1.1 These tolerances are applicable to all yarns 59 tex (10.00/1 cotton count) or coarser spun of man-made fiber(s), 4.5 to 30.0 dtex/filament, (4 to 25 denier/filament) and spun on the parallel worsted or modified worsted system. These tolerances do not apply to novelty or fancy yarns spun on the parallel worsted or modified worsted system. Note 1-For tolerances for other spun yarns, see Tolerances D2644, Tolerances D2645, Specification D541, and Specification D681. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in inch-pound units are provided as information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 The properties and their variability as measured by this method relate to bulk appearance, stretch and recovery of fabrics and dyeability of yarns.5.3 For some yarns, elapsed time between processing and testing has a marked effect on the results, of this test, especially during the first 72 h. The effect is caused by stress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh day and after which time the yarn remains relatively stable. Therefore, specimens should only be compared if tested after the same elapsed time. Samples can be tested at-line, thus having little to no elapsed time between processing and testing.1.1 This test method covers the determination of crimp contraction, residual fiber shrinkage and their variability of all types of filament yarns (partially oriented yarn (POY), fully oriented yarn (FOY), flat yarns, textured and bulked continuous filament (BCF) carpet yarns) using an automated tester.NOTE 1: For another method of testing crimp in textured yarns, refer to Test Method D4031.1.1.1 This method may also be used for non-textured yarns.1.2 This test method is limited to crimped, multi-filament yarns ranging from 22.0 dtex to 890 dtex (15 denier to 800 denier) and for BCF yarns from 890 dtex to 4200 dtex (800 denier to 3800 denier).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification describes the required properties and the procedures to be followed for testing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) yarns intended for use in medical devices or components of medical devices, such as sutures and ligament fixations. UHMWPE filament and yarn requirements cover compositional requirements, physical requirements, mechanical requirements, and biocompatibility requirements. Residual production liquids shall be determined by gas chromatography or other suitable, validated analytical methods for the specific materials used to produce the yarn.1.1 This specification covers ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) yarns intended for use in medical devices or components of medical devices, such as sutures and ligament fixations. This specification covers natural (non-colored) and pigmented (colored) yarns.1.2 This standard is intended to describe the requirements and the procedures to be followed for testing UHMWPE yarns as a component for medical devices prior to manufacturing processes of the medical device such as fabric formation, assembling, and sterilization. This specification does not purport to address the requirements for the finished medical devices or the testing that is needed for medical devices that are fabricated from the components specified herein.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Every ASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section describing its particular significance and use. Other test methods listed in 2.1 of this practice may contain sections pertaining to their particular significance and use.5.2 The physical testing procedures in this practice can be used in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of inflatable restraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.5.3 This practice addresses all the physical properties that describe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly used test methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement of purchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment used to determine the physical properties of fabrics used in inflatable restraints. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece woven, follow the sampling section of D5446 and the individual test method.1.4 In Section 9, this practice lists is alphabetical order the procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the following fabric or yarn properties of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints.Yarn Section  Denier (Yarn Number) 9.3.1   Fiber Content 9.3.2   Finish (Extractable Material) 9.3.3   Strength and Elongation 9.3.4   Twist 9.3.5 Fabric    Air Permeability 9.3.6   Abrasion Resistance 9.3.7   Blocking 9.3.8   Bow and Skew 9.3.9   Breaking Force & Elongation 9.3.10  Burst Strength 9.3.11  Coating Adhesion 9.3.12  Coating Weight 9.3.13  Count of Woven Fabric 9.3.14  Dynamic Air Permeability 9.3.28  Edgecomb Resistance 9.3.29  Flammability 9.3.15  Fogging (Volatility) 9.3.16  Length 9.3.17  Mass per Unit Area 9.3.18  Non-Fibrous Material 9.3.19  Odor 9.3.20  Packability 9.3.30  pH 9.3.21  Stiffness 9.3.22  Tear Strength 9.3.23  Thickness 9.3.24  Warp Size Content & Residual Sizing 9.3.25  Width 9.3.26  Sewing Thread 9.3.27 1.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with Practice D5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when comparative results of physical properties before and after accelerated aging are required.1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See Note 3.

