This specification covers wall seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipe intended for use at low temperatures. The pipe shall be made by the seamless or welding process with the addition of no filler metal in the welding operation. All seamless and welded pipes shall be treated to control their microstructure. Tensile tests, impact tests, hydrostatic tests, and nondestructive electric tests shall be made in accordance to specified requirements.1.1 This specification2 covers nominal (average) wall seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipe intended for use at low temperatures and in other applications requiring notch toughness. Several grades of ferritic steel are included as listed in Table 1. Some product sizes may not be available under this specification because heavier wall thicknesses have an adverse effect on impact properties.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.NOTE 1: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,” and “nominal size.”1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The expanded limits of the Adjunct for VCF are defined in a mixture of terms of customary and metric units. Table 1 shows the defining limits and their associated units in bold italics. Also shown in Table 1 are the limits converted to their equivalent units (and, in the case of the densities, other base temperatures).5.2 Note that only the precision levels of the defining values shown in Table 1 are correct. The other values showing converted units have been rounded to the significant digits shown; as rounded values, they may numerically fall just outside of the actual limits established by the defining values.5.3 Table 2 provides a cross-reference between the historical table designations and the corresponding section in the Adjunct for VCF. Note that procedure paragraphs 11.1.6.3 (U.S. customary units) and 11.1.7.3 (metric units) provide methods for correcting on-line density measurements from live conditions to base conditions and then to compute CTPL factors for continuous volume corrections to base conditions.5.4 When a glass hydrometer is used to measure the density of a liquid, special corrections must be made to account for the thermal expansion of the glass when the temperature is different from that at which the hydrometer was calibrated. The 1980 CTL Tables had generalized equations to correct glass hydrometer readings, and these corrections were part of the printed odd-numbered tables. However, detailed procedures to correct a glass hydrometer reading are beyond the scope of the Adjunct for VCF. The user should refer to the appropriate sections of API MPMS Chapter 9 or other appropriate density/hydrometer standards for guidance.5.5 The set of correlations given in the Adjunct for VCF is intended for use with petroleum fluids comprising either crude oils, refined products, or lubricating oils that are single-phase liquids under normal operating conditions. The liquid classifications listed here are typical terms used in the industry, but local nomenclature may vary. The list is illustrative and is not meant to be all-inclusive.5.6 Crude Oils—A crude oil is considered to conform to the commodity group Generalized Crude Oils if its density falls in the range between approximately –10°API to 100°API. Crude oils that have been stabilized for transportation or storage purposes and whose API gravities lie within that range are considered to be part of the Crude Oil group. Also, aviation Jet B (JP-4) is best represented by the Crude Oil correlation.5.7 Refined Products—A refined product is considered to conform to the commodity group of Generalized Refined Products if the fluid falls within one of the refined product groups. Note the product descriptors are generalizations. The commercial specification ranges of some products may place their densities partly within an adjacent class (for example, a low-density diesel may lie in the jet fuel class). In such cases, the product should be allocated to the class appropriate to its density, not its descriptor. The groups are defined as follows:5.7.1 Gasoline—Motor gasoline and unfinished gasoline blending stock with a base density range between approximately 50°API and 85°API. This group includes substances with the commercial identification of: premium gasoline, unleaded gasoline, motor spirit, clear gasoline, low-lead gas, motor gasoline, catalyst gas, alkylate, catalytic cracked gasoline, naphtha, reformulated gasoline, and aviation gasoline.5.7.2 Jet Fuels—Jet fuels, kerosene, and Stoddard solvents with a base density range between approximately 37°API and 50°API. This group includes substances with the commercial identification of: aviation kerosene K1 and K2, aviation Jet A and A-1, kerosene, Stoddard solvent, JP-5, and JP-8.5.7.3 Fuel Oils—Diesel oils, heating oils, and fuel oils with a base density range between approximately –10°API and 37°API. This group includes substances with the commercial identification of: No. 6 fuel oil, fuel oil PA, low-sulfur fuel oil, LT (low temperature) fuel oil, fuel oil, fuel oils LLS (light low sulfur), No. 2 furnace oil, furnace oil, auto diesel, gas oil, No. 2 burner fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and premium diesel.5.8 Lubricating Oils—A lubricating oil is considered to conform to the commodity group Generalized Lubricating Oils if it is a base stock derived from crude oil fractions by distillation or asphalt precipitation. For the purpose of the Adjunct for VCF, lubricating oils have initial boiling points greater than 700 °F (370 °C) and densities in the range between approximately –10°API to 45°API.5.9 Special Applications—Liquids that are assigned the special applications category are generally relatively pure products or homogeneous mixtures with stable (unchanging) chemical composition that are derived from petroleum (or are petroleum-based with minor proportions of other constituents) and have been tested to establish a specific thermal expansion factor for the particular fluid. These tables should be considered for use when:5.9.1 The generalized commodity groups' parameters are suspected of not adequately representing the thermal expansion properties of the liquid.5.9.2 A precise thermal expansion coefficient can be determined by experiment. A minimum of ten temperature/density data points is recommended to use this method. See 11.1.5.2 of the Adjunct for VCF for the procedure to calculate the thermal expansion coefficient from measured density data.5.9.3 Buyer and seller agree that, for their purpose, a greater degree of equity can be obtained using factors specifically measured for the liquid involved in the transaction.5.10 Refer to paragraphs 11.1.2.4 and 11.1.2.5 in the Adjunct for VCF for a complete description of the suitability of the implementation procedures for specific hydrocarbon liquids.1.1 This guide provides information related to the algorithm and implementation procedure but does not contain the full set of algorithms. The algorithms, instructions, procedures, and examples are located in the associated supplementary adjuncts. The Adjunct for Volume Correction Factors (VCF) for temperature and pressure volume correction factors for generalized crude oils, refined products, and lubricating oils provides the algorithm and implementation procedure for the correction of temperature and pressure effects on density and volume of liquid hydrocarbons. Natural gas liquids (NGLs) and liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs) are excluded from consideration in this standard but may be found in API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4/GPA 8217 Temperature Correction for NGL and LPG. As this Adjunct for VCF will be applied to a variety of applications, the output parameters of CTL, Fp, CPL, and CTPL may be used as specified in other standards.1.2 Including the pressure correction in the Adjunct for VCF represents an important change from the “temperature only” correction factors given in the 1980 Petroleum Measurement Tables. However, if the pressure is one atmosphere (the standard pressure), then there is no pressure correction and the standard/adjunct(s) will give CTL values consistent with the 1980 Petroleum Measurement Tables.1.3 The Adjunct for VCF covers general procedures for the conversion of input data to generate CTL, Fp, CPL, and CTPL values at the user-specified base temperature and pressure (Tb, Pb). Two sets of procedures are included for computing volume correction factor: one set for data expressed in customary units (temperature in °F, pressure in psig); the other for the metric system of units (temperature in °C, pressure in kPa or bar).NOTE 1: In contrast to the 1980 Petroleum Measurement Tables, the metric procedures require the procedure for customary units be used first to compute density at 60 °F. This value is then further corrected to give the metric output. The metric procedures now incorporate the base temperature of 20 °C in addition to 15 °C.1.4 The procedures in the Adjunct for VCF recognize three distinct commodity groups: crude oil, refined products, and lubricating oils. A procedure is also provided for determining volume correction for special applications where the generalized commodity groups’ parameters may not adequately represent the thermal expansion properties of the liquid and a precise thermal expansion coefficient has been determined by experiment. Procedures for determining Volume Correction Factors (VCF) for Denatured Ethanol can be found in API MPMS Chapter 11.3.3, Miscellaneous Hydrocarbon Properties—Denatured Ethanol Density and Volume Correction Factors, 3rd edition. Procedures for determining Volume Correction Factors (VCF) for Gasoline and Denatured Ethanol Blends can be found in API MPMS Chapter 11.3.4, Miscellaneous Hydrocarbon Properties—Denatured Ethanol and Gasoline Component Blend Densities and Volume Correction Factors, 1st edition.