3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general and provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.3.2 For purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the user has knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety hazards.3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or wastes when safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the user shall use other more appropriate procedures.1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) that are common to most waste sampling situations.1.2 The aspects of sampling that this guide addresses are as follows:  SectionSafety plans  4Sampling plans  5Quality assurance considerations  6General sampling considerations  7Preservation and containerization  8Cleaning equipment  9Packaging, labeling, and shipping procedures 10Chain-of-custody procedure 111.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any specific application. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the procedures used are proper and adequate.1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers the general planning of a spectrochemical laboratory, the equipment necessary for efficient operation of such a laboratory, and recommended safety precautions to be considered. Principal equipment housed in such a laboratory may include optical emission spectrographs, vacuum and air-path optical emission spectrometers, plasma emission spectrometers, X-ray emission spectrometers, X-ray diffractometers, and atomic absorption and flame emission spectrophotometers. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 An appropriately developed, documented, and executed guide is essential for the proper collection and application of borehole geophysical logs.5.2 Borehole geophysical techniques yield direct and indirect measurements with depth of the (1) physical, lithologic, mechanical, stresses, hydrologic, discontinuities, and chemical properties of the rock matrix and/or fluid around the borehole, (2) fluid contained in the borehole, and (3) construction of the borehole.5.3 The benefits of its use include improving the following:5.3.1 Selection of logging methods and equipment,5.3.2 Log quality and reliability, and5.3.3 Usefulness of the log data for subsequent display and interpretation.1.1 Purpose and Application: 1.1.1 This guide covers the documentation and general procedures necessary to plan and conduct a geophysical borehole logging program as commonly applied to geologic, engineering, groundwater, and environmental (hereafter referred to as geotechnical) site characterizations.1.1.2 This guide applies to commonly used logging methods (see Tables 1 and 2) for geotechnical site characterizations.1.1.3 This guide provides an overview of the following:(1) the uses of single borehole geophysical methods,(2) general logging procedures,(3) documentation,(4) calibration, and(5) factors that can affect the quality of borehole geophysical logs and their subsequent interpretation. Log interpretation is very important, but specific methods are too diverse to be described in this guide.1.1.4 Logging procedures must be adapted to meet the needs of a wide range of applications and stated in general terms so that flexibility or innovation are not suppressed.1.1.5 To obtain detailed information on operating methods, publications (for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9)2 should be consulted. A limited amount of tutorial information is provided, but other publications listed herein, including a glossar y of terms and general texts on the subject, should be consulted for more complete background information.1.2 Limitations: 1.2.1 This guide is not meant to describe the specific or standard procedures for running each type of geophysical log, and is limited to measurements in a single borehole.1.2.2 Surface or shallow-depth nuclear gages for measuring water content or soil density (that is, those typically thought of as construction quality assurance devices), measurements while drilling (MWD), cone penetrometer tests, and logging for petroleum or minerals are excluded.1.2.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.3 Precautions: 1.3.1 If the method is used at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and to determine the applicability of regulations prior to use.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide establishes basic requirements which should be met by water and environmental laboratories that generate and report test chemical analyses which the laboratory client desires to be traceable to SI units (Note 1) or certified reference materials traceable to SI units. Traceability of chemical analyses is important because it provides a uniform basis for the comparison of results from different measurement systems and because it relates those results to our current knowledge of physical laws (Note 2).NOTE 1: A certified reference material traceable to SI units is a certified reference material whose value can be related with a stated uncertainty through an unbroken change of comparisons to stated references (usually national or international standards) in SI units, such as a primary measurement made in SI units or a national standard certified in SI units.NOTE 2: Not all chemical analysis results can be traceable to SI units or to certified reference material’s traceable to SI units, such as turbidity and or total suspended solids.4.2 Many waters-related laboratories comply with ISO Guide 17025 and participate in Proficiency Testing Programs. Laboratories that are connected to the same accreditation bodies and Proficiency Test providers can be expected to report statistically similar results on the same sample. However, some test methods and some certified reference materials are not supported with data traceable to SI units. Therefore, fully compliant laboratories that are not connected to the same providers may report statistically different chemical analysis results if they used the same nontraceable test method on the same sample. This problem could be minimized if they used test methods, measurement devices, and certified reference materials that are traceable to SI units, where available.4.3 Although some standard test methods and certified reference materials provide evidence of traceability to SI units, many others do not. Therefore, not all laboratories can be expected to universally meet all requests