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4.1 These tolerances may be used as a guide in purchaser/supplier disputes, or to assist in assigning nominal values for linear density and twist. The tolerances listed for each property represent the maximum variations deemed acceptable in the trade.1.1 These tolerances cover first-quality, manufactured, organic-base filament single yarns (namely, bright, semi-dull, dull, solution-dyed, bleached, unbleached, etc.) regardless of the package type. These tolerances cover permissible variations in linear density, tenacity, elongation, twist, and commercial weight.1.1.1 These tolerances do not apply to rubber yarns, spandex yarns, metal-covered yarns, nor to bulk yarns since test methods for these types of yarn are not available. These tolerances do not apply to industrial filament yarns.NOTE 1: Tolerances for inorganic glass yarns are given in Specifications and Methods D578/D578M.1.2 This standard covers only tolerances. It does not cover specifications or quality levels, for yarns to be used for any purpose. Specifications for specific properties are subject to agreement by the purchaser and the supplier.NOTE 2: While the tolerances specified may be applied to yarn taken from fabric, the properties of such yarns will likely differ from the original level.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Option 1 of this test method is for the determination of the degree of filament yarn entanglement, as measured instrumentally. It is used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments; however, caution is advised because information on between-laboratory precision is lacking. Comparative tests, as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative test should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared statistically. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 Option 2 for this test method is intended for use when the supply of yarn is limited.5.3 The instrumental option of this test method, Option 1, is based on the total randomization of the entanglements in the yarn; therefore, the distance measured between the point of insertion of a pin in the middle of the yarn and the point at which an entanglement is encountered, by movement of the yarn or the pin until it is stopped at a preset level of force, is representative of the distance between two entanglements at some location in the yarn.5.4 Entanglements are used frequently instead of twist to ensure the integrity of filament yarns. Such entanglements generally give somewhat less protection during weaving or knitting than twist, but with proper care, will perform quite satisfactorily.1.1 This test method covers two options for the measurement of entanglements in filament yarns using needle insertion options for instrument (Option 1) (Option 2) techniques.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The tex system has been approved for general use by the International Organization for Standardization, Technical Committee 38 on Textiles (ISO/TC 38), which has also recommended a list of rounded tex numbers for use with fibers and all types of yarns. Conversion tables showing the rounded tex numbers corresponding to various numbers in different traditional systems are given in Tables D2260 and ISO 2947.4.2 The tex system for designation of the linear density of fibers and yarns is a direct system based on mass per unit length, M/L, and employs metric units of length and mass. The tex unit, grams per kilometre (1000 m) has been approved by ISO/TC 38 for use with all fibers and all types of yarn. The committee has also approved the use of kilotex and decatex numbers for coarse structures and decitex and millitex numbers for fibers.4.3 The tex system relates to the property commonly associated with coarseness, or inverse fineness of a yarn because the tex numbers increase with an increase in the size or mass per unit length of the yarn. The tex system is intended for use by all branches of the textile industry, in all countries, for yarns made from all types of fibers or mixtures of fibers.1.1 This practice covers the use of the tex system to designate the linear density (number, or count) of fibers and of yarns made from any type of fiber or combination of fibers. It is also applicable to other textile materials, including yarn intermediates (slivers, rovings, tops, and so forth), single or plied yarns, cords, and threads.NOTE 1: The mass per unit length concept of linear density is applicable to any material which has a high ratio of length to cross section.1.2 Conversion factors for various indirect and direct yarn numbers to exact tex equivalents can be found in Standard Tables D2260.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The procedures in these test methods should be used with caution for acceptance of commercial shipments owing to the absence of factual information on the between-laboratory precision of many of the test procedures included in these test methods. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier on replicate specimens of the materials to be tested for each property (or properties) to be evaluated.