This specification covers metal mechanical cold flare compression fittings with integral disc spring suitable for use with four sizes of cross-linked polyethelene PEX plastic tubing. These fittings are intended for use in cold and hot water distributions systems and hydronic heating systems. Included are the requirements for materials, performance, dimensions, workmanship and markings to be used on the fittings.1.1 This specification covers metal mechanical cold flare compression fittings with integral disc spring suitable for use with cross-linked polyethelene PEX plastic tubing in 3/8, ½ , 5/8, and ¾ nominal diameters. that meets the requirements of Specifications F876 and F877. These fittings are intended for use in 100 psi (689.5 kPa) cold and hot water distributions systems and hydronic heating systems operating at temperatures up to and including 180°F (82°C). Included are the requirements for materials, workmanship, dimensions, and markings to be used on the fittings.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pounds units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This specification covers bridge bearings that consist of an unconfined polyether urethane rotational element subjected to compression loads, along with a resisting mechanism to transmit shear and/or tension loads through the bearing. For expansion and/or contraction applications, an additional stainless steel flat surface slides against a carbon steel plate faced with sheet polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The function of the bearing is to transfer loads and to accommodate any relative movement, including rotation between a bridge superstructure and its supporting structure, or both.1.2 The requirements stated in this specification are the minimums necessary for the manufacture of quality bearing devices. It may be necessary to increase these minimum values due to other design or construction conditions.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments in the absence of reliable information on between-laboratory precision.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), a comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from a material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue of tire cords in rubber due to compression or extension, or both, using a disc fatigue tester. The fatigue is measured as a loss in strength.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Used Lubricating Oil—The determination of debris in used oil is a key diagnostic method practiced in machine condition monitoring programs. The presence or increase in concentration of specific wear metals can be indicative of the early stages of wear if there are baseline concentration data for comparison. A marked increase in contaminant elements can be indicative of foreign materials in the lubricants, such as antifreeze or sand, which may lead to wear or lubricant degradation. The test method identifies the metals and their concentration so that trends relative to time or distance can be established and corrective action can be taken prior to more serious or catastrophic failure.1.1 This test method covers the determination of wear metals and contaminants in used lubricating oils and used hydraulic fluids by rotating disc electrode atomic emission spectroscopy (RDE-AES).1.2 This test method provides a quick indication for abnormal wear and the presence of contamination in new or used lubricants and hydraulic fluids.1.3 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to relate quantitatively the values determined as insoluble particles to the dissolved metals. Analytical results are particle size dependent and low results may be obtained for those elements present in used oil samples as large particles.1.4 The test method is capable of detecting and quantifying elements resulting from wear and contamination ranging from dissolved materials to particles approximately 10 μm in size.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5.1 The preferred units are mg/kg (ppm by mass).1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method provides the means to measure the potential resistance to wear of unglazed ceramic tile intended for floor coverings. This test method does not consider physical appearance but is intended to measure durability. See Test Method C1027 for the determination of visible abrasion resistance of glazed ceramic tile.4.1.1 See Test Method C501 for an alternative method to determine deep abrasion.1.1 This test method covers the deep abrasive wear by measuring the loss of volume resulting from abrasion of unglazed ceramic tile under given conditions by means of a rotating disc and the use of abrasive material.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide can be used to develop test parameters for evaluating fatigue and wear behavior of IVD prostheses under impingement loading. It must be recognized, however, that there are likely many possible impingement conditions for a given IVD prosthesis.5.2 The user should attempt to determine the clinically relevant and geometrically possible impingement conditions and dictated by the design and impingement wear test parameters that may result in wear and fatigue damage for the IVD prosthesis. The user should also attempt to select the device size which will represent a worst case for the impingement conditions and parameters selected.5.3 The user should reference and utilize existing sources of information to identify the impingement test parameters that produce the clinically relevant impingement wear and damage for their IVD prosthesis. Prior clinical experience with the device design may aid in the development of impingement test parameters through analysis of device retrievals and radiographs. However, prior clinical experience with the IVD being tested should not be considered as a prerequisite for performing impingement testing.5.4 This guide details a three-step process for assessing device impingement under a selected set of conditions:5.4.1 The user selects previously identified impingement conditions, one at a time, or clinically observed conditions.5.4.2 The user selects the worst-case size of device to apply the selected conditions.5.4.3 Solid modeling and the quasistatic test method should be employed to assess the impingement condition and determine the impingement test parameters – most importantly, the angular displacement limits to be used in the impingement wear test.5.4.4 The impingement wear test is then conducted using the impingement test parameters.5.5 This guide serves to evaluate devices with various designs, materials (i.e., metal-on-metal versus polymer-on-polymer), and stiffness in the impingement region using the same axial force and angular displacement control.5.5.1 In the case where the device has no limit in a given direction or does