for traceable analyses until the traceability of more test methods and certified reference materials is recognized through appropriate documentation.4.4 The primary significance of this guide is that it establishes a consensus that, in order for a laboratory to generate traceable measurements, it must (1) have a clear understanding of the needs of the user of the traceable measurements, (2) comply with the internationally accepted quality-system requirements included in ISO Guide 17025, (3) use test methods, measurement devices, and certified reference materials which have been shown to be traceable to SI units, and (4) be able to demonstrate that the measurement system was in statistical control at the time the measurements were made.4.5 It is expected that this guide will be used by Committee D19 in setting policies for the technical content of its standards that are designated to be usable to generate traceable chemical analyses.1.1 This guide sets a protocol for generating and reporting chemical analyses that are traceable to SI units or to certified reference materials in laboratories that serve the water and environmental industry.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Since the analysis of the atmosphere is influenced by phenomena in which all factors except the method of sampling and analytical procedure are beyond the control of the investigator, statistical consideration must be given to determine the adequacy of the number of samples obtained, the length of time that the sampling program is carried out, and the number of sites sampled. The purpose of the sampling and the characteristics of the contaminant to be measured will have an influence in determining this adequacy. Regular, or if possible, continuous measurements of the contaminant with simultaneous pertinent meteorological observations should be obtained during all seasons of the year. Statistical techniques may then be applied to determine the influence of the meteorological variables on the concentrations measured (2).5.2 Statistical methods may be used for the interpretation of all of the data available (2). Trends of patterns and relationships between variables of statistical significance may be detected. Much of the validity of the results will depend, however, on the comprehensiveness of the analysis and the location and contaminant measured. For example, if 24-h samples of suspended particulate matter are obtained only periodically (for example, every 6 or 8 days throughout the year), the geometric mean of the measured concentrations is representative of the median value assuming the data are log normally distributed. The geometric mean level may be used to compare the air quality at different locations at which such regular but intermittent observations of suspended particulate matter are made.1.1 The purpose of this practice is to present the broad concepts of sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of contaminants. Detailed procedures are not discussed. General principles in planning a sampling program are given including guidelines for the selection of sites and the location of the air sampling inlet.1.2 Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve the study of a heterogeneous mass under uncontrolled conditions. Interpretation of the data derived from the air sampling program must often be based on the statistical theory of probability. Extreme care must be observed to obtain measurements over a sufficient length of time to obtain results that may be considered representative.1.3 The variables that may affect the contaminant concentrations are the atmospheric stability (temperature-height profile), turbulence, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, precipitation, topography, emission rates, chemical reaction rates for their formation and decomposition, and the physical and chemical properties of the contaminant. To obtain concentrations of gaseous contaminants in terms of weight per unit volume, the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure at the location sampled must be known.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide sets a protocol for generating and reporting measurements that are traceable to SI units or Certified Reference Materials in laboratories that serve the metals industries.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the application of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of known quality commensurate with their intended use.5.2 Data generation efforts involve the following: establishment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet the DQOs; implementation of the project plan; and assessment of the data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.5.3 Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data. Additional activities may be required, based on the DQOs of the data collection effort.5.4 This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data and identifies some other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing DQOs, planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.5.6 Environmental field operations are discussed in Section 7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed in Section 8.1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are composed of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality assessment. This practice addresses the planning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) above).1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered to ensure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof.1.3 Adoption of a quality assurance project plan (QAPP) containing the goals, policies, procedures, organizational responsibilities, evaluation and reporting requirements, and other attributes of a quality management system including statement of DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met through application of quality control (QC) procedures that produce data that are scientifically valid for the purposes to which the data are intended. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this practice to generate data adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs.1.4 This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must,” “shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this practice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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6.1 Preparedness includes awareness and education for all community members that might be impacted by a hazardous materials accident, and creating expectations for the actions of all community members should an accident occur.6.1.1 The point of preparedness is to minimize the impact of a chemical accident through the actions of all community members, rather than the actions of only facility and response agencies. These actions, when coupled with accident prevention and consequence reduction strategies, reduce the potential for hazardous materials accidents and minimize the consequences of those that do occur.6.2 There is great potential benefit to facilities, communities, LEPCs and emergency responders in developing a common understanding of the chemical hazards and accident preparedness capabilities present in their communities. The common understanding can significantly minimize he consequences of hazardous chemical accidents (See NPFA 1600).6.3 Coordination and cooperation must fit into the process for improving community preparedness.6.3.1 Preparedness is based first on the community developing a broad awareness and understanding of the risks that are present, locally. Next comes a community-wide evaluation of which community members are most vulnerable to risks, the mechanisms or pathways of risks, and the existing capabilities to address those risks should an accident occur. The capabilities being evaluated include more than the ability of the first responders to take actions. It includes the capabilities of all community members to take appropriate actions.6.3.2 Since all communities have capability gaps when evaluated against the risks present in the community, the subsequent step is strategic planning to fill those capability gaps with prioritization for these efforts developed by the community members. Again, improved preparedness is the goal, not simply focusing on response capacity.6.3.3 Filling capability gaps requires the use of all the regulatory and social tools available to the community and its partners. All community members have a stake in accident prevention, consequence reduction and improving the collective ability to communicate and respond. Improvements are made through increased awareness, education, training, cooperative programs, and practice. Addressing the identified capability gaps can include a broad range of options such as accident prevention to creation of expectations for the actions of community members to be able to shelter, evacuate and provide aid to others. Stakeholder engagement is critical to successfully closing capability gaps.6.3.4 Accomplishing these tasks is a community-level activity. While it might be led by an emergency manager or local emergency planning committee, the key to successful preparedness planning is broad coordination and cooperation involving all community members.6.3.5 Facilities must be part of the preparedness effort because of their greater expertise on the properties of the hazardous chemicals present at their plants, knowledge of their operating systems and procedures, hazards assessments, their emergency plans, and emergency response capabilities.1.1 This guide covers new and anticipated state and federal regulatory programs that create an obligation to “coordinate and cooperate” on emergency preparedness planning between regulated facilities, local emergency planning committees (“LEPCs”) and emergency responders. The goal of this increased coordination and cooperation is to develop better community preparedness for potential accidents involving hazardous chemicals and hazardous waste. Currently, existing regulations do not adequately describe the expectations for the “coordinate and cooperate” process, that apply to each party working on emergency preparedness. This guide is intended to assist facilities, LEPCs, emergency responders, and other stakeholders in performing the coordinate and cooperate function at a community preparedness level.1.1.1 As the outcome of the “coordinate and cooperate” process is community driven, it would be extremely difficult to create these expectations in regulation. Without further guidance or standards, these obligations could easily be misconstrued or ignored. The absence of standards for “coordination and cooperation” potentially subjects facilities to enforcement for noncompliance and, more concerning, fails to inform LEPCs, emergency responders and community members generally so they can identify opportunities for better preparedness in their communities.1.1.2 Preparedness Planning versus Response—Emergency response activities are a specialized field involving programs of training, hazard awareness and specific types of equipment. Coordination and cooperation on emergency preparedness planning is not about emergency response. Instead, it is a whole-of-community process of awareness and education. The broad objective is that all community members ultimately understand the actions they should take to protect themselves, their families and property. All community members are stakeholders in the preparedness planning process and each community needs to think expansively when inviting participants to the process.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide recommends minimum performance requirements for enhanced access to public safety services using the North American standard emergency telephone number, 9-1-1.1.2 This guide provides assistance to states, counties, and local jurisdictions in the development of 9-1-1 enhanced systems.1.3 This guide makes recommendations for planning and organizational needs in the development of 9-1-1 enhanced systems.1.4 This guide does not address access to public safety response services through means other than use of the 9-1-1 telephone number.1.5 This guide applies only to the use of the number 9-1-1 to request a public safety response, from the point of initiation of the call through the point that the caller is connected to the responsible agency, or essential information needed for disposition of the call, or both, is received.1.6 The sections in this guide are arranged in the following order: Section 1Terminology 2Significance and Use 3Concept of Operation for 9-1-1 Telephone Systems 49-1-1 Performance Factors 4.19-1-1 Performance Requirements 4.2Coordinating 9-1-1 Systems 5State 9-1-1 Statutory Provisions 69-1-1 Funding 7Funding Alternatives 7.1Funding considerations 7.2Geographical Data Bases 8Automatic Location Identification 8.1Uniform Address Program 8.2Selective Call Routing 8.3Service Areas 8.4Other Planning Concerns 9Public Education 9.1Personnel Training 9.21.