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 The significance and use of particular properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of specific test methods.1.1 These test methods cover the testing of industrial filament yarns made wholly of manufactured organic-base fibers, cords twisted from such yarns, fabrics woven from such cords, and products that are made specifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. They may be applied to similar yarns and cords used for reinforcing other rubber goods and for other industrial applications. The test methods apply to nylon, polyester, and rayon yarns and tire cords twisted from such yarns and to fabrics made from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.1.2 No procedure is included for the determination of fatigue resistance of cord, but several commonly used procedures for the measurement of fatigue resistance of cords in rubber were published in the appendix of these test methods in the 1967 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 24, and in earlier issues of Test Methods D885.1.3 The sections on “Growth of Conditioned Yarns and Cords,” “Properties of Yarns and Cords at Elevated Temperature,” and “Properties of Wet Yarns and Cords” have been moved to Appendix X1 – Appendix X3 as non-mandatory informational items because of their very limited use by the industry and because precision and bias statements are not included.1.4 This standard includes the following sections:  SectionAdhesion of Cord to Elastomers 34Bibliography of Tire Cord Test Methods X5Breaking Strength (Force) of Yarns and Cords at Elevated Tempera- ture X2.3Breaking Strength (Force) of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 16Breaking Strength (Force) of Oven-Dried Rayon Yarns and Cords 23Breaking Strength (Force) of Rayon Yarns and Cords at Specified Moisture Regain Level, Adjustment of 17Breaking Tenacity of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 18Breaking Tenacity of Oven-Dried Rayon Yarns and Cords 24Breaking Toughness of Yarns and Cords 28Commercial Mass 9Conditioning 7Contraction of Wet Yarns and Cords X3Count of Tire Cord Fabric 37Dip (Adhesive) Solids Pickup on Yarns and Cords 33Elongation at Break of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 19Elongation at Break of Oven-Dried Rayon Yarns and Cords 25Elongation of Rayon Yarns and Cords at a Specified Moisture Regain Level, Adjustment of Observed 20Extractable Matter in Yarns and Cords 32Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 21Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) of Oven-Dried Rayon Yarns and Cords 26Growth of Conditioned Yarns and Cords X1Identification of Fibers 8Keywords 40Linear Density 11Mass of per Unit Area of Tire Cord Fabric 36Modulus of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 22Moisture Regain, Actual 10Precision and Bias of Certain Yarn and Cord Tests 39  35 toProperties of Tire Cord Fabric 38Sampling 6Shrinkage Force of Conditioned Yarns and Cords at Elevated Temper- ature  X2.5Shrinkage of Conditioned Yarns and Cords at Elevated Temperature X2.4, General 5, Tensile Properties 14SI Calculations (examples for work-to-break, specific work-to-break, and breaking toughness)  X4Stiffness of Fabric 38  12 toTensile Properties of Yarns and Cords 28Terminology 3Thickness of Cords 31Twist in Yarns and Cords 30Width of Tire Cord Fabric 35Work-to-Break of Yarns and Cords 271.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This specification covers the requirements for insect screening and louver cloth made from vinyl-coated glass yarns. Specifically covered here are: commercial standard vinyl-coated glass yarn insect screening designed and woven primarily for installation in or on any dwelling, patio, screening enclosure, building, or structure for the purpose of keeping out flies, mosquitoes, and most insects; and vinyl-coated glass yarn louver cloth used extensively in soffit and louver vents to keep out most large insects, birds, and airborne litter, while at the same time providing for adequate ventilation and air circulation. Products are produced in two basic classes (Classes 1 and 2) based on nominal thickness. Products shall be suitably tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements in tems of appearance, mesh, roll length, mass per unit area, flame resistance, fabric stability, bursting strength, stiffness index, and color stability to accelerated weathering.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for vinyl-coated glass yarn insect screening and louver cloth.1.2 This specification is intended to assist ultimate users by designating the sizes and types of these products that are generally available in the industry.1.3 This specification shows the terminology and requirements for:1.3.1 Commercial standard vinyl-coated glass yarn insect screening designed and woven primarily for installation in or on any dwelling, patio, screening enclosure, building, or structure for the purpose of keeping out flies, mosquitoes, and most insects.1.3.2 Vinyl-coated glass yarn louver cloth used extensively in soffit and louver vents to keep out most large insects, birds, and airborne litter, while at the same time providing for adequate ventilation and air circulation.