1.1 This test method is used to determine the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials exposed to a controlled composting environment. Aerobic composting takes place in an environment where temperature, aeration, and humidity are closely monitored and controlled. 1.2 The test is designed to determine the biodegradability of plastic materials, relative to that of a standard material, in an aerobic environment. Aeration of the test reactors is maintained at a constant rate throughout the test and reactor vessels of a size no greater than 4-L volume are used to ensure that the temperature of the vessels is approximately the same as that of the controlled environment chamber. 1.3 Biodegradability of the plastic is assessed by determining the amount of weight loss from samples exposed to a biologically active compost relative to the weight loss from samples exposed to a "poisoned" control. 1.4 The test is designed to be applicable to all plastic materials that are not inhibitory to the bacteria and fungi present in the simulated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1- There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.

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The test procedures and associated analysis techniques described in this method can be used to determine complex shear modulus and permanent shear strain of asphalt mixtures. The shear frequency sweep test at constant height can be used to determine the complex shear modulus of a mixture. The repeated shear test at constant height can be used to determine permanent shear strain under repeated loading.Note 4—The complex shear modulus is used to characterize the shear behavior of the mixture, and the permanent shear strain relates to pavement rutting.1.1 This standard provides performance-related test procedures for the determination of stiffness complex shear modulus and permanent shear strain of asphalt mixtures using the Superpave Shear Tester (SST). This standard is applicable to the testing and analysis of modified and unmodified asphalt mixtures.1.2 This standard is applicable to specimens prepared in a laboratory or cored from a pavement for post-construction analysis. It is intended for use with specimens having the following minimum dimensions:

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4.1 In selecting or developing a resilient flooring or carpet adhesive, it is critical to have knowledge regarding how well the adhesive will bond to the desired substrate. Shear loading simulates a common failure mode.4.2 The test method determines the failure shear load for the test adhesive and specific substrate combination.1.1 This test method describes a procedure to measure shear strength development for adhesives used to bond resilient flooring and carpet to selected substrates.1.2 This test method provides a quantitative means of measuring and recording shear strength of the adhesive when it is applied to the desired substrate.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides accurate biobased/biogenic carbon content results to materials whose carbon source was directly in equilibrium with CO2 in the atmosphere at the time of cessation of respiration or metabolism, such as the harvesting of a crop or grass living in a field. Special considerations are needed to apply the testing method to materials originating from within artificial environments with non-natural levels of 14C or if the biofeed was grown over the course of several years such as trees and contains “bomb-carbon.” Application of these test methods to materials derived from CO2 uptake within artificial environments is beyond the present scope of this standard.5.2 This method uses LSC techniques to quantify the biobased content of a liquid hydrocarbon fuels using sample carbon that has been unmodified. It is designed to be able to incorporate into a refinery laboratory to support biofeed and petroleum coprocessing or blending operations to determine the biocarbon content of the intermediate or finished products. The test results can then be used for optimizing internal parameters or reporting to regulatory agencies.5.3 The use of this method requires that a pure petroleum-based sample can be generated that has a similar matrix to each product or stream to be analyzed. For example, gasoline and diesel have very different matrices and will likely require the use of different background measurements for each. Refer to 10.2 for how to determine if the same background sample can be used for more than one product/stream.1.1 This test method covers quantitatively determining biocarbon content of liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a focus on those produced in a typical petroleum refinery using liquid scintillation counting (LSC). The method is designed to generate analogous results as Test Method D6866 Method C, for low quench samples, without the need of benzene synthesis. The purpose is to be able to use the produced data to report biocarbon content of refinery products to regulatory agencies and monitor refinery operation. The method does not address regulatory reporting or fuel performance.1.2 The method is needed to support refinery operations when bio-feeds are co-processed with petroleum within a reactor with a focus on samples with 100 % biocarbon or less (not for 14C labeled species). It allows refineries to report the biocarbon content of refinery products to regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or California Air Resources Board (CARB) to comply with regulatory statutes such as The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) or Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS).1.3 This test method is applicable to any liquid fuel product, petroleum based (pure hydrocarbon), biobased (such as renewable diesel or those that can contain oxygenates such as ethanol), or blends, that contain 1 % to 100 % by mass biocarbon where an instrument background can be experimentally determined using a sample of similar matrix that contains no measurable carbon-14.1.4 This test method makes no attempt to teach the basic principles of the instrumentation used although minimum requirements for instrument selection are referenced in Refs (1-11).2 However, the preparation of samples for the above test methods is described. No