This specification covers the material and design requirements for the manufacture of two types of steel deck gear stowage boxes. This specification, though, does not include life preserver or pyrotechnic stowages. The materials used in the construction of this box and its packaging shall be free of asbestos and cadmium, and the entire finished assembly shall be free of weld spatter, slag, splinters, sharp edges, projections, and other defects that may be hazardous to personnel.1.1 This specification covers the design, material, and manufacture of steel deck gear stowage boxes.1.2 This specification shall not be used for life preserver or pyrotechnic stowage.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are included for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 A need exists for accurate data on heat transfer through insulated structures at representative test conditions. The data are needed to judge compliance with specifications and regulations, for design guidance, for research evaluations of the effect of changes in materials or constructions, and for verification of, or use in, simulation models. Other ASTM standards such as Test Methods C177 and C518 provide data on homogeneous specimens bounded by temperature controlled flat impervious plates. The hot box test method is more suitable for providing such data for large building elements, usually of a built-up or composite nature, which are exposed to temperature-controlled air on both sides.5.2 For the results to be representative of a building construction, only representative sections shall be tested. The test specimen shall duplicate the framing geometry, material composition and installation practice, and orientation of construction (see Section 7).5.3 This test method does not establish test conditions, specimen configuration, or data acquisition details but leaves these choices to be made in a manner consistent with the specific application being considered. Data obtained by the use of this test method is representative of the specimen performance only for the conditions of the test. It is unlikely that the test conditions will exactly duplicate in-use conditions and the user of the test results must be cautioned of possible significant differences. For example, in some specimens, especially those containing empty cavities or cavities open to one surface, the overall resistance or transmittance will depend upon the temperature difference across the test specimen due to internal convection.5.4 Detailed heat flow analysis shall precede the use of the hot box apparatus for large, complex structures. A structure that contains cavity spaces between adjacent surfaces, for example, an attic section including a ceiling with sloping roof, may be difficult to test properly. Consideration must be given to the effects of specimen size, natural air movement, ventilation effects, radiative effects, and baffles at the guard/meter interface when designing the test specimen.5.5 For vertical specimens with air spaces that significantly affect thermal performance, the metering chamber dimension shall match the effective construction height. If this is not possible, horizontal convection barriers shall be installed inside the specimen air cavities at the metering chamber boundaries to prevent air exchange between the metering and guarding areas. The operator shall note in the report any use of convection barriers. The report shall contain a warning stating that the use of the barriers might modify the heat transfer through the system causing significant errors. For ceiling tests with low density insulations, the minimum lateral dimension of the specimen shall be at least several times the dimension of the expected convection cells.5.6 Since this test method is used to determine the total heat flow through the test area demarcated by the metering box, it is possible to determine the heat flow through a building element smaller than the test area, such as a window or representative area of a panel unit, if the parallel heat flow through the remaining surrounding area is independently determined. See Annex A8 for the general method.5.7 Discussion of all special conditions used during the test shall be included in the test report (see Section 12).1.1 This test method establishes the principles for the design of a hot box apparatus and the minimum requirements for the determination of the steady state thermal performance of building assemblies when exposed to controlled laboratory conditions. This method is also used to measure the thermal performance of a building material at standardized test conditions such as those required in material Specifications C739, C764, C1224 and Practice C1373.1.2 This test method is used for large homogeneous or non-homogeneous specimens. This test method applies to building structures or composite assemblies of building materials for which it is possible to build a representative specimen that fits the test apparatus. The dimensions of specimen projections or recesses are controlled by the design of the hot box apparatus. Some hot boxes are limited to planar or nearly planar specimens. However, larger hot boxes have been used to characterize projecting skylights and attic sections. See 3.2 for a definition of the test specimen and other terms specific to this method.NOTE 1: This test method replaces Test Methods C236, the Guarded Hot Box, and C976, the Calibrated Hot Box which have been withdrawn. Test apparatus designed and operated previously under Test Methods C236 and C976 will require slight modifications to the calibration and operational procedures to meet the requirements of Test Method C1363.21.3 A properly designed and operated hot box apparatus is directly analogous to the Test Method C177 guarded hot plate for testing large specimens exposed to air induced temperature differences. The operation of a hot box apparatus requires a significant number of fundamental measurements of temperatures, areas and power. The equipment performing these measurements requires calibration to ensure that the data are accurate. During initial setup and periodic verification testing, each measurement system and sensor is calibrated against a standard traceable to a national standards laboratory. If the hot box apparatus has been designed, constructed and operated in the ideal manner, no further calibration or adjustment would be necessary. As such, the hot box is considered a primary method and the uncertainty of the result is analyzed by direct evaluation of the component measurement uncertainties of the instrumentation used in making the measurements.1.3.1 In an ideal hotbox test of a homogenous