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portions, Sections 8 – 19, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers asbestos yarns having a specified minimum % mass of asbestos fiber, excluding the mass of other inorganic reinforcing strands which may be present. Asbestos yarns covered here are classified based on their structural component as follows: Class A, yarn consisting of asbestos fiber or asbestos and other fibers; Class B, yarn containing wire reinforcements; Class C, yarn containing organic reinforcing strands; Class D, yarn containing nonmetallic inorganic reinforcing strands; and Class E, yarn containing a combination of the reinforcing strands used in Classes B through D. On the other hand, the grades (Commercial, Underwriters', A, AA, AAA, and AAAA) of asbestos yarn are based on the percentage of asbestos content by mass. Yarns shall be sampled, prepared, tested and conform accordingly to physical (asbestos and reinforcement type and content), electromagnetic (magnetic rating and electrical insulation), mechanical (tensile or breaking strength), and dimensional (yarn number, twist direction, and number of turns per unit length) property requirements.1.1 This specification covers asbestos yarns having a minimum of 75  % asbestos fiber by mass, excluding the mass of other inorganic reinforcing strands which may be present.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 Warning—Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use of Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”21.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods, Section 13, described in this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 1.3 for a specific safety hazard statement.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 Linear density of elastomeric yarns is used in some calculations for tensile and elastic properties.5.3 The test method is based on elastomeric yarns in lthe “as-produced” condition, but may be used for treated elastomeric yarns provided the treatment is specified. The method does not cover the removal of finish for the determination of linear density of “finish-free” elastomeric yarns.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear density of short lengths of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers.NOTE 1: For the determination of linear density of elastomeric yarns using skeins, refer to Test Method D6717.1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns, or yarns spun from elastomeric staple, or elastomeric yarns removed from fabrics.1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the US Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The procedures in these test methods may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments, but caution is advised because technicians may fail to get good agreement between results on certain yarns, cords, or fabrics. Comparative tests as directed in Section 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 The significance and use of particular properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specific test methods.1.1 These test methods cover the testing of industrial yarns made of glass filaments, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabric woven from such cords—products that are made specifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be applied to similar glass yarns and cords used for reinforcing other rubber goods and for other industrial applications. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams, woven into fabric, or in other forms. These test methods include testing procedures only. These test methods do not include specifications or tolerances.1.2 No procedure is included for the determination of fatigue resistance of cords, but several articles relating to the measurement of fatigue resistance of cords made from man-made filaments and cured in rubber were published in the bibliography of Test Methods D885.1.3 The following sections are included:  SectionAdhesion of Cords to Elastomers 24Breaking Strength (Force) of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 13Breaking Tenacity of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 14Catenary Length of Cords Appendix X1Conditioning 8Construction of Yarns and Cords 18Count of Tire Cord Fabric 22Dip Pick-Up (DPU) on Yarns and Cords 23Elongation at Break of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 15Initial Modulus of Conditioned Yarns and Cords 16Keywords 28Mass of Tire Cord Fabric 22Precision and Bias 25 – 27Sampling of Yarn and Cord 6Sampling of Tire Cord Fabric 7Tensile Properties of Yarns and Cords 9 – 17Terminology 3Thickness of Cords 21Twist in Yarns and Cords 20Width of Tire Cord Fabric 22Yarn Number of Dipped Yarns and Cords 191.4 These test methods show the values in both SI units and in inch-pound units. “SI units” is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. “Inch-pound units” is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of each other without combining values in any way.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 These test methods cover the testing of industrial yarns made of glass filaments, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabric woven from such cords-products that are made specifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be applied to similar glass yarns and cords used for reinforcing other rubber goods and for other industrial applications. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams, woven into fabric, or in other forms. These test methods include specifications or tolerances.1.2 No procedure is included for the determination of fatigue resistance of cords, but several articles relating to the measurement of fatigue resistance of cords made from man-made filaments and cured in rubber were published in the bibliography of Test Methods D 885.1.3 The following sections are included: Adhesion of Cords to Elastomers (24); Breaking Strength (Force) of Conditioned Yarns and Cords (13); Breaking Tenacity of Conditioned Yarns and Cords (14); Catenary Length of Cords (Appendix X1); Conditioning (8); Construction of Yarns and Cords (18); Count of Tire Cord Fabric (22); Dip Pick-Up (DPU) on Yarns and Cords (23); Elongation at Break of Conditioned Yarns and Cords (15); Initial Modulus of Conditioned Yarns and Cords (16); Keywords (28); Mass of Tire Cord Fabric (22); Precision and Bias (25-27); Sampling of Yarn and Cord (6); Sampling of Tire Cord Fabric (7); Tensile Properties of Yarns and Cords (9-17); Terminology (3); Thickness of Cords (21); Twist in Yarns and Cords (20); Width of Tire Cord Fabric (22); Yarn Number of Dipped Yarns and Cords (19).1.4 These test methods show the values in both SI units and in inch-pound units. "SI units" is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. "Inch-pound units" is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values state in either acceptable metric units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of each other without combining values in any way.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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6.1 This method is considered satisfactory for acceptance grading of commercial shipments because it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.6.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.6.2 The appearance of a woven or knitted fabric depends to a large extent on the smoothness, cleanliness, and general appearance of the yarns from which the fabric is manufactured. Instruments are available for the measurement of unevenness and for counting neps and other imperfections in yarn, but the values obtained from such tests are not easily integrated into an over-all expression for actual fabric appearance. Yarn appearance grading affords additional information which the manufacturer of woven or knitted goods may, through experience, correlate with the appearance to be expected in fabrics made from the yarns.1.1 This test method covers the grading of singles spun yarns for appearance.1.2 This test method does not apply to plied yarns.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.21.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Acceptance Testing—Option A1 of Test Method D2256 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is not applicable to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wet specimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on specimens exposed to low or high temperatures and should be used with caution for acceptance testing because factual information on between-laboratory precision and bias is not available.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 Fundamental Properties—The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yield point. The chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance to imposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of the work necessary to break the yarn.5.3 Comparison to Skein Testing—The single-strand method gives a more accurate measure of breaking force present in the material than does the skein method and uses less material. The skein-breaking force is always lower than the sum of the breaking forces of the same number of ends broken individually.5.4 Applicability—Most yarns can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given yarn depending upon its structure and composition. To prevent slippage in the clamps or damage as a result of being gripped in the clamps, special clamping adaptations may be necessary with high modulus yarns made from fibers such as glass or extended chain polyolefin. Specimen clamping may be modified as required at the discretion of the individual laboratory providing a representative force-elongation curve is obtained. In any event, the procedure described in this test method for obtaining tensile properties must be maintained.5.5 Breaking Strength—The breaking strength of a yarn influences the breaking strength of fabrics made from the yarn, although the breaking strength of a fabric also depends on its construction and may be affected by manufacturing operations.5.5.1 Because breaking strength for any fiber-type is approximately proportional to linear density, strands of different sizes can be compared by converting the observed breaking strength to breaking tenacity (centinewtons per tex, grams-force per tex, or grams-force per denier).5.6 Elongation—The elongation of a yarn has an influence on the manufacturing process and the products made. It provides an indication of the likely stretch behavior of