定价： 2081元 / 折扣价： 1853 元 加购物车

定价： 3412元 / 折扣价： 3037 元 加购物车

定价： 1840元 / 折扣价： 1638 元 加购物车

4.1 Materials shipped in elongated packages are liable to damage as a result of impact near their midpoint when only the ends are supported. This type of damage can occur during the shipment of packaging of mixed dimensions. It is particularly prevalent during conveyer line transport and sortation. This test method provides a means of determining resistance to such damage.1.1 This test method is intended to determine the capability of a long package with a narrow cross-section to resist impact near its center when the package is supported only at its ends. This test method allows the user to select from two test options: Option A employs the use of a free-fall drop tester (see Exhibit B), and Option B employs the use of simulated mechanical impact testing equipment (S.M.I.T.E.; see Exhibit A). The two optional procedures are designed to impart the same amount of kinetic energy at impact; therefore, each procedure yields equal damage-producing potential.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

4.1 This classification builds on the concepts and organizational framework first established in Classification E1557. This classification describes bridge elements that are major components of most highway, railroad, and pedestrian bridges. The elemental classification is the common thread linking activities and participants in a bridge project from initial planning through operations, maintenance, and disposal.NOTE 1: As this classification refers solely to permanent, physical parts of any construction, two additional classifications, Classifications E2083 and E2168, need to be included when calculating construction cost. These standards provide for the inclusion of construction enabling, temporary, and risk mitigation cost figures. Procedures for reporting all these figures are described in Practices E1804 and E2514 and Classification E2516. While these three latter standards were primarily written for building construction, they are nonetheless appropriate and readily applied to other forms of construction as well.4.2 The Users of Bridge UNIFORMAT II Include: 4.2.1 Financial and Investment—Typically owners, developers, bankers, lenders, accountants, and financial managers.4.2.2 Implementation—Primarily project managers; facilities programmers; designers, including engineers; and project controls specialists, including cost planners, estimators, schedulers, specification writers, and risk analysts.4.2.3 Facilities Management—Comprising property portfolio managers, operating staff, and maintenance staff.4.2.4 Others—Public officials, manufacturers, educators, students, and other project stakeholders.4.3 Apply This Classification When Undertaking the Following Work on Bridges:5 4.3.1 Financing and Investing:4.3.1.1 Structuring costs on an elemental basis for economic evaluations (Guide E1185 and Practices E917, E964, E1057, E1074, E1121, and E1804) early in the design process helps reduce the cost of early financial analysis and can contribute to substantial design and operational savings before decisions have been made that limit options for potential savings.4.3.2 Implementing: 4.3.2.1 Cost Modeling, Cost Planning, Estimating and Controlling Project Time and Cost During Planning, Design, and Construction—Use the bridge UNIFORMAT II classification to prepare budgets and to establish elemental cost plans before design begins. Project managers and project controls specialists use these cost plans against which to measure and control project cost, and quality, and to set design-to-cost targets.4.3.2.2 Conducting Value Engineering Workshops—Conducting value engineering workshops (Practices E1699 and E2013). Use this classification as a checklist to ensure that alternatives for all elements of significant cost in the bridge project are analyzed in the creativity phase of the job plan. Also, use the elemental cost data to expedite the development of cost models for bridge systems.4.3.2.3 Developing Initial Project Master Schedules—Since projects are essentially built element by element, UNIFORMAT II classifications are an appropriate basis for preparing construction schedules at the start of the design process. Project managers and project controls specialists use these time plans against which to measure and control project time (Practice E2691), and to set milestone target dates.4.3.2.4 Performing Risk Analyses—Simulation (Guides E1369 and E2506) is one technique for developing probability distributions of bridge costs when evaluating the economic risk in undertaking a bridge project. Use individual elements and group elements in this classification for developing probability distributions of elemental costs. From these distributions, build up probability distributions of total costs to establish project contingencies (Practice E1946 and Classification E2168) or to serve as inputs to an economic analysis.4.3.2.5 Structuring Preliminary Project Descriptions During the Conceptual Design Phase—This classification facilitates the description of the scope of the project in a clear, concise, and logical sequence for presentation to the client; it provides the basis for the preparation of more detailed elemental estimates during the early concept and preliminary design phases, and it enhances communication between designers and clients by providing a clear statement of the designer’s intent.4.3.2.6 Coding and Referencing Standard Details In Computer-Aided Design Systems—This classification allows a designer, for example, to reference an assembly according to this classification’s element designations and build up a database of standard details. This is particularly appropriate to design modeling and building information modeling (BIM) applications.4.3.3 Managing Facilities: 4.3.3.1 Recording and writing property condition assessment reports in a structured way, using UNIFORMAT II classifications, provides for a consistent, accessible, and searchable database of real property inventory.4.3.4 Other Activities: 4.3.4.1 Structuring cost manuals and recording construction, operating, and maintenance costs in a computer database. Having a cost manual or computer database in an elemental format assists the preparation of an economic analysis early in the design stage and at a reasonable cost.1.1 This standard establishes a classification of bridge elements within the UNIFORMAT II family of elemental classifications. It covers most highway bridges, railroad bridges, and pedestrian bridges.1.2 UNIFORMAT II classifications have an elemental format similar to the original UNIFORMAT2 building elemental classification. However, the title UNIFORMAT II differs from the original in that it now takes into consideration a wide range of constructed entities that collectively form the built environment.1.3 Elements, as defined here and in other UNIFORMAT II Classifications, are major physical components that are common within constructed entities. Elements perform their given function(s), regardless of the design specification, construction method, or materials used.1.4 This elemental classification serves as a consistent reference for analysis, evaluation, and monitoring during the feasibility, planning, and design stages when constructing bridges.1.5 Using UNIFORMAT II elemental classifications ensures a consistency in the economic evaluation of construction projects over time and from project to project.1.6 UNIFORMAT II classifications also enhance reporting at all stages of a constructed entity’s life cycle—from feasibility and planning through the preparation of working documents, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and disposal.1.7 This classification is unsuitable for process applications or for preparing trade estimates.1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 加购物车

