section) and rods (cylindrical). Flat plates and discs may also be measured similarly, but the required equations for determining the moduli are not addressed herein.5.4 This dynamic test method has several advantages and differences from static loading techniques and from resonant techniques requiring continuous excitation.5.4.1 The test method is nondestructive in nature and can be used for specimens prepared for other tests. The specimens are subjected to minute strains; hence, the moduli are measured at or near the origin of the stress-strain curve, with the minimum possibility of fracture.5.4.2 The impulse excitation test uses an impact tool and simple supports for the test specimen. There is no requirement for complex support systems that require elaborate setup or alignment.5.5 This technique can be used to measure resonant frequencies alone for the purposes of quality control and acceptance of test specimens of both regular and complex shapes. A range of acceptable resonant frequencies is determined for a specimen with a particular geometry and mass. Deviations in specimen dimensions or mass and internal flaws (cracks, delaminations, inhomogeneities, porosity, etc.) will change the resonant frequency for that specimen. Any specimen with a resonant frequency falling outside the prescribed frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each specimen need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonant frequency that the specimen must possess if its geometry and mass and internal structure are within specified tolerances. The technique is particularly suitable for testing specimens with complex geometries (other than parallelepipeds, cylinders/rods, or discs) that would not be suitable for testing by other procedures. This is similar to the evaluation method described in Guide E2001.5.6 If a thermal treatment or an environmental exposure affects the elastic response of the test specimen, this test method may be suitable for the determination of specific effects of thermal history, environment exposure, etc. Specimen descriptions should include any specific thermal treatments or environmental exposures that the specimens have received.1.1 This test method covers determination of the dynamic elastic properties of advanced ceramics at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. The dynamic elastic properties of a material can therefore be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable (rectangular, cylindrical, or disc geometry) test specimen of that material can be measured. The resonant frequencies in flexure and torsion are measured by excitation of vibrations of the test specimen in a supported mode by a singular elastic strike with an impulse tool (Section 4 and Fig. 1, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4). Dynamic Young’s modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio.FIG. 1 Block Diagram of Typical Test Apparatus1.2 Although not specifically described herein, this test method can also be performed at cryogenic and high temperatures with suitable equipment modifications and appropriate modifications to the calculations to compensate for thermal expansion, in accordance with Subsections 9.2, 9.3, and 10.4 of Test Method C1198.1.3 There are material-specific ASTM standards that cover the determination of resonance frequencies and elastic properties of specific materials by sonic resonance or by impulse excitation of vibration. Test Methods C215, C623, C747, C848, C1198, E1875, and E1876 may differ from this test method in several areas (for example, sample size, dimensional tolerances, sample preparation, calculation details, etc.). The testing of those materials should be done in compliance with the appropriate material-specific standards. Where possible, the procedures, sample specifications, and calculations in this standard are consistent with the other test methods.1.4 This test method uses test specimens in bar, rod, and disc geometries. The rod and bar geometries are described in the main body. The disc geometry is addressed in Annex A1.1.5 A modification of this test method can be used for quality control and nondestructive evaluation, using changes in resonant frequency to detect variations in specimen geometry and mass and internal flaws in the specimen. (See 5.5.)1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The non-SI unit values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses when subjected to vibration present in all transportation vehicles. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in shipping may require subjecting the container(s) and contents to vibration inputs. 4.2 Resonant responses during shipment can be severe and may lead to package or product failure. Identification of critical frequencies, and the nature of package stresses can aid in minimizing the effect of these occurrences. 4.3 Vibration tests should be based on representative field data. When possible, the confidence level may be improved by comparing laboratory test results with actual field shipment data. It is highly recommended that one understand the most common failures to one’s products and packaging in distribution, and then attempt to replicate those failures in the laboratory. Once such replication is established, then that test can become the minimum necessary test for future packaged products to pass. 4.4 Exposure to vibration can affect the shipping container, its interior packaging, means of closure, and contents. These tests allow analysis of the interaction of these components. Design modification to one or more of these components may be utilized to achieve optimum performance in the shipping environment. 4.5 Methods A1 and A2, Repetitive Shock Tests, are suitable for tests of individual containers that are transported unrestrained on the bed of a vehicle and may be suitable for tests of containers that might be subjected to repetitive shocks due to magnification of vibrations in unit loads or stacks. Note 1: Methods A1 and A2 produce different vibration motions, and therefore, will generate different forces which may result in different damage modes and intensities. Results from these two methods may not correlate with one another. 4.6 Method B, Single Container Resonance Test, tests or determines the ability of an individual container and its interior packaging to protect the contents from transportation vibration, particularly when the container and its contents might exhibit resonant responses. Note 2: Individual products that are palletized might be better tested using Method C. 4.7 Method C, Palletized Load, Unitized Load or Vertical Stack Resonance Test, covers the determination of the presence and the effects of resonance in palletized loads and multiple-unit stacked loads, and whether or not the strength of the containers is sufficient to withstand dynamic loads when stacked. 