details of instrument operation are included here. These are best obtained from the manufacturer of the specific instrument in use.1.5 Pre-Requisite Requirements For Method Execution—This test method uses artificial carbon-14 (14C) within the method. Great care shall be taken to prevent laboratory contamination of the elevated 14C. Once in the laboratory, artificial 14C can contaminate a variety of laboratory surfaces that can lead to artificially high sample biocarbon measurements. If vigorous cleaning attempts to remove the artificial 14C from a laboratory are unsuccessful, instrumentation and sample preparation may have to be moved to a new laboratory away from the contamination or the laboratory may have to rely on outside third-party labs for analysis. Specific procedural steps have been incorporated into this method that minimize the risk of sample and lab contamination. Wipe tests and quality assurance samples can validate absence of contamination. In the event of contamination in the laboratory or instrument, vigorous cleaning protocols shall be implemented, and analysis cannot be resumed until the lab and instrument are free of contamination. Accepted requirements are:1.5.1 Working with the elevated 14C samples in a separate and defined area away from the instrument and the preparation of any non-spiked samples.1.5.2 Using separate personnel to prepare the spiked samples and non-spiked samples.1.5.3 Using separate laboratory spaces with separate HVAC systems for the handling of spiked and non-spiked samples. The use of separate fume hoods that have separate exhaust ventilation satisfies this requirement.1.5.4 Weekly wipe tests of 14C sample handling area(s) to detect lab contamination.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining the concentration of fill gases, typically argon, oxygen, and nitrogen gases in individual sealed insulating glass units, which were intended to be filled with a specific concentration of fill gases at the time of manufacture.4.2 The fill gases, oxygen and nitrogen, are physically separated by gas chromatography and compared to corresponding components separated under similar conditions from a reference standard mixture or mixtures of known composition. If the carrier gas is the same as the fill gas, then just the oxygen and nitrogen (air contaminate) are separated.4.3 The composition of the sample is calculated from the chromatogram by comparing the area under the curve of each component with the area under the curve of the corresponding component on the reference standard chromatogram.4.4 It is essential that the person or persons performing this test are very knowledgeable about the principles and techniques of gas chromatography, operation and calibration of gas chromatographs. More information can be found in Practice E355.4.5 It takes time for the fill gas to equilibrate in any insulating glass unit. This is particularly important in insulating glass units using a tubular spacer and in units containing interior components such as tubular muntin bars. Performing this test before a unit has equilibrated could result in fill gas concentrations that are measurably different than the actual fill gas concentration.4.6 This method may be used to determine the initial fill gas concentration achieved by the filling method, or the fill gas concentration in units that have been in service or that have been subjected to durability tests such as those described in Test Method E2188.4.7 This is a destructive test method in that the edge seal of the insulating glass unit is breached in order to obtain a gas sample for analysis by gas chromatography.1.1 This test method covers procedures for using gas chromatographs to determine the concentration of argon gas in the space between the panes of sealed insulating glass.1.2 This test method is not applicable to insulating glass units containing open capillary/breather tubes.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 EIFS are barrier-type systems that must be weatherproofed to prevent the passage of moisture, air, dust, heat, and cold from entering a structure.5.2 This test method is intended to determine the adhesion properties of the sealant with the EIFS substrate as determined by its tensile adhesive properties for dry, wet, frozen, heat-aged, and artificial weather-aged conditions.1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure for measuring tensile adhesion properties of sealants to exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) under dry, wet, frozen, heat-aged, and artificial weather-aged conditions.1.2 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 During application, end users typically remove the adhesive from the container using the trowel and spread it onto the desired substrate. Adhesives with good rheological characteristics, therefore, will allow trowel retention. Adhesives with poor rheological characteristics tend to be unacceptable because they cannot be picked up by a trowel.4.2 Bead configuration is important in order to provide proper wetting/contact of the carpet backing. Beads drawn with a trowel, which show a nonslumping ridge, are preferred because they allow good contact to both substrates.4.3 Measurement of the slump resistance of the adhesive will allow an end user to know if an adhesive is capable of both adhering well to the trowel during application and maintain a nonflowing adhesive ridge.1.1 This test method describes a procedure to measure slump, or sag, resistance of a trowel-grade carpet adhesive using a button slump test apparatus.1.2 This test method provides a visual evaluation to relate troweled bead profile and trowel pickup.