not allow motion in a given direction, a rationale for excluding that condition should be provided (e.g., intended design or function of the device).5.6 Impingement occurs over a range between an initial and an ultimate angle rather than at a discrete angle and location because both design (e.g., mobile bearings) and material combinations (e.g., inclusion of polymeric materials) may lead to compliance, deformation and wear, which in turn may lead to a change in the angular displacement at which contact occurs over the course of the test. A range of angular displacement is therefore prescribed to ensure that the impingement region is fully loaded during each impingement cycle.5.7 The suggested test parameters in Table 1 have been provided with the objective of minimizing Mode I wear at the bearing surface while providing sufficient motion to fully offload the bearing surface for each cycle. Given that the intended function of the devices is typically to articulate, it may be impossible to fully eliminate Mode 1 wear at the intended bearing interface.5.8 The point of impingement (POI) is a simplification for the purpose of determining an impingement moment arm and thus calculating the theoretical ultimate moment (Mt). Mt may be useful for comparing device designs.5.9 The contribution of axial rotation to impingement damage is still under-studied. However, retrieval analysis has provided evidence that it may contribute to impingement damage. Many total disc replacements are unconstrained in axial rotation. Therefore, unlike flexion-extension or lateral bending where a moment versus angular displacement response can be readily developed, axial rotation will have a near-zero moment response. The axial rotation parameters provided in Section 15 are based on the Mode 1 wear test methods and should be assessed and altered if justification (e.g., wear patterns from retrievals, scientific literature, etc.) exists.1.1 This standard is intended to provide guidance on the evaluation of wear and fatigue characteristics of total disc prostheses under cyclic impingement conditions.1.2 This guide describes impingement testing of devices with articulating components. The user is cautioned that the methods described herein are intended to produce an impingement condition which may or may not be indicative of clinical performance and which may or may not be consistent with the intended use of the device, and that this should be considered when interpreting the data. Clinically, total disc prostheses should always be implanted per labeling and the manufacturer’s instructions for use.1.3 Impingement has been observed in retrievals among several total disc prosthesis designs; however, impingement is not necessarily associated with device or clinical failure. It is the intent of this guide to investigate possible impingement-induced wear and mechanical failure modes associated with device design, as well as potential mechanical failure modes associated with clinical events such as subsidence, malpositioning, and improper implant sizing. Note that mechanical failure may or may not be associated with functional failure.1.4 It is recommended that the user define the bearing and non-bearing features of the intervertebral disc (IVD) prosthesis and evaluate the performance of the IVD prosthesis under Mode 1 wear by using Guide F2423 or ISO 18192-1 prior to use of this guide. This standard is not intended to provide guidance on Mode I testing.1.5 The goal of this guide is to evaluate impingement in IVD prostheses regardless of the intended region of the spine (cervical or lumbar), material or material combinations (ceramic, metal, polymer), and bearing type (fixed or mobile).1.6 It is the intent of this guide to enable comparison of IVD prostheses with regard to wear and fatigue characteristics when tested under the specified conditions.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard with the exception of angular measurements which should be reported in degrees.1.8 The use of this standard may involve the operation of potentially hazardous equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 By definition, the tensile strength of manufactured graphite is obtained by the direct uniaxial tensile test (Test Method C749). The C749 tensile test specimen is relatively large and is frequently incompatible with available irradiation capsule volumes, or oxidation apparatus (Test Method D7542). The splitting tensile test provides an alternate means of testing tensile properties on specimens that have severe geometric constraints and otherwise cannot meet the prescribed testing geometries of Test Method C749. By loading a disc-shaped specimen, on edge, under a compressive load, the resulting tensile stresses transverse to the loading axis provide an indication of the tensile strength properties of graphite. To obtain consistent and meaningful values of a splitting tensile strength, it is vital that the fracture initiate in the center of the disk and not along an edge. This standard test helps to ensure that the disk specimens break diametrally along the loading diameter due to tensile stresses that are perpendicular to the loading axis and that the fracture initiates at the center of the disk.4.2 The stress determined using the diametral compression test is the maximum tensile stress at the center of the disk when loaded under the prescribed conditions and the fracture initiates at the center of the disk. It should be understood that this tensile stress value is obtained with the specimen in a complex biaxial stress condition. When the test is performed carefully and consistently these tensile stress values are comparable to each other, but the performers of this test should validate the values obtained. Any bias when comparing values with this standard to the uniaxial tensile stress values obtained using Test Method C749 should be identified and reported. Validation shall be performed on the same material and may not be applicable to other states of the same material (for example, oxidized, irradiated). Guidance on small specimen testing can be found in Guide D7775.1.1 This test method covers testing apparatus, specimen preparation, and testing procedures for determining the splitting tensile strength of graphite by diametral line compression of a disk. This small specimen geometry (Test Method D7779) is specifically intended for irradiation capsule use. Users are cautioned to use Test Method C749 if possible for measuring tensile strength properties of graphite.