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This practice addresses AML PAs, PUs, Keyword Features, and Project Sites. This practice is significant as it provides for uniformity of geospatial data pertaining to the geographic location and description of AML sites located throughout the United States.4.2 This geospatial data standard will help ensure uniformity of data contributed by each RA and assist organizations in efforts to create, utilize, and share geospatial data. Use of this standard will result in organized and accessible data to support programmatic decisions and work plan development, increased awareness of AML problems, and better communication between RA, the public, industry, and other interested parties.4.3 The geospatial data may be served as a layer in a national dataset and map service.1.1 This practice covers the minimum elements for the accurate location and description of geospatial data for defining Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Problem Areas, Planning Units, Keyword Features, and Project Sites as originally defined by the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE), through its Abandoned Mine Land Inventory Manual (Directive AML-1) under the jurisdiction of Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. These standards remain applicable to mining organizations that geospatially locate and identify AML sites, however these standards can be used for entities that are in beginning phases of mapping and identifying AML sites using protocol that is consistent with existing nomenclature.1.1.1 Abandoned mine lands consist of those lands and waters which were mined for coal or other minerals, or both, and abandoned or left in an inadequate condition of reclamation and for which there is no continuing reclamation responsibility for mitigation of adverse impacts to human health and safety or environmental resources.1.1.2 As used in this practice, an AML Problem Area (PA) represents a closed polygon boundary for a uniquely defined geographic area contained within an AML Planning Unit (PU). An AML PA is a subdivision of an AML PU that contains one or more AML keyword features together with impacted land or water resources or both. An AML PA should not cross PU boundaries.1.1.3 As used in this practice, an AML PU represents a closed polygon boundary of a uniquely defined geographic area identified by unique numbers and names. An entire WCU may be delineated as a single PU or subdivided into multiple PUs.1.1.4 As used in this practice, an AML Keyword Feature is a point, line, or polygon defining the location of a specific on-the-ground feature contained within an AML Problem Area (PA) as described in the AML Inventory Manual.1.1.5 As used in this practice, an AML Project Site is a closed polygon boundary for a uniquely defined geographic area that includes the area disturbed to achieve the reclamation. An AML Project Site may contain one or more AML keyword features together with impacted land or water resources or both.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The user of this guide is not assumed to be a technical practitioner in the water field. This guide is an assembly of the components common to all aspects of water monitoring and fulfills a need in the development of a common framework for a better coordinated and more unified approach to monitoring water.4.2 Limitations—This guide does not establish a standard procedure to follow in all cases and it does not cover the details necessary to meet a particular monitoring objective.1.1 Purpose—This guide is generic in its application to surface or ground water, rivers, lakes, or estuaries (quantity and quality). It proposes a series of options that offer direction without recommending a definite course of action and discusses the major elements that are common to all purposes of water monitoring.1.2 The elements described are applicable whether the monitoring is only for one location or integrates multiple measurement sites for the purpose of assessing a whole watershed, estuary, or aquifer system.1.3 This guide is intended to outline for planners and administrators the components, process, and procedures which should be considered when proposing, planning, or implementing a monitoring program. The guide is not a substitute for obtaining specific technical advice. The reader is not assumed to be a technical practitioner in the water field; however, practitioners will find it a good summary of practice and a handy checklist. Other standard guides have or will be prepared that address the necessary detail.1.4 Monitoring Components—A water monitoring program is composed of a set of activities, practices, and procedures designed to collect reliable information of known accuracy and precision concerning a particular water resource in order to achieve a specific goal or purpose. The purposes may range in scope from tracking status and trends on a regional or national basis to gathering data to determine the effects of a specific management practice or pollution incident such as a spill. This guide suggests and discusses the following process and components:1.4.1 Establishment of program goals and objectives and recording of decisions in a written plan (see 6.1),1.4.2 Developing background data and a conceptual model (see 6.1.12),1.4.3 Establishment of data (quality, quantity, type) objectives (see 6.2),1.4.4 Design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria (see 6.3),1.4.5 Data storage and transfer (see 6.6),1.4.6 Implementation of sampling and analysis strategies (see 6.4),1.4.7 Data quality assessment (see 6.5),1.4.8 Assessment of data (see 6.7),1.4.9 Program evaluation (see 6.8), and1.4.10 Reporting (see 6.9). See also Fig. X1.1 in Appendix X1 and the condensed list of headings in Appendix X2.1.5 Monitoring Purposes—Establishing goals defines the purpose for monitoring. Each purpose has some monitoring design needs specific to itself. There are six major purposes for water monitoring. They are as follows:1.5.1 Determining the Status and Trends of Water Conditions—This can require long term, regular monitoring to determine how parameters change over time.1.5.2 Detecting Existing and Emerging