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The test method was developed for determining the fracture resistance of asphalt mixtures. The fracture resistance can help differentiate asphalt mixtures whose service life might be compromised by cracking. The test method is generally valid for specimens that are tested at temperatures of 10 °C or below (see Note 1). The specimen geometry is readily adapted to 150 mm diameter specimens, such as fabricated from Superpave (trademark) gyratory compactors (Test Method D6925), which are used for the asphalt mixture design process. The specimen geometry can also be adapted for forensic investigations using field cores of pavements where thin lifts are present. This geometry has been found to produce satisfactory results for asphalt mixtures with nominal maximum aggregates size ranging from 4.75 to 19 mm (2).NOTE 1: The stiffness of the asphalt binder tends to influence the assessment of a valid test as described in 7.4. For instance, a soft asphalt binder which may be required for a very cold climate might not lead to a mixture that would produce valid results at +10 °C and, conversely, a hard asphalt binder utilized in hot climates may require higher temperatures to provide any meaningful information.NOTE 2: The quality of the results produced by this test method are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results may depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guidelines provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.NOTE 3: The failure mechanism experienced in this test is influenced by the aggregate type due to the interactive effect of asphalt binder stiffness and aggregate quality on the fracture path and, therefore, fracture energy values. At high values of asphalt binder stiffness, similar to those experienced near the low-temperature performance grade of the asphalt binder, the crack will travel around the aggregate when the mixture includes hard, non-absorptive (for example, granite, trap rock) aggregates resulting in a longer crack path and higher values of fracture energy. For softer, more absorptive aggregates, the crack will travel through the aggregate, shortening the crack path and leading to lower values of fracture energy (3). Due to the influence of aggregate type on fracture energy, mixture design and/or binder grade adjustments in mixes that use softer aggregates may not be sufficient in improving fracture energy to meet a target value.1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture energy (Gf) of asphalt mixtures using the disk-shaped compact tension geometry. The disk-shaped compact tension geometry is a circular specimen with a single edge notch loaded in tension. The fracture energy can be utilized as a parameter to describe the fracture resistance of asphalt mixtures. The fracture energy parameter is particularly useful in the evaluation of asphalt mixtures with ductile asphalt binders, such as polymer-modified asphalt mixture, and has been shown to discriminate between these materials more broadly than the indirect tensile strength parameter (AASHTO T 322, Ref (1)).2 The test is generally valid at temperatures of 10 °C and below, or for material and temperature combinations which produce valid material fracture, as outlined in 7.4.1.2 The specimen geometry and terminology (disk-shaped compact tension, DC(T)) is modeled after Test Method E399 for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials, Appendix A6, with modifications to allow fracture testing of asphalt mix.1.3 The test method describes the testing apparatus, instrumentation, specimen fabrication, and analysis procedures required to determine fracture energy of asphalt mixture and similar quasi-brittle materials.1.4 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used to compare wall or ceiling coverings and constructions and for input to fire models.5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by giving a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications.5.4 Heat release data obtained by this test method will be inappropriate if the product will not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.5.5 Variations in substrates, mounting methods, and adhesives used to laminate composite products will potentially affect the test responses. These variables must be controlled during any comparative experiments.5.6 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if any of the following occur:5.6.1 Explosive spalling,5.6.2 The specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug or swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion, or5.6.3 The surface laminate rolls or curls when placed under the radiant heater.5.7 The specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory conditions in this procedure. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. The results are therefore valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers determination of the ignitability and heat release rate of composites consisting of a wall covering or ceiling covering, a substrate, and all laminating adhesives, coatings, and finishes. Heat release information cannot be used alone to evaluate the flammability of wall coverings or ceiling coverings. The data are intended to be used for modeling or with other data to evaluate a material.1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Heat release data at different heat fluxes are also obtained by this test method. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.1.3 The fire-test-response characteristics are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.1.4 The tests are conducted on bench-scale specimens combining the components used in the actual installation.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI-10.1.6 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be used in conducting these tests. This test method potentially involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Specific information about hazard is given in Section 6.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Since the heel is an integral support element of the shoe, the heel-attaching strength is a significant factor in ensuring the wearer's safety, as well as the longevity and serviceability of the shoe.4.2 This test should be performed on each new style shoe and when any changes are made in the design, material or method of shank or heel area of the shoe, or both, or in the attachment of the heel in an existing shoe.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to detach the heel from footwear through the application of longitudinal tensile force at a constant displacement rate. The longitudinal test force simulates the most common heel failure mode. Heel height of 20 mm (13/16 in.) or larger is needed to perform this test method properly. Most women's medium and high heeled footwear meets this requirement.