1.1 This specification establishes the minimum requirements for coated tubular picket ornamental fence systems fabricated from black (that is, not galvanized) steel components.1.2 The requirements of this specification do not apply to vertical bar fence systems utilizing solid bar or wrought iron materials.1.3 The values stated with inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI values in parentheses are provided for information.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers woven and braided asbestos tubular sleeving having a specified minimum mass % of asbestos fiber, excluding the mass of other inorganic strands which may be present. Asbestos tubular sleeving are classified into classes (Classes A, B, C, D, and E) based on the nature of the yarns from which they are braided or woven, into grades (Commercial, Underwriters', A, AA, AAA, and AAAA) based on the mass % of asbestos content, and types (Types II, IV, and VI) based on magnetic rating that identify performance limits. Specimens shall be sampled, prepared, tested, and comply accordingly with chemical (wire, organic, and inorganic reinforcements), physical (electrical insulation and magnetic rating), mechanical (tensile or breaking strength), and dimensional (inside diameter, wall thickness, mass per unit length, fabric count, and yarn number) property requirements.1.1 This specification covers woven and braided asbestos tubular sleeving having a minimum of 75 mass % of asbestos fiber, excluding the mass of other inorganic strands which may be present.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 Warning—Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use of Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”21.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods, Section 13, described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety hazard, see 1.3.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

1.1 This guide describes the specification and re-construction of in-situ pipelines and conduits 2 in. to 63 in. (50 mm to 1600 mm) diameter) by the pulled-in-place installation, into an existing conduit, of circular, radially reduced, Shape-Memory-Polymer Tubular (SMPT) that after installation, re-expands (by “memory”) to press against the ID of the host pipe, thus coupling the interior pipe, by friction fit, as reinforcement to the host pipe. The added SMPT pipe wall restores leak tightness and adds its strength to the host pipe (Dual-Wall Composite-Pipe). It becomes a continuous compressed-fit dual-wall pipeline. Depending upon the SMPT compound used, the re-constructed pipelines or conduits are suitable for pressure and nonpressure pipeline applications such as process piping, raw and treated water transmission, water pipe systems, forced-mains, industrial and oil-patch gathering and transmission pipelines, sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and culverts.NOTE 1: This standard guide covers circular SMPT tubulars which are radially reduced by mechanical means at the time of installation. This guide does not address “liners” that at the time of manufacture are deformed (folded) into U-shape, C-shape, H-shape, or other such configurations. This guide refers to dual-wall meaning two layers of pipe co-joined in the field, which is different from dual-wall factory-made co-extruded pipe or corrugated pipe. This guide does not provide a complete design basis covering the many variables required for design and construction of this field fabricated product; the advice of professional contractors and/or registered professional engineers may be incorporated as an adjunct to this guide.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.NOTE 2: There are no ISO standards covering the primary subject matter of this guide.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the requirements for continuous glass filament greige braided tubular sleeving and is suitable for use as electrical insulation and for structural and mechanical applications. Ultimate users will be assisted by designating the types of these products that are typical in the industry. Glass fiber greige braided tubular sleeving is produced in one type and two styles within that type and uses yarns designated namely Type G, Style A, and Style B. All yarns for braided tubular sleeving shall be electrical classification, (E glass), continuous filament glass yarns, and shall fall within the chemical composition that is utilized for general applications as described. The fiber shall be free of any free alkali metal oxides, such as soda or potash, and foreign particles, dirt, and other impurities. The primary twist in the singles strands shall be “Z” twist and the final twist in the plied yarns shall be “S” twist. Other properties such as yarn number, strand construction, twist level, ends per carrier, carrier number, picks per unit length, inside diameter, wall thickness, length per unit mass, length per package, and ignition loss shall conform to the requirements specified. The braided tubular sleeving shall be generally uniform in quality and condition, clean, smooth, and free of foreign particles and defects detrimental to fabrication, appearance, or performance.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for continuous glass filament greige braided tubular sleeving and is suitable for use as electrical insulation and for structural and mechanical applications.1.2 This specification is intended to assist ultimate users by designating the types of these products that are typical in the industry.