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch‐pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers standard specification for several grades of minimum-wall-thickness, seamless and welded, carbon and alloy-steel tubes intended for use at low temperatures. The steel shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, copper, cobalt, and molybdenum. The number of tubes in a heat-treatment lot shall be determined from the size of the tubes. The tubes shall have a hardness number that does not exceed the prescribed Rockwell and Brinell hardness values. Several grades of steel shall conform to the following tensile properties: tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. For Grades 1, 3, 6, 7, and 9, the notch-bar impact properties of each set of three impact specimens, including specimens for the welded joint in welded pipe, shall not be less than the prescribed values. Several mechanical tests shall be conducted, namely: flattening test; flare test (seamless tubes); flange test (welded tubes); reverse flattening test; hardness test; and impact tests. Hydrostatic or nondestructive electric test shall also be performed. Materials shall be tested for impact resistance at the prescribed temperature for the respective grades. Impact temperature reduction values shall be by any amount equal to the difference between the temperature reduction corresponding to the actual material thickness and the temperature reduction corresponding to Charpy specimen width actually tested.1.1 This specification2 covers several grades of minimum-wall-thickness, seamless and welded, carbon and alloy-steel tubes intended for use at low temperatures. Some product sizes may not be available under this specification because heavier wall thicknesses have an adverse affect on low-temperature impact properties.1.2 Supplementary Requirement S1 of an optional nature is provided. This shall apply only when specified by the purchaser.NOTE 1: For tubing smaller than 1/2  in. [12.7 mm] in outside diameter, the elongation values given for strip specimens in Table 1 shall apply. Mechanical property requirements do not apply to tubing smaller than 1/8  in. [3.2 mm] in outside diameter and with a wall thickness under 0.015 in. [0.4 mm].1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

Since the gel time and the peak exothermic temperature of a reacting thermosetting plastic composition vary with the volume of material mixed at one time, it is essential that the volume be specified in any determination. By selection of an appropriate volume, gel time and peak exothermic data may be obtained in sufficiently precise and reproducible form or application evaluation, quality control, and material characterization of a thermosetting plastic composition. For most meaningful results, the cross sectional area of the material being examined, as well as other conditions of testing, should approximate as closely as possible the conditions of use of the material. This test method is operator-dependent since it is simple to perform. It is of value for determining conditions required to produce an end product.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time from the initial mixing of the reactants of a thermosetting plastic composition to the time when solidification commences, under conditions approximating the conditions of use. This test method also provides a means for measuring the maximum temperature reached by a reacting thermosetting plastic composition, as well as the time from initial mixing to the time when this peak exothermic temperature is reached. This test method is limited to reacting mixtures exhibiting gel times greater than 5 min. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1-There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification covers seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe for high-temperature service. The pipe shall be suitable for bending, flanging (vanstoning), and similar forming operations, and for fusion welding. Grade P2 and P12 steel pipes shall be made by coarse-grain melting practice. The steel material shall conform to chemical composition, tensile property, and hardness requirements. Each length of pipe shall be subjected to the hydrostatic test. Also, each pipe shall be examined by a non-destructive examination method in accordance to the required practices. The range of pipe sizes that may be examined by each method shall be subjected to the limitations in the scope of the respective practices. The different mechanical test requirements for pipes, namely, transverse or longitudinal tension test, flattening test, and hardness or bend test are presented.1.1 This specification2 covers nominal wall and minimum wall seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe intended for high-temperature service. Pipe ordered to this specification shall be suitable for bending, flanging (vanstoning), and similar forming operations, and for fusion welding. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and high-temperature characteristics.1.2 Several grades of ferritic steels (see Note 1) are covered. Their compositions are given in Table 1.NOTE 1: Ferritic steels in this specification are defined as low- and intermediate-alloy steels containing up to and including 10 % chromium.1.3 Supplementary requirements (S1 to S9) of an optional nature are provided. Supplementary requirements S1 through S6 call for additional tests to be made, and when desired, shall be so stated in the order together with the number of such tests required as applicable.