material there is no temperature difference on either the warm or cold specimen faces to drive a flanking heat flow. In addition, there would be no temperature differences that would drive heat across the boundary of the metering chamber walls. However, experience has demonstrated that maintaining a perfect guard/metering chamber balance is not possible and small corrections are needed to accurately characterize all the heat flow paths from the metering chamber. To gain this final confidence in the test result, it is necessary to benchmark the overall result of the hot box apparatus by performing measurements on specimens having known heat transfer values and comparing those results to the expected values.1.3.2 The benchmarking specimens are homogeneous panels whose thermal properties are uniform and predictable. These panels, or representative sections of the panels, have had their thermal performance measured on other devices that are directly traceable or have been favorably compared to a national standards laboratory. For example, a Test Method C177 Hot Plate, a Test Method C518 Heat Meter or another Test Method C1363 Hot Box will provide adequate specimens. Note that the use of Test Method C518 or similar apparatus creates additional uncertainty since those devices are calibrated using transfer standards or standard reference materials. By performing this benchmarking process, the hot box operator is able to develop the additional equations that predict the magnitude of the corrections to the net heat flow through the specimen that account for any hot box wall loss and flanking loss. This benchmarking provides substantial confidence that any extraneous heat flows can be eliminated or quantified with sufficient accuracy to be a minor factor of the overall uncertainty.1.4 In order to ensure an acceptable level of result uncertainty, persons applying this test method must possess a knowledge of the requirements of thermal measurements and testing practice and of the practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems. Detailed operating procedures, including design schematics and electrical drawings, shall be available for each apparatus to ensure that tests are in accordance with this test method.1.5 This test method is intended for use at conditions typical of normal building applications. The naturally occurring outside conditions in temperate zones range from approximately −48 to 85°C and the normal inside residential temperatures is approximately 21°C. Building materials used to construct the test specimens shall be pre-conditioned, if necessary, based upon the material’s properties and their potential variability. The preconditioning parameters shall be chosen to accurately reflect the test samples intended use and shall be documented in the report. Practice C870 may be used as a guide for test specimen conditioning. The general principles of the hot box method can be used to construct an apparatus to measure the heat flow through industrial systems at elevated temperatures. Detailed design of that type of apparatus is beyond the scope of this method.1.6 This test method permits operation under natural or forced convective conditions at the specimen surfaces. The direction of airflow motion under forced convective conditions shall be either perpendicular or parallel to the surface.1.7 The hot box apparatus also is used for measurements of individual building assemblies that are smaller than the metering area. Special characterization procedures are required for these tests. The general testing procedures for these cases are described in Annex A11.1.8 Specific procedures for the thermal testing of fenestration systems (windows, doors, skylights, curtain walls, etc.) are described in Test Method C1199 and Practice E1423.1.9 The hot box has been used to investigate the thermal behavior of non-homogeneous building assemblies such as structural members, piping, electrical outlets, or construction defects such as insulation voids.1.10 This test method sets forth the general design requirements necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory hot box apparatus, and covers a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating conditions. Detailed designs conforming to this standard are not given but must be developed within the constraints of the general requirements. Examples of analysis tools, concepts and procedures used in the design, construction, characterization, and operation of a hot box apparatus is given in Refs (1-34).31.11 The hot box apparatus, when constructed to measure heat transfer in the horizontal direction, is used for testing walls and other vertical structures. When constructed to measure heat transfer in the vertical direction, the hot box is used for testing roof, ceiling, floor, and other horizontal structures. Other orientations are also permitted. The same apparatus may be used in several orientations but may require special design capability to permit repositioning to each orientation. Whatever the test orientation, the apparatus performance shall first be verified at that orientation with a specimen of known thermal resistance in place.1.12 This test method does not specify all details necessary for the operation of the apparatus. Decisions on material sampling, specimen selection, preconditioning, specimen mounting and positioning, the choice of test conditions, and the evaluation of test data shall follow applicable ASTM test methods, guides, practices or product specifications or governmental regulations. If no applicable standard exists, sound engineering judgment that reflects accepted heat transfer principles must be used and documented.1.13 This test method applies to steady-state testing and does not establish procedures or criteria for conducting dynamic tests or for analysis of dynamic test data. However, several hot box apparatuses have been operated under dynamic (non-steady-state) conditions after additional characterization (1). Additional characterization is required to insure that all aspects of the heat flow and storage are accounted for during the test. Dynamic control strategies have included both periodic or non-periodic temperature cycles, for example, to follow a diurnal cycle.1.14 This test method does not permit intentional mass transfer of air or moisture through the specimen during measurements. Air infiltration or moisture migration can alter the net heat transfer. Complicated interactions and dependence upon many variables, coupled with only a limited experience in testing under such conditions, have made it inadvisable to include this type testing in this standard. Further considerations for such testing are given in Appendix X1.1.15 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.16 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 918元 / 折扣价： 781 元 加购物车