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 This specification establishes some the key factors which govern the interpretation of videoborescoping tubular products for a specific application. It is recognized that the requirements for one application may be very different than those of another. Therefore, the specification allows for the inspection to be customized for the application by the user by allowing the purchaser to specify parameters which may be important for the application.1.1 This standard covers guidelines for ordering and examining tubular products for sanitary applications by videoborescoping. This method uses movable camera probe at the end of a cable to examine the interior of a tubular product. The image is then transmitted to an external monitor for analysis. The method is normally used when inside surface imperfections, not normally detected by other nondestructive methods, may result in contamination of the product which is contained by the tubular product.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice is intended to be used by all analysts using fused silica capillary chromatography. It contains the recommended steps for installation, preparation, proper installation, and continued column maintenance.1.1 This practice covers the installation and maintenance of fused silica capillary columns in gas chromatographs that are already retrofitted for their use. This practice excludes information on:1.1.1 Injection techniques.1.1.2 Column selection.1.1.3 Data acquisition.1.1.4 System troubleshooting and maintenance.1.2 For additional information on gas chromatography, please refer to Practice E260. For specific precautions, see 7.2.2.2(1), 7.2.2.2(2), 7.2.7, and 7.2.7.2.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 6, 7.2.2.2(1), 7.2.2.2(2), 7.2.7, and 7.2.7.2.21.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification covers the requirements for direct and indirect reading sight liquid level indicators for general applications. General applications for indirect reading sight glasses are water and fuel service at working pressures 2.07 MPa (300 lb/in.2) and below, temperatures of 149°C (300°F) and below. Direct reading sight glass indicators may consist of glass or plastic tubes with fittings including shutoff valves. Glass tubes may be used for low shock direct reading sight glass indicators in which the fluid is not compatible with plastic. Indirect reading indicators may consist of a sealed chamber with a magnetic float or flag indicator. Indicator designs are classified as either direct reading or indirect reading. Qualification testing and quality conformance testing shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for direct and indirect reading sight liquid level indicators for general applications. General applications for indirect reading sight glasses are water and fuel service at working pressures 2.07 MPa (300 lb/in.2) and below, temperatures of 149°C (300°F) and below. General applications for direct reading sight glasses are applications in which the temperature does not exceed 66°C (150°F).1.2 Direct reading sight glass indicators may consist of glass or plastic tubes with fittings including shutoff valves. Glass tubes may be used for low shock direct reading sight glass indicators in which the fluid is not compatible with plastic.1.3 Indirect reading indicators may consist of a sealed chamber with a magnetic float or flag indicator.1.4 Special requirements for naval shipboard applications are included in the supplement to this standard.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Eddy current testing is a nondestructive method of locating discontinuities in a product. Changes in electromagnetic response caused by the presence of discontinuities are detected by the sensor, amplified and modified in order to actuate audio or visual indicating devices, or both, or a mechanical marker. Signals can be caused by outer surface, inner surface, or subsurface discontinuities. The eddy current examination is sensitive to many factors that occur as a result of processing (such as variations in conductivity, chemical composition, permeability, and geometry) as well as other factors not related to the tubing. Thus, all received indications are not necessarily indicative of defective tubing.1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for eddy current examination of seamless and welded tubular products made of relatively low conductivity materials such as titanium, stainless steel, and similar alloys, such as nickel alloys. Austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels, which are generally considered to be nonmagnetic, are specifically covered as distinguished from the martensitic and ferritic straight chromium stainless steels which are magnetic.1.2 This practice is intended as a guide for eddy current examination of both seamless and welded tubular products using either an encircling coil or a probe-coil technique. Coils and probes are available that can be used inside the tubular product; however, their use is not specifically covered in this document. This type of examination is usually employed only to examine tubing which has been installed such as in a heat exchanger.1.3 This practice covers the examination of tubular products ranging in diameter from 0.125 to 5 in. (3.2 to 127.0 mm) and wall thicknesses from 0.005 to 0.250 in. (0.127 to 6.4 mm).1.4 For examination of aluminum alloy tubular products, see standard Practice E215.1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers straight seam and spiral butt seam welded unannealed austenitic stainless steel tubular products intended for low and moderate temperatures and corrosive service where treatment is not necessary for corrosion resistance. The tubular products