定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元

定价： 689元 / 折扣价： 586 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

4.1 The purpose of this guide is to define the elements of a radiological protection training program that will enable a radiation worker, upon completion of training, to achieve the following:4.1.1 Understand the relative health and safety risks associated with the types and levels of radiation that may be encountered during the work assignment in radiologically controlled areas,4.1.2 Complete the forms and records necessary to be permitted to function as a radiation worker,4.1.3 Practice the necessary monitoring and contamination control techniques to minimize exposure to radiation or radioactive materials, or both, and4.1.4 Practice work habits that will minimize the impact of radiation or radioactive materials, or both, upon the workplace and surrounding environments.4.2 The standardization of radiation worker radiological protection training provides the individual radiation worker with a greater assurance that the training received is adequate to minimize radiation exposure, to enable the worker to work safely in a radiologically controlled area, and to meet applicable regulations.4.3 The standardization of radiation worker radiological protection training prevents unnecessary retraining of radiation workers.4.4 This guide should be used as the basis for establishing a radiological protection training program for radiation workers at nuclear facilities.1.1 This guide covers general recommendations with respect to standard work practices, procedures, and measurement methods for the radiological protection portion of health and safety training for radiation workers at nuclear facilities. This guide defines the elements of a training program for radiation workers consistent with the philosophy that occupational radiation exposure be kept as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA). Regulatory agencies have statutory responsibilities to promulgate regulations applying to the training of workers exposed to radiation hazards. This guide shall not take precedence over any such regulations.1.2 This guide is intended to help ensure that the employer provides the radiation worker with radiological protection training that the worker needs to work safely in a radiologically controlled area and to maintain radiation exposure ALARA.1.3 The scope of radiological protection training shall be related to the duties and responsibilities of each radiation worker and shall be commensurate with potential radiological protection problems in the radiologically controlled area.1.4 This guide is also intended to provide guidance that will enable an evaluation of the effectiveness of the radiological protection training program toward achieving the purpose stated in Section 4.1.5 This guide does not cover the more detailed training requirements for radiation protection professionals or technicians.1.6 This guide provides reference to the type of radiological protecting training records that should be created, and recommends retention periods for radiological protection training records.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Calibration is a fundamental part of making measurements and its effect on the quality of measurement data is significant. Thus, sufficient attention must be given to calibration when it is established for a measurement method so that the data produced will be acceptable. The use of an inappropriate calibration standard, inadequate instructions for calibration, and poor documentation of the calibration process are examples of circumstances that can adversely affect the validity of a calibration. Thus, the calibration process must conform to criteria established to ensure the validity of calibration results and any associated measurement data. Such criteria are given in Guide C1009, in which calibration is identified as a component of laboratory quality assurance (see Fig. 1). This guide expands upon those criteria to provide more comprehensive guidance for establishing calibration.FIG. 1 Quality Assurance of Analytical Laboratory Data4.2 The manner of calibration and other technical requirements for calibrating a measurement method are usually established when a method is first introduced into a laboratory, which may be through validation and qualification as defined by Guide C1068 (see Fig. 1). However, calibration involves more than the technical aspects of the calibration process. The other dimension of the process is the operational requirements that are necessary to ensure that calibration results are valid and that they are documented and verifiable should their integrity be questioned. The provisions of this guide provide those operational requirements and should be considered whenever calibration is planned and established.1.1 This guide provides the basis for establishing calibration for a measurement method typically used in an analytical chemistry laboratory analyzing nuclear materials. Guidance is included for such activities as preparing a calibration procedure, selecting a calibration standard, controlling calibrated equipment, and documenting calibration. The guide is generic and any required technical information specific for a given method must be obtained from other sources.1.2 The guidance information is provided in the following sections:  SectionGeneral Considerations 5Calibration Procedure 6Calibration Standard 7Control of Calibrated Equipment 8Documentation 9Keywords 101.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 It is essential for response agency personnel to plan, develop, implement, and train on standardized guidelines that encompass policy, strategy, operations, and tactical decisions prior to responding to a radiological or nuclear incident. Use of this practice is recommended for all levels of the response structure.5.2 Documents developed from this practice should be reviewed and revised as necessary on a two-year cycle or according to each jurisdiction’s normal practices. The review should consider new and updated requirements and guidance, technologies, and other information or equipment that might have a significant impact on the management and outcome of radiological incidents.1.1 This practice provides decision-making considerations for response to both accidental and intentional incidents that involve radioactive material. It provides information and guidance for what to include in response planning and what activities to conduct during a response. It also encompasses the practices to respond to any situation complicated by radiation in conjunction with the associated guidance for the specific type of incident.1.1.1 The intended audience for the standard includes planners as well as emergency responders, incident commanders, and other emergency workers who should be protected from radiation.1.1.2 The scope of this practice applies to all types of radiological emergencies. While it does not fully consider response to an NPP accident,3 an explosive RDD, or nuclear detonation, detailed guidance to respond to such incidents is provided in other documents, such as those cited in the introduction. With respect to the guidance documents, this practice provides the general principles that apply to the broad range of incidents and associated planning goals but relies on the AHJ to apply and tailor their response planning based on those documents as well as the limitation of the personnel and equipment resources in the jurisdiction. In addition, the AHJ should use those documents to identify improvements to planning and resources to be better prepared for the more complex emergencies.1.1.3 This practice does not expressly address emergency response to contamination of food or water supplies.1.1.4 The Emergency Response Guide (ERG) published by the Department of Transportation provides valuable information for response to traffic accidents involving radioactive materials. For other radiological or nuclear incidents, however, the ERG may not provide adequate information on appropriate protective measures and should not be the sole resource used.1.2 This practice applies to those emergency response agencies that have a role in the response to an accidental or intentional radiological or nuclear incident. It should be used by emergency response organizations such as law enforcement, fire service, emergency medical services, and emergency management.1.3 This practice assumes that implementation begins with the recognition of a radiological or nuclear incident and ends when emergency response actions cease or the response is supported by specialized regional, state, or federal response assets.1.4 AHJs using this practice should identify hazards, develop a plan, acquire and track equipment, and provide training consistent with the descriptions provided in Section 6.1.5 While response to radiological hazards is the focus of this practice, responders must consider all hazards during a response; it is possible that non-radiological hazards may present a greater danger at an incident, particularly in incidents with wide area dispersion.1.5.1 This practice does not fully address assessing the risks from airborne radioactivity. Equipment to determine this potential hazard is not widely available in emergency responder communities. Like other responses to unknown hazards, respiratory protection commonly used by responders is required until a complete hazard identification assessment is complete.1.6 This practice is divided into the following sections:Section Title1 2 Referenced Documents3 Terminology4 Summary of Practice5 6 Prerequisites for Radiological or Nuclear Emergency Response7 Nuclear Detonation Response8 Radiological Emergency ResponseAppendix X1 Operational Guidance for Responding to Radiological or Nuclear Incidents, or both, and EmergenciesAppendix X2 Summary of Blast and Radiation Zones Following a Nuclear DetonationAppendix X3 Practicing ALARA Using Time, Distance, and Shielding: Determining Radiological DoseAppendix X4 Radiological Emergency Response GuidelinesAppendix X5 Emergency Response Checklist for Radiological IncidentsAppendix X6 Radiation Detection InstrumentsAppendix X7 Example Radiation Safety ProceduresAppendix X8 Sample Radiation Safety ProceduresAppendix X9 Training ResourcesAppendix X10 Radiation Units, Conversions, and AbbreviationsN/A ReferencesN/A Bibliography1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 918元 / 折扣价： 781 元 加购物车