This specification deals with the metric standard for three types of external sealing bands to be used in conjunction with concrete pipe, manholes, and precast box sections. The first type of bands shall be composed of rubber, mastic, and protective film elements, while the second type shall consist of a plastic film, reinforced, rubberized, asphalt, mastic coating with steel straps. The third type shall be composed of a backing band, an applied continuous butyl adhesive coating and an optional release element. All the elements of each type of sealing band shall have physical properties conforming with specified limits as determined through appropriate test methods herein provided.1.1 This specification covers external sealing bands to be used in conjunction with concrete pipe as defined in Terminology C822 and conforming to Specifications C14, C76, C412, C478/C478M, C506, C507, C655, C985, C1417, and C1433.1.1.1 Type I, Rubber and Mastic Bands.1.1.2 Type II, Plastic Film and Mesh Reinforced Mastic Bands.1.1.3 Type III, Chemically-Bonded Adhesive Butyl Bands.1.2 This specification is the inch-pound companion to Specification C877M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in the specification.NOTE 1: This specification covers only the design and material of the sealing bands. Sealing bands covered by this specification are adequate, when properly installed, for external hydrostatic pressures up to 13 psi, (30 ft) without leakage. The amount of infiltration or exfiltration flow in an installed pipeline is dependent upon many factors other than the sealing bands; allowable quantities and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system must be covered by other specifications.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification deals with the metric standard for three types of external sealing bands to be used in conjunction with concrete pipe, manholes, and precast box sections. The first type of bands shall be composed of rubber, mastic, and protective film elements, while the second type shall consist of a plastic film, reinforced, rubberized, asphalt, mastic coating with steel straps. The third type shall be composed of a backing band, an applied continuous butyl adhesive coating and an optional release element. All the elements of each type of sealing band shall have physical properties conforming with specified limits as determined through appropriate test methods herein provided.1.1 This specification covers external sealing bands to be used in conjunction with concrete pipe as defined in Terminology C822 and conforming to Specifications C14M, C76M, C412M, C478/C478M, C506M, C507M, C655M, C985M, C1417M, and C1433M.1.1.1 Type I, Rubber and Mastic Bands.1.1.2 Type II, Plastic Film and Mesh Reinforced Mastic Bands.1.1.3 Type III, Chemically Bonded Adhesive Butyl Bands.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification C877.NOTE 1: This specification covers only the design and material of the sealing bands. Sealing bands covered by this specification are adequate, when properly installed, for external hydrostatic pressures up to 90 kPa, (9.14 m) without leakage. The amount of infiltration or exfiltration flow in an installed pipeline is dependent upon many factors other than the sealing bands; allowable quantities and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system must be covered by other specifications.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers the manufacturing requirements for precast reinforced concrete monolithic box sections that are intended to be installed using jacking techniques. The typical use of this type of product is for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage.1.2 The requirements of this specification are intended to supplement the existing manufacturing standards for precast reinforced concrete box sections and provide the additional manufacturing details required for box sections that will be installed using jacking techniques. The parent manufacturing standard for the precast reinforced concrete box sections is denoted as the “designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standard” throughout this document. The requirements included within shall supplement and supersede the designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standard when the box sections are to be used for jacking.NOTE 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification for precast reinforced concrete box sections installed using jacking techniques, to be utilized in conjunction with the designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standard. It is possible that such box sections will require a special design to withstand the anticipated longitudinal loading. Additional calculations and information beyond what are required for a non-jacked installed box section are required to establish maximum jacking forces. For calculating allowable jacking forces, ASCE 28 may be referenced.NOTE 2: This standard may be used to supplement existing standards for precast reinforced concrete box sections when the box sections will be installed using trenchless methods. Such “designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standards” include, but are not limited, to ASTM C1433, ASTM C1577, and AASHTO M259.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers the requirements for material, geometric, and wall section properties of aluminum box culverts manufactured from corrugated plate or sheet with attached rib stiffeners, for field assembly. Suitable fasteners and optional materials such as aluminum invert plates and headwalls are also described here. Material applications include surface water gravity flow drainage conduits like culverts and storm drains, small bridge, and grade separation structure conduits like pedestrian or vehicular underpasses, and utility tunnels. This specification does not cover the requirements for foundations, backfill, the relationship between earth cover or live loads and strength requirements, or the hydraulic design of these structures. The required plastic moment capacities should be determined for both the crown and haunch segments of the box culverts.1.1 This specification covers material, geometric, and wall section properties of aluminum box culverts manufactured from corrugated plate or sheet, with attached rib stiffeners, for field assembly. Appropriate fasteners and optional materials, such as aluminum invert plates and headwalls, are also