5.1 This practice is for use by engineers, regulatory agencies, owners, and inspection organizations who are involved in the removal and replacement of AC pipes through the use of a method that is in compliance with the rules for removing and replacing AC pipe in accordance with NESHAP and OSHA requirements governing the handling, removal, and disposal of any ACM.1.1 This practice covers the requirements and test methods of an EPA-approved alternative work practice (AWP) for the replacing of an Asbestos Cement (AC) pipe by the Close Tolerance Pipe Slurrification Method in accordance with said EPA CTPS AWP issued on June 10, 2019. This process utilizes a patented method (US 10,557,587 B2)2 and other specially designed tools designed to work with the EPA regulations surrounding AC pipe work. Specifically, the special (patented) back reaming tool (US 8,365,841 B2)2 delivers the required bentonite-based fluid to maintain a wet cutting environment which is an important requirement for cutting Asbestos Cement Material (ACM). The sizing of the cutting head is set at 0.25 in. in diameter greater than the replacement pipe's outside diameter to facilitate the removal of the ACM. This close tolerance sizing creates a scenario where the new pipe, along with the injection of the drill fluid, will allow the slurry to flow and subsequently expel at pre-determined pit locations. The slurry containing the ACM is then removed from the site and properly disposed of. Any remaining trace amounts of asbestos fiber in the ground are encapsulated in a skim coat of the slurry remaining around the new pipe, the skim coat having the consistency of a lightweight concrete material commonly known as excavatable flowable fill.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The permeability determined by this method is the impedance permeability. Impedance permeability is the ratio of the peak value of flux density (Bmax) to the assumed peak magnetic field strength (Hz) without regard to phase. As compared to testing under sinusoidal flux (sinusoidal B) conditions, the permeabilities determined by this method are numerically lower since, for a given test signal frequency, the rate of flux change (dB/dt) is higher.4.2 This test method is suitable for impedance permeability measurements at very low magnetic inductions at power frequencies (50 Hz to 60 Hz) to moderate inductions below the point of maximum permeability of the material (the knee of the magnetization curve) or until there is visible distortion of the current waveform. The lower limit is a function of sample area, secondary turns, and the sensitivity of the flux-reading voltmeter used. At higher inductions, measurements of flux-generated voltages that are appreciably distorted mean that the flux has appreciable harmonic frequency components. The upper limit is given by the availability of pure sinusoidal current, which is a function of the power source. In addition, a large ratio (≥10) of the total series resistance of the primary circuit to the primary coil impedance is required. With proper test apparatus, this test method is suitable for use at frequencies up to 1 MHz.4.3 This test method is suitable for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, quality control, and research use.1.1 This test method provides a means for determination of the impedance permeability (μz) of ferromagnetic materials under the condition of sinusoidal current (sinusoidal H) excitation. Test specimens in the form of laminated toroidal cores, tape-wound toroidal cores, and link-type laminated cores having uniform cross sections and closed flux paths (no air gaps) are used. The method is intended as a means for determining the magnetic performance of ferromagnetic strip having a thickness less than or equal to 0.025 in. [0.635 mm].1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with those applicable paragraphs in Practice A34/A34M.1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This specification establishes requirements for the design and testing of high voltage detectors, used in the electrical power industry, to determine the presence or absence of nominal operating voltage or the measured voltage.AbstractThis specification covers portable, live-line tool-supported, direct-contact type capacitive voltage detectors to be used on electrical systems both indoors and outdoors for ac voltages. This specification establishes requirements for the design and testing of high voltage detectors, used in the electrical power industry, to determine the presence or absence of nominal operating voltage. The following tests shall be performed: voltage; low temperature impact; drop/impact; humidity; wet test; battery life test; durability of labeling; vibration resistance; continuous operation rating; response time; testing the self-test function; acceptable audible indication; acceptable visual indication; visual inspection; method to measure threshold voltage; interference voltage