Problems—Determining if, how, or where a substance may move through an aquatic system, or if water quantities are changing.1.5.3 Developing and Implementing Management and Regulatory Programs—Includes baseline and reconnaissance monitoring to characterize existing conditions such as to identify critical areas or hot spots; implementation monitoring to assess whether activities were carried out as planned; and compliance monitoring to determine if specific water quality or water use criteria were met.1.5.4 Responding to an Emergency—Performed to provide information in the near term.1.5.5 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Water Monitoring Programs—Is the monitoring able to achieve the stated goals? Also, monitoring to check on monitoring.1.5.6 Supporting research objectives or validating of simulation models.1.6 This guide is applicable to these purposes and provides guidance on some of the specific needs of each. After goals and objectives have been established, a specialist can define the type, frequency, and duration of sampling and measurements. The specialist also will be able to forecast the data analysis needed to meet the objectives.1.7 There are related standards currently available or under development and several documents that prescribe protocols for water monitoring (4-9). See also Section 2.1.8 This guide suggests that water monitoring programs use standardized documented protocols for all aspects of the program. Where they are not available or appropriate, the methods used should be documented.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of known quality commensurate with their intended use.5.2 Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field organizations in order to meet the objectives of the water monitoring activities.5.3 This guide defines the criteria for organizations taking water samples and generating environmental data and identifies other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.5.4 This guide emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing the DQOs, planning, and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.1.1 This guide covers planning and implementation of the sampling aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data generation efforts are comprised of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of field sampling and measurement strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality assessment.1.2 This guide defines the criteria that must be considered to ensure the quality of the field aspects of environmental data and sample generation activities.1.3 DQOs should be adopted prior to the application of this guide. The data generated in accordance with this guide are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this guide to generate data adequate to meet the project needs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs.1.4 This guide presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality samples and data. The words “must,” “shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this guide.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The success of a sampling event is influenced by adequate planning and preparation. Use of this guide will help the groundwater sampler to methodically execute the planning and preparation.3.2 This guide should be used by a professional or technician that has training or experience in groundwater sampling.1.1 This guide covers planning and preparing for a groundwater sampling event. It includes technical and administrative considerations and procedures. Example checklists are also provided as Appendices.1.2 This guide may not cover every consideration procedure, or both, that is necessary before all groundwater sampling projects. In karst or fractured rock terranes, it may be appropriate to collect groundwater samples from springs (see Guide D5717). This guide focuses on sampling of groundwater from monitoring wells; however, most of the guidance herein can apply to the sampling of springs as well.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide is intended for use by communities, which may include towns, incorporated cities, counties, or similar entities with the authority to convene and implement resilience planning. The process described in this guide may have applications to a broader set of users, such as those described in Guide E3032.5.2 This guide is intended to be applied at a community or regional geographical and administrative scale. Smaller geographic and administrative scales, such as neighborhood scales, may also use this guide; however, there may be limitations in the range of solutions (see Step 4B) that are available due to statutory, regulatory, financial, or administrative constraints caused by limitations in governance bodies.5.3 This guide provides an analytical framework for establishing desired versus current anticipated performance in terms of time to recovery of function for clusters and infrastructure systems. The output of this analytical framework provides an objective basis for establishing priorities among proposed strategies and solutions to help meet community resilience goals.5.4 The planning and analytical process can be applied to any hazard, though the focus is on natural hazards. Steps 1 and 2 (form a collaborative planning team and understand the situation) do not require the use of hazard information and provide useful information for communities that can be incorporated into a resilience plan. The activities described in Steps 3 and 4 (determine goals and objectives, and develop the plan) require technical information about hazards and an assessment of their impact on community systems.5.5 This guide provides a planning process that emphasizes disaster recovery outcomes. However, all phases of preparedness, including prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery, are important to the successful achievement of disaster recovery objectives. The analytical outputs of this guide should inform all phases of preparedness and provide an objective approach to prioritize pre-event mitigation action.5.6 The steps of this guide, presented in Section 6, are best initiated in the order provided. However, with the exception of the formation of a collaborative planning team in Step 1 and implementation and reporting Steps 5 and 6, it is feasible to complete Steps 2 to 4 in a non-consecutive order. Depending