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4.1 The physical inventory of tons of coal in a stockpile, as calculated by this practice, may be used for accounting and tax purposes.4.2 The inventory results may be compared to other estimates of the inventory, such as:4.2.1 Tons from a previous inventory less tons shipped or consumed.4.2.2 Tons estimated to have been received (from conveyor, rail, or truck weights) less tons shipped or consumed.1.1 This practice is used to calculate the mass (commonly expressed in tons) of coal in a storage pile using the volume of the stockpile by Test Method D6172 and the density of the coal determined by Test Method D6347/D6347M.1.2 This practice is applicable to all ranks of coal.1.3 The user of this standard determines when the density values provided by the survey require an adjustment for moisture.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.NOTE 1: For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.NOTE 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Electrochemical corrosion rate measurements often provide results in terms of electrical current. Although the conversion of these current values into mass loss rates or penetration rates is based on Faraday’s Law, the calculations can be complicated for alloys and metals with elements having multiple valence values. This practice is intended to provide guidance in calculating mass loss and penetration rates for such alloys. Some typical values of equivalent weights for a variety of metals and alloys are provided.3.2 Electrochemical corrosion rate measurements may provide results in terms of electrical resistance. The conversion of these results to either mass loss or penetration rates requires additional electrochemical information. Some approaches for estimating this information are given.3.3 Use of this practice will aid in producing more consistent corrosion rate data from electrochemical results. This will make results from different studies more comparable and minimize calculation errors that may occur in transforming electrochemical results to corrosion rate values.1.1 This practice covers the providing of guidance in converting the results of electrochemical measurements to rates of uniform corrosion. Calculation methods for converting corrosion current density values to either mass loss rates or average penetration rates are given for most engineering alloys. In addition, some guidelines for converting polarization resistance values to corrosion rates are provided.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard because of their usage.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 In the design and operation of reverse osmosis installations, it is important to predict the SiO2 scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in the concentration of SiO2 and the change in pH, the scaling property of the concentrate stream will be quite different from that of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the scaling potential for the concentrate stream from the feedwater analysis and the reverse osmosis operating parameters.5.2 Scaling by SiO2 will adversely affect the reverse osmosis performance. This practice gives various procedures for the prevention of scaling.5.3 The presence of certain metals, for example, Al+3, may significantly alter the solubility of SiO2 via formation of insoluble metal silicates. This practice does not address this phenomena.1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of silica (SiO2) for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis system. The calculations are used to determine the need for scale control in the operation and design of reverse osmosis installations. This practice is applicable for all types of reverse osmosis devices (tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber).1.2 This practice is applicable to both brackish waters and seawaters.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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3.1 Basicity is a ratio. In any chromic salt solution, the electrovalence of the chromium (+3) is satisfied by the hydroxyl ions and by acid ions. The extent to which this electravalence is satisfied by the hydroxyl ions, expressed as a percentage, is the basicity. The basicity of a chrome tanning liquid is closely related to the tanning behavior of the solution.1.1 This test method is intended to show how the results of the chromium analysis (Test Methods D3898 or D6019) and the acidity determination (Test Method D3913) can be combined to permit calculation of the basicity of a chrome tanning liquor.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Vapor pressure is an important specification property of commercial propane, special duty propane, propane/butane mixtures, and commercial butane that assures adequate vaporization, safety, and compatibility with commercial appliances. Relative density, while not a specification criterion, is necessary for determination of filling densities and custody transfer. The motor octane number (MON) is useful in determining the products' suitability as a fuel for internal combustion engines.1.1 This practice covers, by compositional analysis, the approximate determination of the following physical characteristics of commercial propane, special-duty propane, commercial propane/butane mixtures, and commercial butane (covered by Specification D1835): vapor pressure, relative density, and motor octane number (MON).1.1.1 This practice is not applicable to any product exceeding specifications for nonvolatile residues. (See Test Method D2158.)1.1.2 For calculating motor octane number, this practice is applicable only to mixtures containing 20 % or less of propene.1.1.3 For calculated motor octane number, this practice is based on mixtures containing only components shown in Table 1.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.2.1 Exceptions: 1.2.1.1 Non-SI units in parentheses are given for information only.1.2.1.2 Motor octane number and relative density are given in MON numbers and dimensionless units, respectively.