described. Applications for aluminum box culverts include conduits for gravity flow drainage of surface water, such as culverts and storm drains, as well as for small bridges and grade separation structures such as pedestrian or vehicular underpasses, and utility tunnels.1.2 This specification does not include requirements for foundations, backfill, or the relationship between earth cover or live loads and strength requirements. These important design considerations are described in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and the LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications.1.3 This specification does not include requirements for the hydraulic design of these structures. Hydraulic design, placement of footings or inverts, and end treatments to resist scour are described in FHWA HDS No. 5.1.4 Appendix X1 lists nominal dimensions of box culvert sizes commonly available. Also listed are cross-sectional area and hydraulic design parameters for these sizes.1.5 Appendix X2 lists manufacturer's suggested design properties for the rib stiffener types, spacing classes, and material thicknesses described in this specification.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing project specifications.1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers flexible joints for concrete box sections, using rubber gaskets for leak resistant joints. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used. The gasket shall be fabricated from a rubber compound. The basic polymer shall be natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or a blend of both meeting the physical requirements prescribed. Gasket volume determination, non-circular shape gasket stretch height, and gasket length test methods shall be performed to determine the physical properties of the gastket in accordance with specified requirements. These test methods cover procedures for the mechanical testing of wrought and cast steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. Tension, bend, Rockwell hardness, portable hardness, brinell, and charpy impact tests shall be performed in accordance to specified requirements.1.1 This specification covers flexible joints for concrete box sections, using rubber gaskets for leak resistant joints. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used therewith, for boxes conforming in all other respects to Specification C1433 or C1577, provided that if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimensions the requirements of this specification for joints shall govern.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification provides the requirements for mattresses and box springs that are for use in berths for officers, crew, and passengers in marine vessels. This shall be considered a minimum standard. Tearing strength, breaking strength, elongation, and flame resistance of the material shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This specification provides the requirements for mattresses and box springs that are for use in berths for officers, crew, and passengers in marine vessels. This shall be considered a minimum standard.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification deals with the standards for single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and proposed for use in the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water industrial sewage. The reinforced concrete shall be composed of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates and water, in which steel has been embedded. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, and mixed to the proportion that will produce a homogeneous mixture. The box sections shall also undergo steam curing, water curing, and membrane curing.1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water industrial wastes and sewage.1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1433M; therefore, no SI equivalents are shown in this specification.NOTE 1: This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchasing specification. However, standard designs are included and the criteria used to develop these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the box section, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The purchaser of the precast reinforced concrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that proper correlation of the loading conditions and the field requirements with the box section specified, and provision for inspection at the construction site, are required.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

This specification deals with the standards for single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and proposed for use in the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water industrial sewage. The reinforced concrete shall be composed of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates and water, in which steel has been embedded. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, and mixed to the proportion that will produce a homogeneous mixture. The box sections shall also undergo steam curing, water curing, and membrane curing.1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water industrial wastes and sewage.1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C1433.NOTE 1: This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchasing specification. However, standard designs are included and the criteria used to develop these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the box section, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The purchaser of the precast reinforced concrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that he must properly correlate the loading conditions and the field requirements with the box section specified and provide for inspection at the construction site.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