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Attachment of overspray particles to vehicles and other surfaces not intended to be coated can result in property damage and insurance claims. Dry fall coatings are formulated such that overspray particles dry as they move through the air, and before they land on horizontal surfaces. These particles can then be brushed off, vacuumed or washed from the surfaces with no damage. This practice can be used to evaluate the dry fall properties of coatings prior to large scale use. The practice can also be used to evaluate whether the coating(s) possess the same dry fall properties when the fallout collects on surfaces with an elevated temperature.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for qualitatively evaluating the dry fall properties of coatings. The establishment of the test environment and the evaluation procedures are described.1.2 This practice uses panels containing an automotive finish since these types of surfaces are often the primary concern relating to overspray damage. Panels coated with other systems may be used as collection surfaces when they are deemed to be more representative.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is applicable for testing GCCMs in the cured state. This determines the initial and final breaking load to determine the initial and final tensile strength of the GCCM. It is used with a constant rate of extension type tensile testing machine.4.2 GCCMs are composites, and the cured cementitious material typically has a lower tensile strength to the geosynthetic layer(s). When testing the tensile strength of a cured GCCM, multiple cracks will typically form in the cementitious material, transferring loads to the reinforcing fibers (or linking elements) before the ultimate tensile strength of the GCCM is reached. In certain applications, engineers need to know the initial tensile strength of the GCCM, which is when the cementitious material first breaks and the material’s rigidity is reduced, not just the final tensile strength (ultimate strength), which is governed primarily by the geosynthetic layer(s).4.3 In service, the top layer of geosynthetic in a GCCM is particularly exposed to degradation from UV exposure and abrasion, especially in erosion control applications such as for channel lining with high levels of sedimentation in water flow. It is important that reported values take account of the effects of environmental degradation where this has a significant effect on in-service performance. It is therefore also necessary to test the initial and final tensile strength of the GCCM when the top layer has been removed to provide an indication of long-term GCCM tensile performance.1.1 The purpose of the proposed test method is to determine the tensile strength of cured/hydrated GCCM materials to include reporting the initial tensile strength (first crack in the cementitious layer) and final tensile strength for GCCMs as supplied and in a weathered state with the geosynthetic top layer(s) removed.1.2 As a performance test, this method will be used relatively infrequently and to test large lots of material. This test is not intended for routine quality control testing of GCCMs.1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in inch-pound units are in parentheses for information.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This standard provides a practice for RIQR evaluations of film and non-film imaging systems when exposed through an absorber material. Three alternate data evaluation methods are provided in Section 9. Determining RIQR requires the comparison of at least two radiographs or radiographic processes whereby the relative degree of image quality difference may be determined using the EPS plaque arrangement of Fig. 1 as a relative image quality indicator (RIQI). In conjunction with the RIQI, a specified radiographic technique or method must be established and carefully controlled for each radiographic process. This practice is designed to allow the determination of subtle changes in EPS that may arise to radiographic imaging system performance levels resultant from process improvements/changes or change of equipment attributes. This practice does not address relative unsharpness of a radiographic imaging system as provided in Practice E2002. The common element with any relative comparison is the use of the same RIQI arrangement for both processes under evaluation.4.2 In addition to the standard evaluation method described in Section 9, there may be other techniques/methods in which the basic RIQR arrangement of Fig. 1 might be utilized to perform specialized assessments of relative image quality performance. For example, other radiographic variables can be altered to facilitate evaluations provided these differences are known and documented for both processes. Where multiple radiographic process variables are evaluated, it is incumbent upon the user of this practice to control those normal process attributes to the degree suitable for the application. Specialized RIQR techniques may also be useful with micro focus X-ray, isotope sources of radiation or with the use of non-film radiographic imaging systems. RIQR may also be useful in evaluating imaging systems with alternate materials (RIQI and base plate) such as plastic, copper-nickel, or aluminum. When using any of these specialized applications, the specific method or techniques used shall be as specified and approved by the cognizant engineering organization.1.1 This standard covers a practice whereby industrial radiographic imaging systems or techniques may be comparatively assessed using the concept of relative image quality response (RIQR). Changes within a radiographic technique such as film/detector types, distances, or filtering/collimation can be comparatively assessed using this standard. The RIQR method presented within this practice is based upon the use of equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) described within Practice E1025 and subsection 5.4 of this practice. Fig. 1 illustrates a relative image quality indicator (RIQI) that has four different plaque thicknesses (0.38 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.20 mm, and 0.13 mm (0.015 in., 0.010 in., 0.008 in., and 0.005 in.)) sequentially positioned (from top to bottom) on an absorber plate of a specified material and thickness. The four plaques contain a total