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.NOTE 2: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,” and “nominal size.”1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification covers carbon steel pipe made by the centrifugal casting process intended for use in high-temperature, high-pressure service. This pipe shall be suitable for fusion welding, bending, and other forming operations. Grades for carbon steels shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, manganese, phosphorous, sulfur, and silicon. Manufacturing of the material shall be done by machining and heat treatment. Pyrometers shall be used to control the furnace temperatures. Tensile properties shall conform to the required values for tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Mechanical properties shall conform to the following: transverse or longitudinal tension test; flattening test; and hydrostatic test.1.1 This specification2 covers carbon steel pipe made by the centrifugal casting process intended for use in high-temperature, high-pressure service. Pipe ordered under this specification shall be suitable for fusion welding, bending, and other forming operations.1.2 Several grades of carbon steels are covered. Their compositions are given in Table 1.1.3 Supplementary requirements (S1 to S9) of an optional nature are provided. The supplementary requirements call for additional tests to be made, and when desired shall be so stated in the order, together with the number of such tests required.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of each other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The viscosity of paint, inks and many related liquid materials is dependent on temperature. It is useful to know the extent of this dependence. One use of such information is to prepare a viscosity-temperature table or curve. Then, if ambient conditions do not allow the measurement of viscosity at the exact temperature stated in a specification or regulation, the viscosity measured at ambient temperature can be used to determine the viscosity at the temperature of interest through the use of the previously prepared table or curve. Viscosity measurements that cover a range of shear rates as well as temperatures could include shear rates associated with paint application or allow extrapolation to such shear rates. This information would enable a producer or user to estimate the effect on application of heating the paint.1.1 These test methods cover the use of rotational viscometers to determine the dependence of apparent viscosity of paints, inks and related liquid materials on temperature. The first method uses a standard rotational viscometer with concentric cylinder geometry running at a fixed rotational speed as the temperature is increased or decreased. The second method uses a rotational viscometer with cone and plate geometry running at a fixed rotational speed as the temperature is increased or decreased. The third method uses concentric cylinder or cone/plate geometry operated with a shear rate ramp at several discrete temperatures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 Oxidation onset temperature is a relative measure of the degree of oxidative stability of the material evaluated at a given heating rate and oxidative environment (e.g., oxygen); the higher the OOT value the more stable the material. The OOT is described in Fig. 1. The OOT values can be used for comparative purposes and are not an absolute measurement, like the oxidation induction time (OIT) at a constant temperature (see Test Method E1858). The presence or effectiveness of antioxidants may be determined by these test methods.FIG. 1 DSC Oxidation (Extrapolated) Onset Temperature (OOT)5.2 Typical uses of these test methods include the oxidative stability of edible oils and fats (oxidative rancidity), lubricants, greases, and polyolefins.1.1 These test methods describe the determination of the oxidative properties of hydrocarbons by differential scanning calorimetry or pressure differential scanning calorimetry under linear heating rate conditions and are applicable to hydrocarbons, which oxidize exothermically in their analyzed form.1.2 Test Method A—A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used at ambient pressure of one atmosphere of oxygen.1.3 Test Method B—A pressure DSC (PDSC) is used at high pressure (e.g., 3.5 MPa (500 psig) of oxygen).1.4 Test Method C—A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is used at ambient pressure of one atmosphere of air.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers three grades, Grades A, B, and C, of carbon-manganese-silicon steel plates intended primarily for service in welded pressure vessels where improved low temperature notch toughness is important. The maximum thickness of plates is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements. The steel shall be killed and the plates shall undergo heat treatment. Tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength and elongation shall be determined by subjecting the steel plates to a tension test.1.1 This specification2 covers three grades of carbon-manganese-silicon steel plates intended primarily for service in welded pressure vessels where improved low temperature notch toughness is important.1.2 The maximum thickness of plates is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements.1.3 For plates produced from coil and furnished without heat treatment or with stress relieving only, the additional requirements, including additional testing requirements and the reporting of additional test results, of Specification A20/A20M apply.