4.8 Any or all of these test methods may be employed, as determined by the appropriate performance specification, with test intensities, frequency ranges, and test durations as called for in the specification. Although these tests do not simulate the shipping environment, they are intended to create the damage-producing potential of the shipping environment. Results of any one of these methods may differ from the results of the others. 1.1 These test methods cover vibration tests of filled shipping containers. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container, with its interior packing and means of closure, both in terms of its strength and of the protection it provides its contents when it is subjected to vibration such as it experiences in transportation. These procedures are suitable for testing containers of any form, material, kind, design of interior packing, means of closure, and any size and weight. They are not intended for determining the response of products to vibration for product design purposes, nor are they intended for tests of products in their operational configuration as other more suitable procedures are available for these purposes.2,3 1.2 The following methods appear: Method A1—Repetitive Shock Test (Vertical Motion). Method A2—Repetitive Shock Test (Rotary Motion). Method B—Single Container Resonance Test. Method C—Palletized Load, Unitized Load, or Vertical   Stack Resonance Test. 1.3 For testing of intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) containing liquid hazardous materials, refer to Test Method D7387. 1.4 These test methods fulfill the requirements of International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 8318 and ISO 2247. The ISO standards may not meet the requirements for these methods. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The dynamic modulus of elasticity provided by these test methods is a fundamental property for the configuration tested.5.1.1 The rapidity and ease of application of these test methods facilitate their use as a substitute for static measurements.5.1.2 Dynamic modulus of elasticity is often used for surveys, for segregation of lumber for test purposes, for quality assessment of engineered wood products, and to provide indication of environmental or processing effect.5.2 The modulus of elasticity, whether measured statically or dynamically, is often a useful predictor variable to suggest or explain property relationships.5.3 Results from these test methods can be related to other measurements of modulus of elasticity, such as static methods (see Annex A1 and Appendix X4).5.4 These methods use calculations that assume specimens are prismatic in cross-section and are uniform in modulus of elasticity and density.5.4.1 As a result of the above assumptions, the obtained values of modulus of elasticity are dependent on how the specimen is stressed (see Commentary).5.4.2 Transverse vibration and longitudinal stress wave modulus of elasticity are correlated but not necessarily equal.5.4.3 These methods provide a means to establish a model to predict one dynamic modulus of elasticity from another dynamic method or a static method (that is, D198, D4761, etc.).5.4.4 The methods can also be used to estimate the Class I or Class II modulus of elasticity from the Class III method, or the Class I from the Class II method.5.5 Testing specified to be undertaken in accordance with this Method shall include any requirements regarding the following for each Class:5.5.1 Grades and species permitted to be combined to form the training and validation test sample.5.5.2 Selection and positioning of manufacturing or growth characteristics to be included or permitted in the test sample.5.5.3 Moisture content conditioning undertaken prior to testing.5.5.4 Acceptable moisture content adjustment models.5.5.5 Any other sampling and data adjustment requirements to obtain a representative sample of the population under consideration.NOTE 5: Guidance or requirements from applicable product standards or specifications for representative sampling should be considered. See Annex A2.NOTE 6: See Commentary Appendix X4 for additional information (for example, blocking parameter and blocking limits) that may need to be provided for generating a test sample suitable for developing the test method conversion model.1.1 These test methods cover the non-destructive determination of the following dynamic properties of wood and wood-based materials from measuring the fundamental frequency of vibration:1.1.1 Flexural (see Refs (1-3))2 stiffness and apparent modulus of elasticity (Etv) properties using simply or freely supported beam transverse vibration in the vertical direction, and1.1.2 Axial stiffness and apparent longitudinal modulus of elasticity (Esw) using stress wave propagation time in the longitudinal direction.1.2 The test methods can be used for a broad range of wood-based materials and products ranging from logs, timbers, lumber, and engineered wood products.1.2.1 The two flexural methods can be applied to flexural products such as glulam beams and I-joists.1.2.2 The longitudinal stress wave methods are limited to solid wood and homogeneous grade glulam (for example, columns but not products with distinct subcomponents such as wood I-joists).1.3 The standard recognizes three implementation classes for each of these test methods.1.3.1 Class I—Defines the fundamental method to achieve the highest degree of repeatability and reproducibility that can be achieved under laboratory conditions.NOTE 1: Testing should follow Class I methods to develop training and validation data sets for method conversion models (see Annex A2).1.3.2 Class II—Method with permitted modifications to the Class I method that can be used to address practical issues found in the field, and where practical deviations from the Class I protocol are known and their effects can be accounted.NOTE 2: Practical deviations include, for example, environmental and test boundary conditions. Class II methods allow for corrections to test results to account for quantifiable effect such as machine frame deflections.1.3.3 Class III—Method permitting the broadest range of application, with permitted modifications to suit a wider range of practical needs with an emphasis on repeatability.NOTE 3: Online testing machines implemented to grade/sort lumber may be treated as Class III.1.4 The standard provides guidance for developing a model for estimating a non-destructive test method result (for example, static modulus of elasticity obtained in accordance with Test Methods D198) from another non-destructive test method result (for example, dynamic longitudinal modulus of elasticity from measurement of longitudinal stress wave propagation time).1.4.1 The standard covers only models developed from test data obtained directly from non-destructively testing a representative sample using one test method, and retesting the same sample following a second test method.1.4.2 Results used for model development shall not be estimated from a model.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