4.1 The composition and sequential structure of alginate determines the functionality of alginate in an application. For instance, the gelling properties of an alginate are highly dependent upon the monomer composition and sequential structure of the polymer. Gel strength will depend upon the guluronic acid content (FG) and also the average number of consecutive guluronate moieties in G-block structures (NG>1).4.2 Chemical composition and sequential structure of alginate can be determined by 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). A general description of NMR can be found in <761> of the USP 35-NF30. The NMR methodology and assignments are based on data published by Grasdalen et al. (1979, 1981, 1983).4, 5, 6 The NMR technique has made it possible to determine the monad frequencies FM (fraction of mannuronate units) and FG (fraction of guluronate units), the four nearest neighboring (diad) frequencies FGG, FMG, FGM, FMM, and the eight next nearest neighboring (triad) frequencies FGGG, FGGM, FMGG, FMGM, FMMM, FMMG, FGMM, FGMG. Knowledge of these frequencies enables number averages of block lengths to be calculated. NG is the number average length of G-blocks, and NG>1 is the number average length of G-blocks from which singlets (-MGM-) have been excluded. Similarly, NM is the number average length of M-blocks, and NM>1 is the number average length of M-blocks from which singlets (-GMG-) have been excluded. 13C NMR must be used to determine the M-centered triads and NM>1. This test method describes only the 1H NMR analysis of alginate. Alginate can be well characterized by determining FG and NG>1.4.3 In order to obtain well-resolved NMR spectra, it is necessary to reduce the viscosity and increase the mobility of the molecules by depolymerization of alginate to a degree of polymerization of about 20 to 50. Acid hydrolysis is used to depolymerize the alginate samples. Freeze-drying, followed by dissolution in 99 % D2O, and another freeze-drying before dissolution in 99.9 % D2O yields samples with low 1H2O content. TTHA is used as a chelator to prevent traces of divalent cations to interact with alginate. While TTHA is a more effective chelator, other agents such as EDTA and citrate may be used. Such interactions may lead to line broadening and selective loss of signal intensity.4.4 Samples are analyzed at a temperature of 80 ± 1°C. Elevated sample temperature contributes to reducing sample viscosity and repositions the proton signal of residual water to an area outside that of interest.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the composition and monomer sequence of alginate intended for use in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications as well as in Tissue Engineered Medical Products (TEMPs) by high-resolution proton NMR (1H NMR). A guide for the characterization of alginate has been published as Guide F2064.1.2 Alginate, a linear polymer composed of β-D-mannuronate (M) and its C-5 epimer α-L-guluronate (G) linked by β-(1—>4) glycosidic bonds, is characterized by calculating parameters such as mannuronate/guluronate (M/G) ratio, guluronic acid content (G-content), and average length of blocks of consecutive G monomers (that is, NG>1 ). Knowledge of these parameters is important for an understanding of the functionality of alginate in TEMP formulations and applications. This test method will assist end users in choosing the correct alginate for their particular application. Alginate may have utility as a scaffold or matrix material for TEMPs, in cell and tissue encapsulation applications, and in drug delivery formulations.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元