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4.1 The oxidation stability test of mineral transformer oils is a method for assessing the amount of sludge and acid products formed in a transformer oil when the oil is tested under prescribed conditions. Good oxidation stability is necessary in order to maximize the service life of the oil by minimizing the formation of sludge and acid. Oils that meet the requirements specified for this test in Specification D3487 tend to minimize electrical conduction, ensure acceptable heat transfer, and preserve system life. There is no proven correlation between performance in this test and performance in service, since the test does not model the whole insulation system (oil, paper, enamel, wire). However, the test can be used as a control test for evaluating oxidation inhibitors and to check the consistency of oxidation stability of production oils.1.1 This test method determines the resistance of mineral transformer oils to oxidation under prescribed accelerated aging conditions. Oxidation stability is measured by the propensity of oils to form sludge and acid products during oxidation. This test method is applicable to new oils, both uninhibited and inhibited, but is not well defined for used or reclaimed oils.NOTE 1: A shorter duration oxidation test for evaluation of inhibited oils is available in Test Method D2112.NOTE 2: For those interested in the measurement of volatile acidity, reference is made to IEC Method 61125. 21.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:5.1.1 To determine the mineralogy of the material that may be observed by petrographic methods (in this method, by use of XRD) and that may have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.5.1.2 To determine the relative amounts of the constituents of the sample which is essential for proper evaluation of the sample when the constituents may differ significantly in properties that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.5.1.3 This method helps to evaluate mineral aggregate sources for suitability as a material to be used for construction, renovation, or modification of equine surfaces. The information gathered will allow for the comparison of the composition of new mineral sources with samples of other mineral aggregate from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.5.2 This method may be used by a petrographer employed directly by those for whom the examination is made. The employer should tell the petrographer, in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired. Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination.5.3 This method may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analyses to be made and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions.1.1 X-Ray diffraction (XRD) is a tool for identifying minerals, such as quartz and feldspar, and types of clay present in bulk samples of equine surfaces. Determining the mineralogy of a given bulk sample provides insight into surface properties, such as abrasion resistance by comparing the relative differences of hardness of the various mineral fractions such as quartz or feldspar or the plasticity differences in clay minerals such as smectite or kaolinite. XRD techniques are qualitative in nature and only semi-quantitative.1.2 Particle size distribution analyses methods including hydrometer tests to determine proportions of sand, silt, and clay fractions based upon particle size but are not able to distinguish particles by shape or mineralogy of materials. In addition to a qualitative detection of minerals present in a sample, XRD methods are also semi-quantitative and also yield important data on the relative proportion of particular minerals present.1.3 XRD techniques are generally semi-quantitative in nature. Even so, such semiquantitative data is useful in determining relative proportions of each mineral type. This method is also semi-qualitative in nature as it is geared for the determination or mineral groups. For example, it will determine the relative amount of alkali feldspars (such as K-feldspar or Nafeldspar) from Plagioclase-feldspar but not necessarily if the Plagioclase-feldspar is albite or anorthite nor whether the K-feldspar is orthoclase of microcline. Likewise, it will differentiate smectite from mica from kaolinite but not whether the smectite is montmorillonite or saponite. More precise determination of mineral species by XRD is possible but involves more advanced preparation and treatment methods than what is within the scope of this standard.1.4 The XRD method herein primarily makes use of “Glass Slide Method” but may be subject to modification depending on the user’s needs.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers mineral filler added as a separate ingredient for use in asphalt mixtures.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Bituminous geomembranes, whether made from oxidized or polymer-modified bitumen, may contain a significant amount of mineral stabilizer. The amount of mineral stabilizer used in a bituminous geomembrane has an effect on several physical properties, including but not limited to cold temperature, flexibility, and asphalt penetration (see Guide D6455 for a list of PBGM properites).1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the determination of mineral stabilizer content in prefabricated bituminous geomembranes (PBGMs) by calcination.