1.1 This test method, known as the calibrated hot box method, provides for the laboratory measurement of heat transfer through a specimen under controlled air temperature, air velocity, and radiation conditions established in a metering chamber on one side and in a climatic chamber on the other side. It is primarily intended for measurements under steady-state conditions and at temperatures typical of normal building applications. Heat transfer through the specimen is determined from net measured heat input to the metering chamber, corrected for the estimated loss through the chamber walls and estimated loss flanking the specimen at its perimeter, both estimates being based upon calibrations using specimens of known thermal properties. Heat loss through the metering chamber walls is limited by highly insulated walls, and, when necessary, by control of the surrounding ambient temperature, or by use of a partial guard. In the normal configuration, the metered area of the specimen is surrounded by perimeter insulation rather than by additional specimen area as is used in the guarded hot box Test Method C236. 1.2 The calibrated hot box method is specially suited for large nonhomogeneous specimens such as building structures and composite assemblies of building elements. It can be used for measurements of individual building elements such as windows and doors. Recommended practices for measurement of window and door thermal performance are being developed in Committees C-16 and E-6. The calibrated hot box method may also be used to investigate the effect of structural members, piping, electrical outlets, or construction defects, such as insulation voids, on the performance of a building section. The calibrated hot box may also be used for nonhomogeneous specimens not necessarily related to buildings, or for homogeneous specimens. Examples of the design, construction, calibration, operation, and use of calibrated hot boxes are given in the References (1-13). Note 1-The guarded hot box method, Test Method C236, is an alternative for such measurements. 1.2.1 Since a full specimen is normally tested in the calibrated hot box, it is unnecessary and improper to install internal convection barriers in excess of those normally a part of the specimen. Such barriers would be required for a vertical specimen with internal cavities extending above or below the metered area. 1.3 When constructed to measure heat transfer in the horizontal direction, the calibrated hot box can be used for testing walls and other vertical structures and is commonly called a wall test apparatus. When constructed to measure heat transfer in the vertical direction it can be used for testing roof, ceiling, floor, and other horizontal structures and is commonly called a floor/ceiling test apparatus. Other orientations are allowable, and the same apparatus may be used for both vertical and horizontal testing if it can be rotated or reassembled in either orientation. 1.4 This method is established for steady-state tests; however, the apparatus may be operated under dynamic (nonsteady-state) conditions, either periodic or nonperiodic, in which temperatures are changed during the test as, for example, to follow a diurnal cycle. This standard does not establish procedures or criteria for conducting dynamic tests or for analysis of dynamic data but does require full reporting of test conditions and data analysis. 1.5 This test method provides for forced-air velocity either parallel or perpendicular to the specimen surface. It also allows operation under natural convection conditions. Note 2-For either parallel or perpendicular forced-air velocity conditions, care should be taken to quantify the amount of air leakage between the climatic and metering chambers. This may be done by one of several techniques: ( ) tracer gas methods, or ( ) calibration of the air flow rate as a function of the pressure difference using Test Method E283. For many window or door systems, it may be desirable to minimize the air leakage by sealing the window crack length with tape or caulk. 1.6 This method does not provide for mass transfer of air or moisture through the specimen during measurements of heat transfer. Such measurements, however, are not disallowed and if undertaken, all test conditions must be fully reported. Note 3-Air infiltration or moisture migration can significantly alter net heat transfer. Complicated interactions and dependence upon many variables, coupled with only a limited experience in testing under such conditions, make it inadvisable to attempt standardization at this time. Further considerations for such testing are given in Appendix X1.2. 1.7 This method is primarily intended for use at temperatures typical of normal building applications. The usual consideration is to duplicate naturally occurring outside conditions, which in temperate zones may range from approximately -48°C to 85°C and normal inside residential temperatures of approximately 21°C. Other temperatures for industrial or special uses may be designed and engineered into the test facility. Note 4-Primary units in this method are SI, but both SI and inch-pound units must be used in the report. Table 1 provides conversion factors between inch-pound units and SI. 1.8 When operated under steady-state conditions with temperatures held constant during a test, the results may be expressed as either thermal resistance, R, thermal conductance, C, overall thermal resistance, Ru, or transmittance, U. This test method allows two procedures to be used in the determination of thermal resistance, R. The choice between the two procedures depends, to some extent, upon the uniformity of the specimen and thus upon whether sufficiently uniform surface temperatures exist that they can be measured by temperature sensors and a representative average obtained. For some specimens the choice may be arbitrary and must be made by the user of the method, or by the sponsor of the test, or it may be specified in applicable regulations or specifications. In all cases the procedures used must be fully reported. The two procedures are: 1.8.1 For uniform and nearly uniform specimens, the average surface temperatures may be determined from area-weighted measurements from the temperature sensors installed as directed in 5.7.1. The thermal resistance, R, is then calculated using the measured heat transfer and the difference in the average temperatures of the two surfaces. 1.8.2 For very nonuniform specimens, meaningful average surface temperatures will not exist. In this case the thermal resistance, R, is calculated by subtracting surface resistances for the two surfaces from the measured overall thermal resistance, Ru. These surface resistances shall be determined from tests conducted under similar conditions (Note 5), but using a uniform test specimen of approximately the same thermal resistance. Note 5-Surface resistances have been found to depend significantly on the magnitude of the heat flux as well as the ambient conditions affecting the surface. It is important that the heat flux for the uniform specimen be similar to that through the nonuniform specimen and that air temperature, air velocity, and the temperature of surfaces that exchange radiation with the specimen also be similar. 