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 All dimension and force measurements and stress calculations shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This guide can be used to determine the fatigue and wear behavior of IVD prostheses subjected to functional and kinematic cyclic loading/motion for relatively large numbers of cycles (for example, various designs of IVD prostheses, as well as the effects of materials, manufacturing techniques and other design variables on one particular design can be determined using this guide).4.2 This guide is intended to be applicable to IVD prostheses that support load and transmit motion by means of an articulating joint or by use of compliant materials. Ceramics, metals, or polymers, or combination thereof, are used in IVD prostheses, and it is the goal of this guide to enable a kinematic wear and/or fatigue comparison of these devices, regardless of material and type of device.1.1 This guide provides guidance for wear and/or fatigue testing of total disc prostheses under functional and kinematic conditions and, to this end, describes test methods for assessment of the wear or functional characteristics, or both, of total disc prostheses.1.2 Both lumbar and cervical prostheses are addressed.1.3 Load and kinematic profiles for lumbar and cervical devices are not identical and, therefore, are addressed separately in the guide.1.4 Partial disc replacements, such as nucleus replacements or facet joint replacements, are not intended to be addressed.1.5 Wear is assessed using a weight loss method in a testing medium as defined in this guide.1.6 This guide does not address any potential failure mode as it relates to the fixation of the implant to its bony interfaces.1.7 It is the intent of this guide to enable comparison of intervertebral disc (IVD) prostheses with regard to wear and fatigue characteristics when tested under the specified conditions. It must be recognized, however, that there are many possible variations in in-vivo conditions. A single laboratory simulation with a fixed set of parameters might not be universally representative.1.8 Most IVD prostheses primarily fall into two classifications: articulating ball-in-socket type prostheses, and elastomeric or compliant type prostheses. For the former, this guide primarily addresses Mode 1 wear (defined in 3.2.17.1); whereas for the latter, this guide addresses potential failure of the prosthesis when the implant is subjected to a range of motion and/or loads that fall within the full range of possible physiologic motions and loads.1.9 For articulating components, this guide predominantly describes a Mode 1 test. The user is cautioned that other modes of wear may occur and may have significant influence on the functionality and performance of an articulating IVD prosthesis; therefore, the user should consider the effects of other wear modes on the performance of the prosthesis.1.10 In order that the data be reproducible and comparable within and between laboratories, it is essential that uniform procedures are established. This guide is intended to facilitate uniform methods for testing and reporting of data for total disc replacement prostheses.1.11 Without a substantial clinical retrieval history of IVD prostheses, actual loading profiles and patterns cannot be delineated at the time of the writing of this guide. It therefore follows that the load and motion conditions specified by this guide do not necessarily accurately reproduce those occurring in vivo. Rather, this guide provides useful boundary/endpoint conditions for evaluating prosthesis designs in a functional manner.1.12 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard with the exception of angular measurements, which may be reported in either degrees or radians.1.13 This guide is not intended to be a performance standard. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to characterize the safety and effectiveness of the prosthesis under evaluation.1.14 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.15 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Operating experience of gas turbines and diesel engines has shown that some of the ash-forming substances present in a fuel can lead to high temperature corrosion, ash deposition, and fuel system fouling. Ash-forming materials may be in a fuel as oil-soluble metallo-organic compounds as water-soluble salts or as solid foreign contamination. Their presence and concentration varies with the geographical source of a crude oil and they are concentrated in the residual fractions during the refining process. Although distillate fuel oils are typically contaminant free, ash-forming materials may be introduced later in the form of salt-bearing water or by contact with other petroleum products during transportation and storage. Specifications of gas turbine and diesel engine fuels and the significance of contamination and trace metals are detailed in Specifications D2880 and D975.5.1.1 Pre-conditioning of the fuel before it reaches the gas turbine or diesel engine has become a prerequisite for installations that use heavy petroleum fuel, and also for sites that use light distillate fuel oils. On-site fuel analysis to determine the extent of contamination is an integral part of a fuel quality management program. It is used first to determine the extent of the required treatment, and later, the effectiveness of the treatment. It starts with the delivery of the fuel, continues throughout fuel handling and ends only as the fuel is injected into the turbine or engine.5.1.2 Fuel contamination specifications vary among the different gas turbine manufacturers. However, without exception, each requires that contaminants must be as low as possible. In most power generation installations, it is the owner who has the responsibility of verifying fuel cleanliness in compliance with the turbine manufacturer's warranty specifications. This leads to an on-site analytical instrument performance requirement of below 1.0 mg/kg for several elements.1.1 This test method covers the determination of contaminants and materials as a result of corrosion in gas turbine or diesel engine fuels by rotating disc electrode atomic emission spectroscopy (RDE-AES).1.1.1 The test method is applicable to ASTM Grades 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT, and 4-GT gas turbine fuels and Grades Low Sulfur No. 1-D, Low Sulfur No. 2-D, No. 1-D, No. 2-D, and No. 4-D diesel fuel oils.1.1.1.1 Trace metal limits of fuel entering turbine combustor(s) are given as 0.5 mg/kg each for vanadium, sodium + potassium, calcium, and lead in Specification D2880 for all GT grades.1.1.2 This test method provides a rapid at-site determination of contamination and corrosive elements ranging from fractions of mg/kg to hundreds of mg/kg in gas turbine and diesel engine fuels so the fuel quality and level of required treatment can be determined.1.1.3 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine or detect insoluble particles.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units for concentration are mg/kg (ppm by mass).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车