garment areas such as knees, elbows, or other points of stress. It also provides design criteria for stretch behavior of yarns or cords used as reinforcement for items such as plastic products, hose, and tires.5.7 Force-Elongation Curve—Force-elongation curves permit the calculation of various values, not all of which are discussed in this test method, such as elongation at break, elongation at specified force, force at specified elongation, initial elastic modulus which is resistance to stretching, compliance which is ability to yield under stress, and is the reciprocal of the elastic modulus, and area under the curve, a measure of toughness, which is proportional to the work done.NOTE 3: Force-elongation curves can be converted to stress-strain curves if the force is converted to unit stress, such as to centinewtons per tex, or pounds per square inch, or pascals, or grams-force per tex, or grams-force per denier, and the elongation is based on change per unit length.5.8 Knot and Loop Breaking Force—The reduction in breaking force due to the presence of a knot or loop is considered a measure of the brittleness of the yarn. Elongation in knot or loop tests is not known to have any significance and is not usually reported.5.9 Rate of Operation—In general, the breaking force decreases slightly as time-to-break increases.5.9.1 Operation of CRT, CRE, and CRL tension testing machines at a constant time-to-break has been found to minimize differences in test results between the three types of tension testing machines. When tensile tests are performed at a fixed time-to-break, then reasonable agreement in breaking force has generally been found to exist between CRT and CRE tension testing machines.4 Consistent results are also obtained between different manufacturers of CRL tension testing machines when they are operated at the same time-to-break. The agreement is not necessarily good, however, between CRE or CRT tension testing machines on the one hand and CRL tension testing machines on the other even when they are all operated at the same time-to-break. The CRE-type tester is the preferred tension testing machine.5.9.2 This test method specifies an average time-to-break of 20 ± 3 s as recommended by Specification D76/D76M. It also provides for alternate speeds, such as 300 ± 10 mm [12 ± 0.5 in.]/min when using a 250-mm [10-in.] gauge length. See 9.2.5.9.3 The tolerance of ±3 s for the time-to-break is wide enough to permit convenient adjustment of the tension testing machine's rate of operation, and it is narrow enough to ensure good agreement between tests. The difference in breaking force between tests at 17 and 23 s will usually not exceed 1.5 % of the higher value.5.9.4 In case a tension testing machine is not capable of being operated at 20-s time-to-break, alternative rates of operation are included in this test method. These alternative rates may be used only by agreement between the parties concerned or when required in an applicable material specification.5.10 Tests on Wet Specimens—Tests on wet specimens are usually made only on yarns which show a loss of breaking force when wet or when exposed to high humidity, for example, yarns made from animal fibers and man-made fibers based on regenerated and modified cellulose. Wet tests are made on flax yarns to detect adulteration by failure to show a gain in breaking force.5.11 Tests on Oven-Dried Specimens and Specimens at High Temperatures—Tests on oven-dried specimens at standard or high temperatures are usually made only on yarns that will be used at high temperatures or will be used under very dry conditions which will affect the observed breaking force, for example, on rayon yarns intended for use in tire cords and yarns for other industrial purposes. Note that results obtained when testing oven-dried specimens at standard temperature will not necessarily agree with the results obtained when testing oven-dried yarns at high temperatures.5.12 Tests on Specimens at Low Temperatures—Tests on specimens exposed to low temperatures are usually made only on yarns that will be used at low temperatures, for example, yarns used in outerwear designed for cold climates or outer-space situations. Low-temperature tests are made on coated yarns used in the manufacture of materials used in outdoor applications, such as screening fabrics.1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns, either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that stretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to 1.0 cN/tex [0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex].1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, and breaking toughness.1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in: (A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of specimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed, (3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.NOTE 1: Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers; namely, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Methods D885, and Specification D578.NOTE 2: For directions covering the determination of breaking force of yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D1578.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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