1.8.3 Generally the overall thermal resistance, Ru, or the thermal transmittance, U, should be determined under the conditions of interest. When this is not possible or when directed by applicable agreements or regulations, the overall resistance, Ru, may be determined from the thermal resistance, R, obtained as directed in 1.8.1 or 1.8.2, by adding standardized surface resistances. One source of standardized resistances is ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals Volume . Note 6-Overall resistances, Ru, obtained from measured resistances, R, by adding standardized surface resistances typical of different conditions may not agree with overall resistances that would be measured directly under those conditions. Discrepancies are especially likely for nonuniform specimens with high conductance surface elements connected to thermal bridges when measured resistances, R, are obtained under still air conditions and the standardized surface resistances are typical of high wind velocities. The user is cautioned to be aware of such possible discrepancies. 1.9 This test method sets forth the general requirements covering a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating procedures. Detailed directions for these considerations are not given but must be chosen within the constraints of the general requirements. 1.9.1 This test method does not specify all details necessary for the construction and operation of the apparatus. Decisions on details of sampling, specimen selection, preconditioning, specimen mounting and positioning, the choice of test conditions, and the evaluation of test data are left to the judgment of the user or to applicable product specifications or to government or other regulations. 1.10 In order to assure the level of precision and accuracy expected, persons applying this test method need to possess a knowledge of the requirements of thermal measurements and testing practice and of the practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems. Detailed operating procedures are advisable for each apparatus to ensure that tests are in accordance with this test method. 1.11 It is recommended that the performance of an apparatus be proven by satisfactory measurements on appropriate standard specimens from the national standards laboratory of jurisdiction or, if such standards are not available, by satisfactory comparisons in an interlaboratory round-robin program or by satisfactory comparisons with a proven guarded hot box, Test Method C236. 1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This test method details the calibration and testing procedures and necessary additional temperature instrumentation required in applying Test Method C1363 to measure the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems mounted vertically in the thermal chamber. 4.2 The thermal transmittance of a test specimen is affected by its size and three-dimensional geometry. Care must be exercised when extrapolating to product sizes smaller or larger than the test specimen. Therefore, it is recommended that fenestration systems be tested at the recommended sizes specified in Practice E1423 or NFRC 100. 4.3 Since both temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient conditions affect results, use of recommended conditions will assist in reducing confusion caused by comparing results of tests performed under dissimilar conditions. Standardized test conditions for determining the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems are specified in Practice E1423 and Section 6.2. The performance of a test specimen measured at standardized test conditions is potentially different than the performance of the same fenestration product when installed in the wall of a building located outdoors. Standardized test conditions often represent extreme summer or winter design conditions, which are potentially different than the average conditions typically experienced by a fenestration product installed in an exterior wall. For the purpose of comparison, it is essential to calibrate with surface heat transfer coefficients on the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) which are as close as possible to the conventionally accepted values for building design; however, this procedure can be used at other conditions for research purposes or product development. 4.4 Similarly, it would be desirable to have a surround panel that closely duplicates the actual wall where the fenestration system would be installed. Since there are such a wide variety of fenestration system openings in North American residential, commercial and industrial buildings, it is not feasible to select a typical surround panel construction for installing the fenestration system test specimen. Furthermore, for high resistance fenestration systems installed in fenestration opening designs and constructions that have thermal bridges, the large relative amount of heat transfer through the thermal bridge will cause the relatively small amount of heat transfer through the fenestration system to have a larger than desirable error. For this reason, the Calibration Transfer Standard and test specimen are installed in a homogeneous surround panel constructed from materials having a relatively high thermal resistance. Installing the test specimen in a relatively high thermal resistance surround panel places the focus of the test on the fenestration system thermal performance alone. Therefore, it is important to recognize that the thermal transmittance results obtained from this test method are for ideal laboratory conditions, and should only be used for fenestration product comparisons unless the thermal bridge effects that have the potential to occur due to the specific design and construction of the fenestration system opening are included in the analysis. 4.5 This test method does not include procedures to determine the heat flow due to either air movement through the specimen or solar radiation effects. As a consequence, the thermal transmittance results obtained do not reflect performances that are expected from field installations. It is possible to use the results from this test method as input to annual energy performance analyses which include solar, and air leakage effects to get a better estimate of how the test specimen would perform when installed in an actual building. To determine the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient of fenestration products, refer to NFRC 200. To determine air leakage for windows and doors, refer to Test Methods E283 and E783. 