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 Viscosity values at the shear rate and temperature of this test method have been indicated to be related to the viscosity providing hydrodynamic lubrication in automotive and heavy duty engines in severe service.75.2 The viscosities of engine oils under such high temperatures and shear rates are also related to their effects on fuel efficiency and the importance of high shear rate, high temperature viscosity has been addressed in a number of publications and presentations.71.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the viscosity of engine oils at 150 °C and 1.0·106 s−1 using a viscometer having a slightly tapered rotor and stator called the Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) Viscometer.21.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test method range from approximately 1.2 mPa·s to 7.7 mPa·s at 150 °C. The precision has only been determined for the viscosity range 1.47 mPa·s to 5.09 mPa·s at 150 °C for the materials listed in the precision section.1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1.0·106 s−1 for this test method has a viscosity closely held to 3.55 mPa·s at 150 °C by using the absolute viscometry of the TBS.1.4 Manual, semi-automated, and fully automated TBS viscometers were used in developing the precision statement for this test method.1.5 Application to petroleum products such as base oils and formulated engine oils was determined in preparing the viscometric information for this test method.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6.1 This test method uses the milliPascal·second (mPa·s) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centipoise (cP).1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 When an engine oil is cooled, the rate and duration of cooling can affect its yield stress and viscosity. In this laboratory test, a fresh engine oil is slowly cooled through a temperature range where wax crystallization is known to occur, followed by relatively rapid cooling to the final test temperature. These laboratory test results have predicted as failures the known engine oils that have failed in the field because of lack of oil pumpability.4 These documented field failing oils all consisted of oils normally tested at –25 °C. These field failures are believed to be the result of the oil forming a gel structure that results in either excessive yield stress or viscosity of the engine oil, or both.5.2 Cooling Profiles: 5.2.1 For oils to be tested at −20 °C or colder, Table X1.1 applies. The cooling profile described in Table X1.1 is based on the viscosity properties of the ASTM Pumpability Reference Oils (PRO). This series of oils includes oils with normal low-temperature flow properties and oils that have been associated with low-temperature pumpability problems (1-5).5 Significance for the −35 °C and −40 °C temperature profiles is based on the data collected from the “Cold Starting and Pumpability Studies in Modern Engines” conducted by ASTM (6, 7).5.2.2 For oils to be tested at −15 °C or −10 °C, Table X1.2 applies. No significance has been determined for this temperature profile because of the absence of appropriate reference oils. Similarly, precision of the test method using this profile for the −10 °C test temperature is unknown. The temperature profile of Table X1.2 is derived from the one in Table X1.1 and has been moved up in temperature, relative to Table X1.1, in consideration of the expected higher cloud points of the viscous oils tested at −15 °C and −10 °C.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the yield stress and viscosity of engine oils after cooling at controlled rates over a period exceeding 45 h to a final test temperature between –10 °C and –40 °C. The precision is stated for test temperatures from –40 °C to –15 °C. The viscosity measurements are made at a shear stress of 525 Pa over a shear rate of 0.4 s–1 to 15 s–1. The viscosity as measured at this shear stress was found to produce the best correlation between the temperature at which the viscosity reached a critical value and borderline pumping failure temperature in engines.1.2 This test method contain two procedures: Procedure A incorporates several equipment and procedural modifications from Test Method D4684–02 that have shown to improve the precision of the test, while Procedure B is unchanged from Test Method D4684–02. Additionally, Procedure A applies to those instruments that utilize thermoelectric cooling technology or direct refrigeration technology of recent manufacture for instrument temperature control. Procedure B can use the same instruments used in Procedure A or those cooled by circulating methanol.1.3 Procedure A of this test method has precision stated for a yield range from less than 35 Pa to 210 Pa and apparent viscosity range from 4300 mPa·s to 270 000 mPa·s. The test procedure can determine higher yield stress and viscosity levels.1.4 This test method is applicable for unused oils, sometimes referred to as fresh oils, designed for both light duty and heavy duty engine applications. It also has been shown to be suitable for used diesel and gasoline engine oils. The applicability to petroleum products other than engine oils has not been determined.