testing; leakage current testing; dielectric testing for detector housing; and wet testing.1.1 This specification covers portable, live-line tool-supported, direct-contact type capacitive voltage detectors to be used on electrical systems both indoors and outdoors for ac voltages from 600 V to 800 kV with frequency of 50/60 Hz. The function of the voltage detector is limited to the detection of the presence or absence of nominal operating voltage.1.1.1 Two types of voltage detectors are provided and are designated as Type I, audible/visual and Type II, numeric, with or without audible.1.1.2 Two styles of voltage detectors, differing in wet conditions characteristics, are provided and are designated as Style A, indoor use and Style B indoor/outdoor use.1.2 The use and maintenance of these high voltage detectors and any necessary insulated tool handles are beyond the scope of this specification.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: Except where specified, all voltage defined in this specification refer to phase-to-phase voltage in a three-phase system. Voltage detectors covered by this specification may be used in other than three-phase systems, but the applicable phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground (earth) voltages shall be used to determine the operating voltage.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Permittivity—Insulating materials are used in general in two distinct ways, (1) to support and insulate components of an electrical network from each other and from ground, and (2) to function as the dielectric of a capacitor. For the first use, it is generally desirable to have the capacitance of the support as small as possible, consistent with acceptable mechanical, chemical, and heat-resisting properties. A low value of permittivity is thus desirable. For the second use, it is desirable to have a high value of permittivity, so that the capacitor is able to be physically as small as possible. Intermediate values of permittivity are sometimes used for grading stresses at the edge or end of a conductor to minimize ac corona. Factors affecting permittivity are discussed in Appendix X3.5.2 AC Loss—For both cases (as electrical insulation and as capacitor dielectric) the ac loss generally needs to be small, both in order to reduce the heating of the material and to minimize its effect on the rest of the network. In high frequency applications, a low value of loss index is particularly desirable, since for a given value of loss index, the dielectric loss increases directly with frequency. In certain dielectric configurations such as are used in terminating bushings and cables for test, an increased loss, usually obtained from increased conductivity, is sometimes introduced to control the voltage gradient. In comparisons of materials having approximately the same permittivity or in the use of any material under such conditions that its permittivity remains essentially constant, it is potentially useful to consider also dissipation factor, power factor, phase angle, or loss angle. Factors affecting ac loss are discussed in Appendix X3.5.3 Correlation—When adequate correlating data are available, dissipation factor or power factor are useful to indicate the characteristics of a material in other respects such as dielectric breakdown, moisture content, degree of cure, and deterioration from any cause. However, it is possible that deterioration due to thermal aging will not affect dissipation factor unless the material is subsequently exposed to moisture. While the initial value of dissipation factor is important, the change in dissipation factor with aging is often much more significant.5.4 Capacitance is the ratio of a quantity, q, of electricity to a potential difference, V. A capacitance value is always positive. The units are farads when the charge is expressed in coulombs and the potential in volts:5.5 Dissipation factor ((D), (loss tangent), (tan δ)) is the ratio of the loss index (κ") to the relative permittivity (κ′) which is equal to the tangent of its loss angle (δ) or the cotangent of its phase angle (θ) (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).The reciprocal of the dissipation factor is the quality factor, Q, sometimes called the storage factor. The dissipation factor, D, of the capacitor is the same for both the series and parallel representations as follows:The relationships between series and parallel components are as follows:5.5.2 Series Representation—While the parallel representation of an insulating material having a dielectric loss (Fig. 3) is usually the proper representation, it is always possible and occasionally desirable to represent a capacitor at a single frequency by a capacitance, Cs, in series with a resistance, Rs (Fig. 4 and Fig. 2).FIG. 3 Parallel CircuitFIG. 