4.6 It is important to recognize that the thermal transmittance, US, value determined in Section 8 is the only true experimental measurement result of this test method. The “standardized” thermal transmittance value, UST, obtained by either the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) or Area Weighting (AW) methods described in Section 8 include adjustments to the thermal transmittance value bases on results from calibration runs described in Section 6. The standardized thermal transmittance is useful for two reasons; it facilitates comparison of test results between different laboratories with different thermal chamber geometries and configurations, and it improves the comparison between test results and computer simulation results. Due to the differences in size, geometry, and climate chamber air flow permitted by this test method, Test Method C1363, and Practice E1423, there can be significant variations in the local surface heat transfer coefficients on the same test specimen installed in different laboratories even though these laboratories measured identical surface heat transfer coefficients on their Calibration Transfer Standards. Inter-Laboratory Comparisons conducted by the NFRC have shown that the effect of this variation is reduced if the standardized thermal transmittance is used for comparison instead of the thermal transmittance. The standardized thermal transmittance is also a useful tool for the evaluation and comparison of experimental results of fenestration systems with computer calculations of the thermal transmittance. that are made because the current Historically, computer calculation methods (NFRC 100) for determining the thermal transmittance were not capable of applying the actual surface heat transfer coefficients that exist on the test specimen while testing at standardized conditions. These current computer calculation methods assumed that uniform standardized surface heat transfer coefficients exist on the indoor and outdoor fenestration product surfaces. Although the next generation of computer simulation programs includes improved radiation heat transfer algorithms, which generate non-uniform surface heat transfer coefficients, the standardized thermal transmittance remains to be a useful tool when comparing test results to computer modeling results. 4.6.1 It is important to recognize that due to radiation effects, the room side or weather side temperature (th and tc, respectively), has the potential to differ from the respective room side or weather side baffle temperatures (tb1 and tb2, respectively). If there is a difference of more than ±1 °C (±2 °F), either on the room side or weather side, the radiation effects shall be accounted for as described in Sections 6 and 9 to maintain accuracy in the calculated surface heat transfer coefficients. Calculating the radiation exchange for highly conductive test specimens or projecting fenestration products as described in Annex A2 is not a trivial task. 4.6.2 The calculation of the standardized thermal transmittance assumes that only the surface heat transfer coefficients change from the calibrated standardized values for the conditions of the test. This assumption is possibly not valid if the surface temperature differentials for the standardized calibration conditions are different from the surface temperature differential that exists on the test specimen during the test. Currently, specifications for the Calibration Transfer Standard give it a thermal transmittance of 1.7 W/(m2·K) [0.3 Btu/(hr·ft2·°F)]. Accordingly, the calculation of the standardized thermal transmittance produces the least error when performed on test specimens with a similar thermal transmittance. 4.6.3 It is important to note that the standardized surface heat transfer coefficients, hh and hc, as calibrated prior to testing a fenestration product using an appropriately sized Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) have the potential to differ from the surface heat transfer coefficients that exist during a hot box test on a specific test specimen. Fenestration systems usually have frame and sash surfaces that introduce two- and three-dimensional convective heat transfer effects which result in variable surface heat transfer coefficients, which differ from the uniform standardized values. As a result of this, the test specimen surface heat transfer coefficients will differ from those obtained with the non-framed, essentially flat Calibration Transfer Standard tested under the same conditions. In this standardizing procedure, it is assumed that the differences are small enough so that the calibration surface heat transfer coefficients can be used to calculate equivalent test specimen average surfaces temperatures, t1 and t2, in order to estimate the actual test specimen surface heat transfer coefficients. It is important to recognize that this assumption will not be accurate for all fenestration products, especially for high thermal transmittance products where the surface heat transfer coefficients are a major portion of the overall thermal resistance and also for fenestration products with significant surface projections (for example, skylights, roof windows, garden windows) where the surface heat transfer coefficients are quite different from the standardized values. 4.6.4 In these situations, it is important to attempt to measure the test specimen surface temperature distributions and then calculate directly the test specimen average area weighted surfaces temperatures, t1 and t2. This area weighting (AW) method also has problems in that the placement of temperature sensors to get an accurate area weighting is not known, especially on high conductivity horizontal surfaces that act as heat transfer extended surfaces (that is, fins). In addition, the placement of many temperature sensors on the test specimen surfaces will affect the velocity fields in the vicinity of these surfaces which will affect the surface temperatures and surface heat transfer coefficients. 1.1 This test method covers requirements and guidelines and specifies calibration procedures required for the measurement of the steady-state thermal transmittance of fenestration systems installed vertically in the test chamber. This test method specifies the necessary measurements to be made using measurement systems conforming to Test Method C1363 for determination of fenestration system thermal transmittance. Note 1: This test method allows the testing of projecting fenestration products (that is, garden windows, skylights, and roof windows) installed vertically in a surround panel. Current research on skylights, roof windows, and projecting products hopefully will provide additional information that can be added to the next version of this test method so that skylight and roof windows can be tested horizontally or at some angle typical of a sloping roof. 1.2 This test method refers to the thermal transmittance, U of a fenestration system installed vertically in the absence of solar radiation and air leakage effects. Note 2: The methods described in this document may also be adapted for use in determining the thermal transmittance of sections of building wall, and roof and floor assemblies containing thermal anomalies, which are smaller than the hot box metering area. 1.3 This test method describes how to determine the thermal transmittance, US of a fenestration product (also called test specimen) at well-defined environmental conditions. The thermal transmittance is also a reported test result from Test Method C1363. If only the thermal transmittance is reported using this test method, the test report must also include a detailed description of the environmental conditions in the thermal chamber during the test as outlined in 10.1.14. 