of 14 different arrays of penetrameter-type hole sizes designed to render varied conditions of threshold visibility when exposed to the appropriate radiation. Each “EPS” array consists of 30 identical holes; thus, providing the user with a quantity of threshold sensitivity levels suitable for relative image qualitative response comparisons. There are two standard materials (steel and plastic) specified herein for the RIQI and absorber. For special applications the user may design a non-standard RIQI-absorber configuration; however the RIQI configuration shall be controlled by a drawing similar to Fig. 1. Use of a non-standard RIQI-absorber configuration shall be described in the user’s written technique and approved by the CEO.1.2 This practice is not intended to qualify the performance of a specific radiographic technique nor for assurance that a radiographic technique will detect specific discontinuities in a specimen undergoing radiographic examination.1.3 This practice is not intended to be used to classify or derive performance classification categories for radiographic imaging systems. For example, performance classifications of radiographic film systems may be found within Test Method E1815, and manufacturer characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems may be found in Practice E2446. However, the RIQI and absorber described in this practice are used by Practice E2446 for manufacturer characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems and by Practice E2445 to evaluate performance and to monitor long term stability of CR systems.1.4 These tests are for applications below 4 MeV. When a gamma source or other high energy source is used, these tests may still be used to characterize the system, but may need a modification of the absorber thickness to adjust the available RIQR range as agreed between the user and cognizant engineering organization (CEO). For high-energy X-ray applications (4 MV to 25 MV), Test Method E1735 provides a similar RIQR standard practice.1.5 The values stated in SI are to be regarded as the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Numerous ASTM test methods and practices (for example: Test Methods D5259 and D5392, and Practices D6974 and E2563) report colony counts as their measured parameter.4.2 These practices provide a uniform set of counting, calculating, and reporting procedures for ASTM test methods in microbiology.  SectionA—Counting Colonies on Membrane Filters 6B—Counting Colonies on Pour Plates 7C—Counting Colonies on Spread Plates 84.3 The counting rules provide a best attainable estimate of microorganisms in the sample, since the samples cannot be held and reanalyzed at a later date.1.1 These practices cover recommended procedures for counting colonies and reporting colony-forming units (CFU) on membrane filters (MF) and standard pour and spread plates.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Upper limits for the formaldehyde emission rates have been established for wood panel building products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanently installed in homes or used as components in kitchen cabinets and similar industrial products. This test method is intended for use in conjunction with the test method referenced by HUD 24 for manufactured housing and by Minnesota Statutes for housing units and building materials. This method may also be used for monitoring products for compliance to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulation for composite wood products and the Environmental Protection Agency Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products, EPA TSCA Title VI 40 CFR Section 770. This test method provides a means of testing smaller samples and reduces the time required for testing.4.2 Formaldehyde concentration levels obtained by this small-scale method may differ from expected in full-scale indoor environments. Variations in product loading, temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange will affect formaldehyde emission rates and thus likely indoor air formaldehyde concentrations.4.3 This test method requires the use of a chamber of 0.02 to 1 m3 in volume to evaluate the formaldehyde concentration in air using the following controlled conditions:4.3.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,4.3.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the test chamber,4.3.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,4.3.4 The Q/A ratio, and4.3.5 Air circulation within the chamber.1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentrations in air emitted by wood product test specimens under defined test conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Results obtained from this small-scale chamber test method are intended to be comparable to results obtained from testing larger product samples by the large chamber test method for wood products, Test Method E1333. The results may be correlated to values obtained from Test Method E1333. The quantity of formaldehyde in an air sample from the small chamber is determined by a modification of NIOSH 3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. As with Test Method E1333, other analytical procedures may be used to determine the quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample provided that such methods give results comparable to those obtained by using the chromotropic acid procedure. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and the analytical procedure employed must be accurately described.1.2 The wood-based panel products to be tested by this test method are characteristically used for different applications and are tested at different relative amounts or loading ratios to reflect different applications. This is a test method that specifies testing at various loading ratios for different product types. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and must specify the make-up air flow, sample surface area, and chamber volume.1.3 Ideal candidates for small-scale chamber testing are products relatively homogeneous in their formaldehyde release characteristics. Still, product inhomogeneities must be considered when selecting and preparing samples for small-scale chamber testing.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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