shall be made from flat-rolled steel sheet, coil, or plate by a shielded arc-welding process. The welds shall be made by the manual or automatic electric-welding process. Injurious weld defects shall be repaired by removal to sound metal and rewelding. Transverse tension test and transverse-guided bend test shall be done to the welded joints. Finished products shall have smooth ends free or burrs and shall be free of injurious defects.1.1 This specification covers straight seam and spiral butt seam welded unannealed austenitic stainless steel tubular products intended for low and moderate temperatures and corrosive service where heat treatment is not necessary for corrosion resistance. Table 1 lists the five grades covered by this specification. The user of this specification should be aware that a minimum amount of testing and examination is required of the basic product. The user requiring additional testing or examination is referred to the supplemental requirements or Ordering Information, or both. Users requiring a tubular product with post-weld heat treatment or with radiographic examination are referred to Specification A312/A312M, A358/A358M, or A409/A409M, as applicable.1.2 This specification covers welded unannealed tubular products 3 in. [75 mm] through 48 in. [1200 mm] in outside diameter and in nominal wall thicknesses of 0.062 in. [1.57 mm] through 0.500 in. [12.70 mm] produced to this specification. Tubular products having other diameters or wall thickness, or both, may be furnished provided it complies with all other requirements of this specification.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining the values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice outlines a procedure for examining ferromagnetic tubular products using the flux leakage method. If properly applied, this method is capable of detecting the presence and location of significant longitudinally or transversely oriented discontinuities, such as pits, scabs, slivers, gouges, roll-ins, laps, seams, cracks, holes, and improper welds in ferromagnetic tubes under inspection. In addition, the severity of a discontinuity may be estimated and a rejection level set with respect to the magnitude of the electromagnetic indication produced by the discontinuity.5.2 The response from natural discontinuities can be significantly different from the response for artificial discontinuities, such as drilled holes or notches of equivalent depth. For this reason, sufficient work should be done to determine the conditions necessary to detect and mark natural discontinuities whose characteristics will adversely affect the serviceability of the tube, in order to establish acceptance criteria between the supplier and purchaser.1.1 This practice covers the application and standardization of equipment using the flux leakage test method for detection of outer surface and inner surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic steel tubular products (Note 1) of uniform cross section, such as seamless and welded tubing. While this method may be sensitive to subsurface discontinuities, it is not the primary method used to identify these types of discontinuities. A secondary method, such as Ultrasonic Testing, should be considered for assessment of these types of discontinuities.NOTE 1: The term “tube” or “tubular product” will be used to refer to both pipe and tubing.1.2 This practice is intended for use on tubular products having outside diameters from approximately 1/2 to 24 in. (12.7 to 610 mm) with wall thicknesses to 1/2 in. (12.7 mm). These techniques have been used for other sizes, however, and may be so specified upon contractual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.1.3 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; they must be specified by the using parties.1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Eddy-current testing is a nondestructive method of locating discontinuities in metallic materials. Signals can be produced by discontinuities originating on either the external or internal surfaces of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the wall. Since the density of eddy currents decreases nearly exponentially with increasing distance from the surface nearest the coil, the response to deep-seated defects decreases correspondingly. Phase changes are also associated with changes in depth, allowing the use of phase analysis techniques.5.2 The response from natural discontinuities can be significantly different than that from artificial discontinuities, such as drilled holes or notches. For this reason, sufficient work should be done to establish the sensitivity level and setup required to detect natural discontinuities of consequence to the end use of the product.5.3 Some indications obtained by this method may not be relevant to product quality; for example, an irrelevant indication may be caused by minute dents or tool chatter marks, which are not detrimental to the end use of the product. Irrelevant indications can mask unacceptable discontinuities. Relevant indications are those which result from discontinuities. Any indication that exceeds the rejection level shall be treated as a relevant indication until it can be demonstrated that it is irrelevant.5.4 Generally, eddy-current examination systems are not sensitive to discontinuities adjacent to the ends of the tube (end effect).5.5 Discontinuities such as scratches or seams that are continuous and uniform over the full length of the tube may not always be detected with differential encircling coils or probes scanned along the tube length.5.6 For material that is magnetic, a strong magnetic field shall be placed in the region of the examining coil. A magnetic field may also be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in tubing that exhibits slight residual magnetism.1.1 This practice2 covers the procedures for eddy-current examination of nickel and nickel alloy tubes. These procedures are applicable for tubes with outside diameters up to 2 in. (50.8 mm), incl, and wall thicknesses from 0.035 to 0.120 in. (0.889 to 3.04 mm), incl. This standard applies to procedures where the sensor is placed on the outside surface of the tube. These procedures may be used for tubes beyond the size range recommended, by contractual agreement between the purchaser and the producer.1.2 The procedures described in this practice make use of fixed encircling test coils or probe systems.