1.4 For rating purposes, this test method also describes how to calculate a standardized thermal transmittance, UST, which can be used to compare test results from laboratories with vastly different thermal chamber configurations, and facilitates the comparison to results from computer programs that use standard heat transfer coefficients to determine the thermal transmittance of fenestration products. Although this test method specifies two methods of calculating the standardized thermal transmittance, only the standardized thermal transmittance result from one method is reported for each test. One standardized thermal transmittance calculation procedure is the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) Method and another is the Area Weighting (AW) Method (see Section 9 for further descriptions of these two methods). The Area Weighting method requires that the surface temperatures on both sides of the test specimen be directly measured as specified in Practice E1423 in order to determine the surface heat transfer coefficients on the fenestration product during the test. The CTS Method does not use the measured surface temperatures on the test specimen and instead utilizes the calculation of equivalent surface temperatures from calibration data to determine the test specimen surface heat transfer coefficients. The AW shall be used whenever the thermal transmittance, US, is greater than 3.4 W/(m2·K) [0.6 Btu/(hr·ft 2·°F)], or when the ratio of test specimen projected surface area to wetted (that is, total heat transfer or developed) surface area on either side of the test specimen is less than 0.80. Otherwise the CTS Method shall be used to standardize the thermal transmittance results. 1.5 A discussion of the terminology and underlying assumptions for measuring the thermal transmittance are included. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers minimum requirements of size, physical characteristics of materials, standard testing procedures, labeling and identification of pole vault box collars. With the required minimum dimensions, maximum thickness, maximum dimensions of box collar cutout, minimum dimensions of box collar cutout a pole vault box collars shall be tested under ambient conditions that match those of intended use. The pole vault box collar shall be tested using the impact testing procedures for Installed Surface Performance Test (Field Test) of ASTM F1292.1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements of size, physical characteristics of materials, standard testing procedures, labeling and identification of pole vault box collars.21.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers standard requirements for material, geometric, and wall section properties of steel box culverts manufactured from corrugated plate or sheet, with or without attached stiffeners, for field assembly. Appropriate fasteners and optional materials such as steel invert plates and headwalls are also described. Applications for steel box culverts include conduits for gravity flow drainage of surface water such as culverts and storm drains, as well as for small bridges and grade separation structures such as pedestrian or vehicular underpasses, and utility tunnels. Material standards shall not include requirements for foundations, backfill, or the relationship between earth cover or live loads and strength requirements. Manufactured steel box culverts shall not include requirements for the hydraulic design of these structures. Steel box culverts shall be classified in five types: Type I, II, III, IV and V. The required design properties shall be determined for the crown and haunch segments of the box culvert and shall conform to the geometric dimensional limits. The corrugated plate material utilized for the shells of Type I, II, III, and IV box culverts shall be fabricated from steel sheet or plate conforming to the chemical, mechanical, thickness, shape, and coating requirements. Sampling and testing of corrugated plate material shall be conducted and shall conform to the required chemical composition, mechanical properties and coating weight.1.1 This specification covers material, geometric, and wall section properties of steel box culverts manufactured from corrugated plate or sheet, with or without attached stiffeners, for field assembly. Appropriate fasteners and optional materials such as steel invert plates and headwalls are also described. Applications for steel box culverts include conduits for gravity flow drainage of surface water such as culverts and storm drains, as well as for small bridges and grade separation structures such as pedestrian or vehicular underpasses, and utility tunnels.1.2 This specification does not include requirements for foundations, backfill, or the relationship between earth cover or live loads and strength requirements. These important design considerations are described in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Customary U.S. Units (LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, SI Units).1.3 This specification does not include requirements for the hydraulic design of these structures. Hydraulic design, placement of footings or inverts, and end treatments to resist scour are described in FHWA HDS No. 5.1.4 Appendix X1 lists nominal dimensions of box culvert sizes commonly available for Type I, II, and IV box culverts. Also listed are cross-sectional area and hydraulic design parameters for these sizes. Geometries for Type III, V and VI box culverts are available from manufacturers.1.5 Appendix X2 lists manufacturers' suggested design properties for the box culvert types described in this specification, and for the spacing classes and material thicknesses typically available.1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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