on a community’s specific needs, timeline, resources, or technical capabilities, Steps 2 to 4 may occur in a different order than described in this guide. In Section 6, supplemental information that elaborates on how to implement each step and collaborative planning team flexibilities is provided in a discussion note following each step.NOTE 1: The collaborative planning team provides the foundation for stakeholder engagement and input in subsequent steps, even if later steps are completed in a different order than what is described in this guide. Ideally, each step should be at least initiated to describe how the plan will eventually address all elements of resilience planning.5.7  Resilience plans developed with the support of this guide should be compatible with, inform, and augment other hazard mitigation planning and comprehensive planning processes. It is compatible with the National Preparedness Goal, the National Infrastructure Protection Plan, and the National Disaster Recovery Framework, and should inform and be consistent with other state and local plans and priorities. In practice, this includes general plans, capital improvement programs, hazard mitigation, emergency response, recovery, economic development, and transportation plans.1.1 This guide sets forth a flexible approach for communities to develop customized, comprehensive resilience plans for buildings and infrastructure systems that include input from relevant stakeholders; consider the social, economic, and physical systems of a community; establish community-scale performance goals that encourage recovery-oriented planning; and recommend processes to implement and maintain community resilience plans over time as community priorities evolve and change.1.1.1 The social dimensions of a community should drive the requirements of a community’s resilience plans and the performance of its physical systems, especially during recovery. The identification of social functions is a fundamental element of developing community resilience plans that accurately reflect priorities for recovery after a hazard event.1.2 The guide process steps address how to (1) form collaborative planning teams; (2) evaluate the current condition of social and built dimensions of a community; (3) determine community goals and objectives for built systems and hazards; (4) develop plans that address performance gaps and identify solutions; (5) prepare, review and approve final community resilience plans; and (6) implement and maintain resilience plans.1.3 This guide provides a process that facilitates priority setting and decision making regarding the establishment of community resilience goals and associated solutions. The process provides a framework for community resilience planning needs and is not intended to be prescriptive.1.4 Limitations of Guide—This guide does not advocate or specify any particular analytical methodology for ascertaining the performance of the built environment. This guide also does not directly address the effects of climate change, although the planning process can incorporate such events and impacts. (For additional information on these processes to address climate resilience planning, refer to Guide E3032.) This guide addresses buildings and infrastructure systems and how they support the social dimensions of communities, and considers how the elements of the built environment support social and economic community functions. The application of this guide is intended to support community resilience planning efforts across a community’s interdependent building and infrastructure systems. Applications beyond this scope were not considered in the development of this guide.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide is intended to assist the management of the local EMS agencies or organizations in the design, planning, and response of their jurisdiction's resources to multiple casualty incidents (MCIs). This guide does not address all of the necessary planning and response of pre-hospital care agencies to an incident that involves the total destruction of community services and systems. This guide does not address the necessary design, planning, and response to be undertaken by a medical care facility to an internal or external event that necessitates the activation of the facility's disaster plan. This guide provides procedures to coordinate and provide a systematic and standardized response by responsible parties, including the local elected officials, emergency management officials, public safety officials, medical care officials (pre-hospital and hospital), local EMS agencies/organizations and others with objectives and tasks for the pre-hospital management of a significant incident. This guide provides for the establishment of an incident command system with position descriptions that identify mission, functions, and responsibilities of the command structure to be used at a MCI. The incident command functions include but are not limited to staging, logistics, rescue/extrication, triage, treatment, transportation (air, land, and water), communications, and fatality management. This guide provides examples and other management tools that can assist in providing training objectives and decision making models for dispatch, response, triage, treatment, and transportation for local jurisdictions experiencing multiple casualty incidents. PLANNING Top 1.1 This guide covers the planning, needs assessment, training, integration, coordination, mutual aid, implementation, provision of resources, and evaluation of the response of a local emergency medical service (EMS) organization or agency to a multiple patient producing situation that may or may not involve property loss. This guide is limited to the pre-hospital response and mitigation of an incident up to and including the disposition of patients from the incident scene. 1.2 This guide addresses the background on planning, scope, structure, application, federal, state, local, voluntary, and nongovernmental resources and planning efforts involved in developing, implementing, and evaluating an EMS annex, or component, to the local jurisdiction's emergency operations plan (EOP) as defined in the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) publication, Civil Preparedness Guide (CPG) 1–8. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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