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes the material and manufacturing requirements for water-based asphalt emulsion (mineral colloid or chemically stabilized type) pavement sealers suitable for use as a weather-protective coating over bituminous pavements, such as roadways, driveways, and parking areas. The base asphalt emulsion shall be made using binders prepared from crude petroleum; the mineral filler (when used), shall consist of finely ground clay, silica, limestone, slate, basalt, slag, or other inert inorganic filler materials; and the aggregate shall be either a natural or manufactured angular aggregate composed of clean, hard, durable particles free of clay or other objectionable material. The aggregate to be used shall follow the manufacturer's recommendations; however, 100% of the aggregate shall pass a 2.38 mm [No. 8] mesh-sieve at all times. Aggregate may either be added at the point of manufacture, post-added at the job site, or both. The use of an additive is optional and shall be approved by the asphalt emulsion pavement sealer manufacturer.This specification also covers the physical requirements, sampling, inspection, and packaging and package marking for asphalt emulsion pavement sealers (mineral colloid or chemically stabilized type).1.1 This specification covers water-based asphalt emulsion (mineral colloid or chemically stabilized type) pavement sealer suitable for use as a weather-protective coating over bituminous pavements, such as roadways, parking areas, and driveways.NOTE 1: Application shall be made in accordance with a forthcoming ASTM standard on the application of asphalt emulsion pavement sealer.1.2 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Classification of insulation relative to flexibility or rigidity is useful in establishing installation and application characteristics.1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for the classification of mineral fiber insulation as flexible, resilient flexible, semirigid, or rigid.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C547-22a Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

This specification covers mineral fiber pipe insulation that are formed into hollow cylinders for standard pipe and tubing sizes. The pipe insulation may be molded or precision v-grooved with one or more walls split longitudinally and used up to a specified temperature. The materials are classified into five types according to the processing method used to form the material and the operating temperatures and into two grades according to heating requirements. The mineral fiber insulation should be manufactured from molten mineral substances such as rock, slag, or glass and processed into fibrous form using a binder, and adhesives when preferred. All products should conform to the required values of hot surface performance, non-fibrous content, use temperature, sag resistance, linear shrinkage, water vapor sorption, surface-burning characteristics, apparent thermal conductivity, and mean temperature.1.1 This specification covers mineral fiber insulation produced to form hollow cylinders for standard pipe and tubing sizes. Use mineral fiber pipe insulation that has been either molded or precision v-grooved, with one or more walls split longitudinally for use on pipe temperatures up to 1400°F (760°C).1.2 For satisfactory performance, use properly installed protective vapor retarders or barriers on sub-ambient temperature applications to reduce movement of moisture through or around the insulation to the colder surface. Failure to use a vapor barrier can lead to insulation and system damage. Refer to Practice C921 to aid material selection.1.3 Flexible mineral fiber wrap products such as perpendicular-oriented fiber insulation rolls, non-precision or manually scored block or board, or flexible boards or blankets used as pipe insulation, are not covered by this specification.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 For Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) acceptance, materials must also comply with Supplemental Requirements. See Annex A1 of this standard.1.6 The following safety hazards caveat applies to the test methods portion, Section 11, only: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This field-test method provides chloride and fluoride concentration results on a dry basis. Concentration data for gaseous chlorides and fluorides are assumed to be hydrochloric acid gas, and hydrofluoric acid gas when calculating mass emission rates.Mass emission rates of HCl and HF can be calculated if the effluent volumetric flow rate is known. Volumetric flow rates can be calculated by conducting EPA Methods 1–4 or their equivalents.This field test method provides data having bias and precision for HCl consistent with the values in Section 14. In addition, the test-specific bias can be assessed for each test by conducting the post-test quality assurance check. The procedure is identified as optional, and the performance of this procedure depends on the test specific data quality objectives, and end use of the data.The test-specific precision may be determined by conducting paired-runs. Paired runs aid in identifying possible suspect data and provide backup in the event one train is invalidated. Performing paired runs depends on the test-specific data quality objectives.The reaction of gaseous HCl with ammonia (NH3) to form solid ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is well known. At stack temperatures common to the exits of baghouses and ESPs at mineral calcining facilities (that is, 250 to 450°F or 121 to 232°C), an equilibration between the gaseous HCl/NH3, the condensed NH4Cl(s), and the effluent particulate matter can exist. It is impossible to know the exact partition ratio between the gas and particulate phases of these compounds in the sampling system. Furthermore, it is very difficult to control the effects of these partitioning reactions within the various sampling system components.Note 4—Use of this method is cautioned when trying to quantify HCl (g) in the presence of ammonium chloride and ammonia.1.1 This method will measure the concentration of gaseous hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, and other gaseous chlorides and fluorides that pass through a particulate matter filter maintained at 177°C (350°F). This method is specific for sampling combustion effluent from mineral calcining industries and other stationary sources where the reactive/adsorptive nature of the particulate matter may affect measurements.1.2 This method utilizes ion chromatography to quantify the aqueous samples, and thus measures only the C1- and F- ions.1.3 Based on a one-hour sampling run, the method will provide results of known accuracy and precision for chloride and fluoride in-stack concentrations of 0.5 ppm (v) dry or greater. Extending the run duration and sampling a greater volume of effluent will extend the range to lower concentrations.1.4 This method includes optional post-test quality assurance procedures to assess the bias of the test results, and optional paired sample train runs to assess the precision of test results.