4.1 Products are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the transportation environment. The determination of the resonant frequencies of the product, either horizontal, vertical or both, aids the package designer in determining the proper packaging system to provide adequate protection of the product, as well as providing an understanding of the complex interactions between the components of the product as they relate to expected transportation vibration inputs.1.1 This test method covers the determination of resonances of unpackaged products and components by means of horizontal linear motion applied at the surface on which the product is mounted. For vertical vibration testing of products see Test Method D3580. Two alternate test methods are presented:1.1.1 Test Method A—Resonance Search Using Sinusoidal Vibration, and1.1.2 Test Method B—Resonance Search Using Random Vibration.NOTE 1: These two test methods are not necessarily equivalent and may not produce the same results.1.2 This information may be used to examine the response of products to vibration for product design purposes, or for the design of a container or interior package that will minimize transportation vibration inputs at the critical frequencies, when these product resonances are within the expected transportation environment frequency range. Since vibration damage is most likely to occur at product resonant frequencies, these may be thought of as potential product fragility points.1.3 Information obtained from the optional sinusoidal dwell and random test methods may be used to assess the fatigue characteristics of the resonating components and for product modification. This may become necessary if a product's response would require design of an impractical or excessively costly shipping container.1.4 This test method does not necessarily simulate vibration effects the product will encounter in operating or end-use environments. Other, more suitable test procedures should be used for this purpose.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 61.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is nondestructive and is commonly used for material characterization and development, design data generation, and quality control purposes. The test assumes that the properties of the specimen are perfectly isotropic, which may not be true for some refractory materials. The test also assumes that the specimen is homogeneous and elastic. Specimens that are micro-cracked are difficult to test since they do not yield consistent results. Specimens with low densities have a damping effect and are easily damaged locally at the impact point. Insulating bricks can generally be tested with this technique, but fibrous insulating materials are generally too weak and soft to test.4.2 For quality control use, the test method may be used for measuring only resonant frequencies of any standard size specimen. An elastic modulus calculation may not be needed or even feasible if the shape is nonstandard, such as a slide gate plate containing a hole. Since specimens will vary in both size and mass, acceptable frequencies for each shape and material must be established from statistical data.4.3 Dimensional variations can have a significant effect on modulus values calculated from the frequency measurements. Surface grinding may be required to bring some materials into the specified tolerance range.4.4 Since cylindrical shapes are not commonly made from refractory materials they are not covered by this test method, but are covered in Test Method C215.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the fundamental resonant frequencies for the purpose of calculating the dynamic Young’s modulus, the dynamic shear modulus (also known as the modulus of rigidity), and the dynamic Poisson’s ratio of refractory materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies, which are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable specimen can be measured. The dynamic Young’s modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of vibration and the dynamic shear modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the torsional mode of vibration. Poisson’s ratio is computed from the dynamic Young’s modulus and the dynamic shear modulus.1.2 Although not specifically described herein, this method can also be performed at high temperatures with suitable equipment modifications and appropriate modifications to the calculations to compensate for thermal expansion.1.3 The values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is intended to be used mainly as a means of comparing the performance of stretch-wrap films. It can also be used to compare the effectiveness of different wrap cycles with the same wrapping materials. No direct correlation between these test results and actual field performance has been established.4.2 This test method simulates the shipping of unitized loads by way of truck and rail, concentrating on the vibration element associated with these modes. Other elements of the distribution system, such as mechanical handling, are not addressed specifically in this test method.4.3 This test method establishes a method for rating the performance of films, but it leaves open to the discretion of the user the establishment of an acceptable rating for the specific end-use intended.1.1 This test method is used to evaluate and compare the ability of stretch-wrap films to contain unitized loads during shipping.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is intended to provide only a comparative procedure for evaluating unknown films against a standard or control film whose performance has been defined as adequate in actual field conditions.4.2 This test method leaves open to the discretion of the user several key factors, including film wrap method, abrasion surfaces, and definition of failure, so that it can be tailored to an individual user’s distribution parameters.4.3 This test method is meant to simulate, in an accelerated mode, the abrasion that an outer wrapping of film might encounter in a typical shipping and distribution environment.4.4 This is a test procedure that allows the user to make relative comparisons of the abrasion resistance of a film, such as that the film is containing a palletized load while that load is undergoing vibration.1.1 This test method compares the abrasion resistance of similar types of stretch wrap films.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车