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5.1 Exception—This test method uses the SI based unit of milliPascal second (mPa·s) for viscosity which is equivalent to, centiPoise (cP).1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 Degradation of fluid lubricants because of oxidation or thermal breakdown can result in fluid thickening or in the formation of acids or insoluble solids and render the fluid unfit for further use as a lubricant.5.2 This test method can be used for estimating the oxidation stability of oils. It can function as a formulation screening tool, specification requirement, quality control measurement, or as a means of estimating remaining service life. It shall be recognized, however, that correlation between results of this test method and the oxidation stability of an oil in field service can vary markedly with field service conditions and with various oils.5.3 This test method is designed to compliment Test Method D5846 and is intended for evaluation of fluids which do not degrade significantly within a reasonable period of time at 135 °C.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the oxidation of inhibited lubricants in the presence of air, copper, and iron metals.1.2 This test method was developed and is used to evaluate the high temperature oxidation stability and deposit forming tendency of oils for steam and gas turbines. It has been used for testing other lubricants made with mineral oil and synthetic basestocks for compressors, hydraulic pumps, and other applications, but these have not been used in cooperative testing.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Identified hazardous chemicals are listed in Section 7. Before using this test method, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Some coating systems are developed for use over steel that is exposed to high temperatures during service life. This method provides an accelerated means of determining the performance of these coating systems. Testing of coatings designed for interior service, and of coatings designed for exterior (weather-exposed) service is included.1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the heat-resistant properties of coatings designed to protect steel surfaces exposed to elevated temperatures during their service life. Two test methods are described as follows:Method A—Interior Service CoatingsMethod B—Exterior Service Coatings1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 5.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The vapor pressure of a substance as determined by isoteniscope reflects a property of the sample as received including most volatile components, but excluding dissolved fixed gases such as air. Vapor pressure, per se, is a thermodynamic property which is dependent only upon composition and temperature for stable systems. The isoteniscope method is designed to minimize composition changes which may occur during the course of measurement.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the vapor pressure of pure liquids, the vapor pressure exerted by mixtures in a closed vessel at 40 % ± 5 % ullage, and the initial thermal decomposition temperature of pure and mixed liquids. It is applicable to liquids that are compatible with borosilicate glass and that have a vapor pressure between 133 Pa (1.0 torr) and 101.3 kPa (760 torr) at the selected test temperatures. The test method is suitable for use over the range from ambient to 623 K. The temperature range may be extended to include temperatures below ambient provided a suitable constant-temperature bath for such temperatures is used.NOTE 1: The isoteniscope is a constant-volume apparatus and results obtained with it on other than pure liquids differ from those obtained in a constant-pressure distillation.1.2 Most petroleum products boil over a fairly wide temperature range, and this fact shall be recognized in discussion of their vapor pressures. Even an ideal mixture following Raoult's law will show a progressive decrease in vapor pressure as the lighter component is removed, and this is vastly accentuated in complex mixtures such as lubricating oils containing traces of dewaxing solvents, etc. Such a mixture may well exert a pressure in a closed vessel of as much as 100 times that calculated from its average composition, and it is the closed vessel which is simulated by the isoteniscope. For measurement of the apparent vapor pressure in open systems, Test Method D2878, is recommended.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.10, 6.12, and Annex A2.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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