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 ASTM standard gas chromatographic methods for the analysis of petroleum products require calibration of the gas chromatographic system by preparation and analysis of specified reference mixtures. Frequently, minimal information is given in these methods on the practice of calculating calibration or response factors. Test Methods D2268, D2427, D2804, D2998, D3329, D3362, D3465, D3545, and D3695 are examples. The present practice helps to fill this void by providing a detailed reference procedure for calculating response factors, as exemplified by analysis of a standard blend of C6 to C11 n-paraffins using n-C12 as the diluent.5.2 In practice, response factors are used to correct peak areas to a common base prior to final calculation of the sample composition. The response factors calculated in this practice are “multipliers” and prior to final calculation of the results the area obtained for each compound in the sample should be multiplied by the response factor determined for that compound.5.3 It has been determined that values for response factors will vary with individual installations. This may be caused by variations in instrument design, columns, and experimental techniques. It is necessary that chromatographs be individually calibrated to obtain the most accurate data.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for calculating gas chromatographic response factors. It is applicable to chromatographic data obtained from a gaseous mixture or from any mixture of compounds that is normally liquid at room temperature and pressure or solids, or both, that will form a solution with liquids. It is not intended to be applied to those compounds that react in the chromatograph or are not quantitatively eluted. Normal C6 through C11 paraffins have been chosen as model compounds for demonstration purposes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is useful for the determination of the average energy per disintegration of the isotopic mixture found in the reactor-coolant system of a nuclear reactor (1).5 The value is used to calculate a site-specific activity limit for the reactor coolant system, generally identified as: where: K   =   a power reactor site specific constant (usually in the range of 50 to 200). The activity of the reactor coolant system is routinely measured, then compared to the value of Alimiting. If the reactor coolant activity value is less than Alimiting then the 2-h radiation dose, measured at the plant boundary, will not exceed an appropriately small fraction of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, part 100 dose guidelines. It is important to note that the measurement of the reactor coolant system radioactivity is determined at a set frequency by use of gamma spectrometry only. Thus, the radionuclides that go into the calculation of and subsequently Alimiting are only those that are measured using gamma spectrometry. 5.2 In calculating , the energy dissipated by beta particles (negatrons and positrons) and photons from nuclear decay of beta-gamma emitters includes the energy released in the form of extra-nuclear transitions such as X-rays, Auger electrons, and conversion electrons. However, not all radionuclides present in a sample are included in the calculation of . 5.3 Individual nuclear reactor technical specifications vary and each nuclear operator must be aware of limitations affecting plant operation. Typically, iodine radionuclides with half-lives of less than 10 min (except those in equilibrium with the parent) and those radionuclides identified using gamma spectrometry with less than 95 % confidence level are not included in the calculation. However, technical requirements specify that the reported activity must account for at least 95 % of the activity after excluding radioiodines and short-lived radionuclides. There are individual bases for each exclusion. 5.3.1 Radioiodines are typically excluded from the calculation of because United States commercial nuclear reactors are required to operate under a more conservative restriction of 1 μCi (37 kBq) per gram dose equivalent 131I (DEI) in the reactor coolant. 5.3.2 Beta-only-emitting radio isotopes (for example, 90Sr or 63Ni) and alpha emitting radioisotopes (for example, 241Am or 239Pu) which comprise a small fraction of the activity, are not included in the E-bar calculation. These isotopes are not routinely analyzed for in the reactor coolant and, thus, their inclusion in the E-bar calculation is not representative of what is used to assess the 10 CFR 100 dose limits. Tritium, also a beta-only emitter, should not be included in the calculation. Tritium has the largest activity concentration in the reactor coolant system but the lowest beta particle energy. Thus, its dose contribution is always negligible. However, its inclusion in the E-bar calculation would raise the value of Alimiting, yielding a non-conservative value for dose assessment. 5.3.3 Excluding radionuclides with half-lives less than 10 min, except those in equilibrium with the parent, has several bases. 5.3.3.1 The first basis considers the nuclear characteristics of a typical reactor coolant. The radionuclides in a typical reactor coolant have half-lives of less than 4 min or have half-lives greater than 14 min. This natural separation provides a distinct window for choosing a 10-min half-life cutoff. 5.3.3.2 The second consideration is the predictable time delay, approximately 30 min, which occurs between the release of the radioactivity from the reactor coolant to its release to the environment and transport to the site boundary. In this time, the short-lived radionuclides have undergone the decay associated with several half-lives and are no longer considered a significant contributor to . 5.3.3.3 A final practical basis is the difficulty associated with identifying short-lived radionuclides in a sample that requires some significant time, relative to 10 min, to collect, transport, and analyze. 5.3.4 The value of E-bar is usually calculated once every 6 months. However, any time a significant increase in the activity of the reactor coolant occurs, the value of E-bar should be reassessed to ensure compliance with 10 CFR 100. Such reassessment should be done any time there is a significant fuel defect that would alter the value and affect Alimiting. The two possible causes to reassess the value of would be: (1) A significant fuel defect has occurred where the noble gas activity has increased. (2) A significant corrosion product increase has occurred. For the case of a fuel defect, the plant staff may need to include new radionuclides not normally used in the calculation of such as 239U and 239Np. 1.1 This practice applies to the calculation of the average energy per disintegration ( ) for a mixture of radionuclides in reactor coolant water. 1.2 The microcurie (µCi) is the standard unit of measurement for this standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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