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4.1 This test method is used to determine the extent of coverage of the granular surfacing over the asphaltic coating in a sample of mineral-surfaced roofing. The results determine compliance with the applicable specification requirements or may be used for comparative analysis. This test method applies to both “as manufactured” material and material that has weathered or undergone other types of exposure.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hiding power of granules on a mineral-surfaced roofing sheet. The test is used primarily after an abrasion test has been conducted to determine the portion of asphaltic compound that has been exposed as a result of the abrasion test.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The sorption of water can result in an increase in weight and a resultant potential degradation of the properties of the insulation.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of water vapor sorbed by mineral fiber insulation exposed to a high-humidity atmosphere. This test method is applicable only to fibrous base material and binder. The results obtained by this test method cannot be used in describing faced products, since the facing is not tested by using this test method.1.2 The water vapor sorption characteristics of materials may be affected by conditions such as elevated temperatures or chemical exposures. Values obtained as a result of this test method may not adequately describe the water vapor sorption characteristics of materials subjected to these conditions.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operations and maintenance departments, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The method is used to determine compliance of mineral fillers with the grading requirements of Specification D242.1.1 This test method covers the sieve analysis of mineral fillers used in asphalt paving mixtures.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.NOTE 1: Regarding sieves, per Specification E11, “the values stated in SI units shall be considered standard for the dimensions of the wire cloth openings and the diameter of the wires used in the wire cloth.” When sieve mesh sizes are referenced, the alternate inch-pound designations are provided for information purposes and enclosed in parentheses.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers and is intended as a rapid method for the evaluation of the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing a synthetic oxidation inhibitor. This test is considered of value in checking the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, or both, in order to control the continuity of this property from shipment to shipment. The applicability of this procedure for use with inhibited mineral insulating oils of more than 12 cSt at 40 °C (approximately 65 SUS at 100 °F) has not been established.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard except where there is no direct equivalent for hardware designed on the inch-pound unit basis.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See warning in 6.7.)1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers perpendicularly oriented mineral fiber roll and sheet thermal insulation for use on the flat, curved, or round surfaces of pipes and tanks. The orientation of the rock, slag, or glass fibers within the roll or sheet insulation is essentially perpendicular to the heated/cooled surface. Materials covered in this specification do not include flat block, board, duct wrap, or preformed pipe mineral fiber insulation where the insulation fiber orientation is generally parallel to the heated/cooled surface. In low-temperature applications, properly installed protective vapor retarders should be used to prevent water vapor from moving through or around the insulation towards the colder surface. The materials are classified into six types according to the maximum use temperature and maximum apparent thermal conductivity and into two categories according to minimum compressive resistance. Samples taken from the materials should be tested according to the recommended procedures and should conform to the required values of corrosiveness to steel, stress corrosion to austenitic stainless steel, shot content, maximum use temperature, maximum exothermic temperature rise, and compressive resistance.1.1 This specification covers the composition, dimensions, and physical properties of compression-resistant, perpendicularly oriented mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) roll and sheet insulation intended for use on flat, curved, or round surfaces operating at temperatures between 0°F (–18°C) and 1000°F (538°C). This product (pipe and tank insulation) is typically used on nominal 24 in. (610 mm) or greater diameter surfaces. For specific applications, the actual use temperatures and diameters shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.1.2 The orientation of the fibers within the roll or sheet insulation is essentially perpendicular to the heated/cooled surface (parallel to heat flow). This specification does not apply to flat block, board, duct wrap, or preformed pipe mineral fiber insulation where the insulation fiber orientation is generally parallel to the heated/cooled surface (across the heat flow).1.3 For satisfactory performance, properly installed protective vapor retarders must be used in below ambient temperature applications to reduce movement of moisture/water vapor through or around the insulation towards the colder surface. Failure to use a vapor retarder can lead to insulation and system damage. Refer to Practice C921 to aid material selection. Although vapor retarders properties are not part of this specification, properties required in Specification C1136 are pertinent to application or performance.1.4 When the installation or use of thermal materials, accessories, and systems may pose safety or health problems, the manufacturer shall provide the user-appropriate current information regarding any known problems associated with the recommended use for the products of the company and shall also recommend protective measures to be employed in their safe utilization. The user shall establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Scaffolds may be composed of purely mineral or ceramic materials, or they may be composed of a composite material with its main phase being a mineral or ceramic. Scaffolds may be porous or non-porous, mechanically rigid or compliant, and degradable or non-degradable. The scaffold may or may not have undergone a surface treatment.1.1 This guidance document covers the chemical, physical, biological, and mechanical characterization requirements for biocompatible mineral- and ceramic-based scaffolds used solely as device or to manufacture tissue-engineered medical products (TEMPs). In this guide, the pure device or the TEMPs product will be referred to as scaffold.1.2 The test methods contained herein provide guidance on the characterization of the bulk physical, chemical, mechanical, and surface properties of a scaffold construct. These properties may be important for the performance of the scaffold, especially if they affect cell behavior, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. In addition, these properties may affect the delivery of bioactive agents, the biocompatibility and the bioactivity of the final product.1.3 This document may be used as guidance in the selection of test methods for the comprehensive characterization of a raw materials, granules, pre-shaped blocks, or an original equipment manufacture (OEM) specification. This guide may also be used to characterize the scaffold component of a finished medical product.1.4 While a variety of materials can be used to manufacture such scaffolds, the composition of the final scaffold shall contain mineral or ceramic components as its main ingredients.1.5 This guide assumes that the scaffold is homogeneous in nature. Chemical or physical inhomogeneity or mechanical anisotropy of the scaffold shall be declared in the manufacturer’s material and scaffold specification.1.6 This guide addresses neither the biocompatibility of the scaffold, nor the characterization or release profiles of any biomolecules, cells, drugs, or bioactive agents that are used in combination with the scaffold.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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