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.NOTE 1: For convenience, the term “tube” or “tubular product” will hereinafter be used to refer to both pipe and tubing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the material, dimensional ,and performance requirements and associated test methods for thermoplastic tubes and fittings for accessible and replaceable domestic waste connections. The tubes, fittings and mechanical joint components shall be made of either virgin acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic, virgin poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic, or virgin polypropylene plastic. When evaluated by the test procedures provided herein, the products shall adhere to requirements stipulated for hydrostatic pressure, axial stress, joint integrity, and solvent cement.1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for materials, dimensions and tolerances, hydrostatic pressure, joint integrity, and solvent cement for thermoplastic tube and fittings for accessible and replaceable domestic waste connections. Marking requirements are also included. Thermoplastic that does not meet the material requirements specified in Section 5 is excluded.1.2 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification establishes the minimum requirements for coated tubular picket ornamental fence systems fabricated from galvanized steel components. Steel material for tubular picket ornamental fence system structural components shall be galvanized by the hot-dip process, either after forming, or prior to forming. Powder coatings applied to the exterior surface of fence components shall be polymer material: polyester or epoxy and polyester combinations. Wet coating applied to the exterior surface of fence components shall be a two-coat paint application system (one coat of epoxy, polyester or polyurethane primer; one coat of polyester, polyurethane, or acrylic liquid). Fittings, fasteners, and decorative accessories for ornamental steel fence systems shall be manufactured with a material and finish coating that meets the same protective coating performance requirements as required for panels and posts. Four structural test methods shall be conducted: Method A which is application of horizontal concentrated load, Method B which is application of vertical concentrated load, Method C which is application of horizontal thrust load to infill areas, and Method D which is application of horizontal cone penetration load. Different tests shall also be performed in order to determine the following properties of the fence system coatings: adhesion, corrosion resistance, impact resistance, and weathering resistance.1.1 This specification establishes the minimum requirements for coated tubular picket ornamental fence systems fabricated from galvanized steel components.1.2 The requirements of this specification do not apply to vertical bar fence systems utilizing solid bar or wrought iron materials.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method provides information on the uniaxial tensile properties and tensile stress-strain response of a ceramic composite tube—tensile strength and strain, fracture strength and strain, proportional limit stress and strain, tensile elastic modulus, etc. The information may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.5.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) are composed of continuous ceramic-fiber directional (1D, 2D, and 3D) reinforcements in a fine-grain-sized (<50 µm) ceramic matrix with controlled porosity. Often these composites have an engineered thin (0.1 to 10 µm) interface coating on the fibers to produce crack deflection and fiber pull-out. These ceramic composites offer high-temperature stability, inherent damage tolerance, and high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance. As such, these ceramic composites are particularly suited for aerospace and high-temperature structural applications (1, 2).35.3 CFCC components have a distinctive and synergistic combination of material properties, interface coatings, porosity control, composite architecture (1D, 2D, and 3D), and geometric shape that are generally inseparable. Prediction of the mechanical performance of CFCC tubes (particularly with braid and 3D weave architectures) cannot be made by applying measured properties from flat CFCC plates to the design of tubes. Direct uniaxial tensile strength tests of CFCC tubes are needed to provide reliable information on the mechanical behavior and strength of tube geometries.5.4 CFCCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process, unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw. The tensile behavior and strength of a CFCC are dependent on its inherent resistance to fracture, the presence of flaws, and any damage accumulation processes. These factors are affected by the composite material composition