4 Series Circuit5.6 Loss angle ((phase defect angle), (δ)) is the angle whose tangent is the dissipation factor or arctan κ"/κ′ or whose cotangent is the phase angle.5.6.1 The relation of phase angle and loss angle is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Loss angle is sometimes called the phase defect angle.5.7 Loss index (κ" (εr") is the magnitude of the imaginary part of the relative complex permittivity; it is the product of the relative permittivity and dissipation factor.5.7.1 The loss index is expressed as:.When the power loss is in watts, the applied voltage is in volts per centimeter, the frequency is in hertz, the volume is the cubic centimeters to which the voltage is applied, the constant has the value of 5.556 × 10−13.NOTE 2: Loss index is the term agreed upon internationally. In the United States, κ" was formerly called the loss factor.5.8 Phase angle (θ) is the angle whose cotangent is the dissipation factor, arccot κ"/κ′ and is also the angular difference in the phase between the sinusoidal alternating voltage applied to a dielectric and the component of the resulting current having the same frequency as the voltage.5.8.1 The relation of phase angle and loss angle is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Loss angle is sometimes called the phase defect angle.5.9 Power factor (PF) is the ratio of the power in watts, W, dissipated in a material to the product of the effective sinusoidal voltage, V, and current, I, in volt-amperes.5.9.1 Power factor is expressed as the cosine of the phase angle θ (or the sine of the loss angle δ).When the dissipation factor is less than 0.1, the power factor differs from the dissipation factor by less than 0.5 %. Their exact relationship is found from the following:5.10 Relative permittivity ((relative dielectric constant) (SIC) κ′(εr)) is the real part of the relative complex permittivity. It is also the ratio of the equivalent parallel capacitance, Cp, of a given configuration of electrodes with a material as a dielectric to the capacitance, Cυ, of the same configuration of electrodes with vacuum (or air for most practical purposes) as the dielectric:NOTE 3: In common usage the word “relative” is frequently dropped.NOTE 4: Experimentally, vacuum must be replaced by the material at all points where it makes a significant change in capacitance. The equivalent circuit of the dielectric is assumed to consist of Cp, a capacitance in parallel with conductance. (See Fig. 3.)NOTE 5: Cx is taken to be Cp, the equivalent parallel capacitance as shown in Fig. 3.NOTE 6: The series capacitance is larger than the parallel capacitance by less than 1 % for a dissipation factor of 0.1, and by less than 0.1 % for a dissipation factor of 0.03. If a measuring circuit yields results in terms of series components, the parallel capacitance must be calculated from Eq 5 before the corrections and permittivity are calculated.NOTE 7: The permittivity of dry air at 23 °C and standard pressure at 101.3 kPa is 1.000536 (1).6 Its divergence from unity, κ′ − 1, is inversely proportional to absolute temperature and directly proportional to atmospheric pressure. The increase in permittivity when the space is saturated with water vapor at 23 °C is 0.00025 (2, 3), and varies approximately linearly with temperature expressed in degrees Celsius, from 10 °C to 27 °C. For partial saturation the increase is proportional to the relative humidity.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of relative permittivity, dissipation factor, loss index, power factor, phase angle, and loss angle of specimens of solid electrical insulating materials when the standards used are lumped impedances. The frequency range addressed extends from less than 1 Hz to several hundred megahertz.NOTE 1: In common usage, the word relative is frequently dropped.1.2 These test methods provide general information on a variety of electrodes, apparatus, and measurement techniques. A reader interested in issues associated with a specific material needs to consult ASTM standards or other documents directly applicable to the material to be tested.2,31.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 10.2.1.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers non-contact high-voltage proximity alarms used to detect high voltage alternating current (ac) on overhead power lines. The high-voltage proximity alarm (HVPA) is limited to the detection of voltage greater than 600 V ac at power system frequencies between 50 to 60 Hz.1.2 High-voltage proximity alarms provide audible/visual alerts and may have the ability to limit movement of equipment.1.3 The use, installation, and maintenance of these high-voltage proximity alarms are beyond the scope of this specification. This standard does not purport to address installation, in service care or use.1.4 This standard demonstrates the high voltage proximity alarm (HVPA’s) ability to detect an e-field, and not the effects of various configurations of multiple power lines.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 9.1.4 and 10.9.2.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车