and variability in material and testing—components, reinforcement architecture and volume fraction, porosity content, matrix morphology, interface morphology, methods of material fabrication, test specimen preparation and conditioning, and surface condition.5.5 The results of tensile tests of test specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the strength and deformation properties of the entire, full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different environments.5.6 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized tubular tensile test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken, given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.1.1 This test method determines the axial tensile strength and stress-strain response of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic composite tubes at ambient temperature under monotonic loading. This test method is specific to tube geometries, because fiber architecture and specimen geometry factors are often distinctly different in composite tubes, as compared to flat plates.1.2 In the test method a composite tube/cylinder with a defined gage section and a known wall thickness is fitted/bonded into a loading fixture. The test specimen/fixture assembly is mounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded in uniaxial tension at ambient temperature while recording the tensile force and the strain in the gage section. The axial tensile strength and the fracture strength are determined from the maximum applied force and the fracture force. The strains, the proportional limit stress, and the tensile modulus of elasticity are determined from the stress-strain data.1.3 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramic matrix composite tubes with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D, filament wound and tape lay-up), bidirectional (2D, fabric/tape lay-up and weave), and tridirectional (3D, braid and weave). These types of ceramic matrix composites are composed of a wide range of ceramic fibers (oxide, graphite, carbide, nitride, and other compositions) in a wide range of crystalline and amorphous ceramic matrix compositions (oxide, carbide, nitride, carbon, graphite, and other compositions).1.4 This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.1.5 The test method describes a range of test specimen tube geometries based on past tensile testing of ceramic composite tubes. These geometries are applicable to tubes with outer diameters of 10 to 150 mm and wall thicknesses of 1 to 25 mm, where the ratio of the outer diameter-to-wall thickness (dO /t) is typically between 5 and 30.1.5.1 This test method is specific to ambient temperature testing. Elevated temperature testing requires high-temperature furnaces and heating devices with temperature control and measurement systems and temperature-capable grips and loading fixtures, which are not addressed in this test method.1.6 The test method addresses test equipment, gripping methods, testing modes, allowable bending stresses, interferences, tubular test specimen geometries, test specimen preparation, test procedures, data collection, calculation, reporting requirements, and precision/bias in the following sections.  Section 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4 5Interferences 6Apparatus 7Hazards 8Test Specimens 9Test Procedure 10Calculation of Results 11Report 12Precision and Bias 13Keywords 14Annexes  Interferences Annex A1Test Specimen Geometry Annex A2Grip Fixtures and Load Train Couplers Annex A3Allowable Bending and Load Train Alignment Annex A4Test Modes and Rates Annex A51.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method (also known as overhung tube method) may be used for material development, material comparison, material screening, material down selection, and quality assurance. This test method is not recommended for material characterization, design data generation, material model verification/validation, or combinations thereof.5.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) are composed of continuous ceramic-fiber directional (1D, 2D, and 3D) reinforcements in a fine-grain-sized (<50 µm) ceramic matrix with controlled porosity. Often these composites have an engineered thin (0.1 to 10 µm) interface coating on the fibers to produce crack deflection and fiber pull-out.5.3 CFCC components have a distinctive and synergistic combination of material properties, interface coatings, porosity control, composite architecture (1D, 2D, and 3D), and geometric shape that are generally inseparable. Prediction of the mechanical performance of CFCC tubes (particularly with braid and 3D weave architectures) cannot be made by applying measured properties from flat CFCC plates to the design of tubes. In particular, tubular components comprised of CMCs material form a unique synergistic combination of material and geometric shape that are generally inseparable. In other words, prediction of mechanical performance of CMC tubes generally cannot be made by using properties measured from flat plates. Strength tests of internally pressurized CMC tubes provide information on mechanical behavior and strength for a multiaxially stressed material.5.4 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CMCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. Therefore, while the volume of material subjected to a uniform hoop tensile stress for a single uniformly pressurized tube test may be a significant factor for determining matrix cracking stress, this same volume may not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimate strength of a CMC. However, the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions of the brittle matrices of CMCs requires a statistically significant number of test specimens for statistical analysis and design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test specimen volume on strength distributions for CMCs have not been completed. It should be noted that hoop tensile strengths obtained using different recommended test specimens with different volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume effects.5.5 Hoop tensile strength tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under biaxial stresses induced from internal pressurization of tubes. Nonuniform stress states are inherent in these types of tests and subsequent evaluation of any nonlinear stress-strain behavior must take into account the unsymmetric behavior of the CMC under biaxial stressing. This nonlinear behavior may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth that can be minimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.5.6 The results of hoop tensile strength tests of test specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the strength and deformation properties of the entire, full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different environments.5.7 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized tubular hoop tensile strength test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for, given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.5.8 The hoop tensile stress behavior and strength of a CMC are dependent on its inherent resistance to fracture, the presence of flaws, or damage accumulation processes, or both. Analysis of fracture surfaces and fractography, though beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hoop tensile strength including stress-strain response of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic tubes subjected to an internal pressure produced by the expansion of an elastomeric insert undergoing monotonic uniaxial loading at ambient temperature. This type of test configuration is sometimes referred to as an overhung tube. This test method is specific to tube geometries because flaw populations, fiber architecture, and specimen geometry factors are often distinctly different in composite tubes, as compared to flat plates.1.2 In the test method a composite tube/cylinder with a defined gage section and a known wall thickness is loaded via internal pressurization from the radial expansion of an elastomeric insert (located midway inside the tube) that is longitudinally compressed from either end by pushrods. The elastomeric insert expands under the uniaxial compressive loading of the pushrods and exerts a uniform radial pressure on the inside of the tube. The resulting hoop stress-strain response of the composite tube is recorded until failure of the tube. The hoop tensile strength and the hoop fracture strength are determined from the resulting maximum pressure and the pressure at fracture, respectively. The hoop tensile strains, the hoop proportional limit stress, and the modulus of elasticity in the hoop direction are determined from the stress-strain data. Note that hoop tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength in the hoop direction from the induced pressure of a monotonic, uniaxially loaded elastomeric insert, where “monotonic” refers to a continuous, nonstop test rate without reversals from test initiation to final fracture.1.3 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramic matrix composite tubes with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D, filament wound and tape lay-up), bidirectional (2D, fabric/tape lay-up and weave), and tridirectional (3D, braid and weave). These types of ceramic matrix composites can be composed of a wide range of ceramic fibers (oxide, graphite, carbide, nitride, and other compositions) in a wide range of crystalline and amorphous ceramic matrix compositions (oxide, carbide, nitride, carbon, graphite, and other compositions).1.4 This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.1.5 The test method is applicable to a range of test specimen tube geometries based on a non-dimensional parameter that includes composite material property and tube radius. Lengths of the composite tube, pushrods, and elastomeric insert are determined from this non-dimensional parameter so as to provide a gage length with uniform internal radial pressure. A wide range of combinations of material properties, tube radii, wall thicknesses, tube lengths, and insert lengths are possible.1.5.1 This test method is specific to ambient temperature testing. Elevated temperature testing requires high-temperature furnaces and heating devices with temperature control and measurement systems and temperature-capable grips and loading fixtures, which are not addressed in this test standard.1.6 This test method addresses tubular test specimen geometries, test specimen methods, testing rates (force rate, induced pressure rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), and data collection and reporting procedures in the following sections.  Section 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4 5Interferences 6Apparatus 7Hazards 8Test Specimens 9Test Procedure 10Calculation of Results 11Report 12Precision and Bias 13Keywords 14Appendixes  Verification of Load Train Alignment Appendix X1Stress Factors for Calculation of Maximum Hoop Stress Appendix X2Axial Force to Internal Pressure Appendix X31.7 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) (IEEE/ASTM SI 10).1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8 and Note 1.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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