定价： 927元 加购物车

4.1 Some contract documents specify certain aggregate sizes for specific uses or may suggest one or more of these sizes as appropriate for the preparation of various end-product mixtures. In some cases, closer limits on variability of the aggregate grading are required.1.1 This classification defines aggregate size number designations and standard size ranges for mechanical sieve analyses of coarse aggregate and screenings for use in the construction and maintenance of various types of highways and bridges.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.NOTE 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.1.3 The text of this classification references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the classification.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

2.1 This practice may be used in conjunction with other methods in determining the general condition of concrete bridge decks.2.2 This practice may be used in determining specific areas of delamination requiring repair.1.1 This practice covers procedures for surveying concrete bridge decks by sounding to determine delamination in the concrete. It is not intended that the procedures described herein are to be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with asphalt mixtures. The procedures may be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with portland cement concrete mixtures; however, areas indicated to be delaminated may have a lack of bond between the overlay and the underlying bridge deck (Note 1).NOTE 1: The influence of variable field conditions such as traffic noise, vibration, moisture content of the concrete, and the like, are not completely known and additional investigation may be needed. It is generally agreed that the practice should not be used on frozen concrete.1.2 The following three procedures are covered in this practice:1.2.1 Procedure A, Electro-Mechanical Sounding Device—This procedure uses an electric-powered tapping device, sonic receiver, and recorder mounted on a cart. The cart is pushed across the bridge deck and the delamination is recorded on the recorder.1.2.2 Procedure B, Chain Drag—This procedure consists of dragging a chain over the bridge deck surface. The detection of delamination is accomplished by the operator noting dull or hollow sounds. Tapping the bridge deck surface with a steel rod or hammer may be substituted for the chain drag.1.2.3 Procedure C, Rotary Percussion2—This procedure consists of rolling a dual-wheel, multi-toothed apparatus attached to an extension pole over the bridge deck surface. The percussive force caused by the tapping wheels will create either a dull or hollow sound, indicating any delamination.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.5 Since a complete Precision and Bias statement for this standard has not been developed, the standard practice is to be used for research and informational purposes only. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

This specification covers three types of deck waterproofing membrane systems designed for use on bridge decks which will receive an asphaltic concrete overlay. Type I are cold liquid-applied chemically curing membrane materials that that require a membrane protection course. Type II, on the other hand, are hot applied elastomeric membrane systems that also require a membrane protection course. And finally, Type III are preformed sheet membrane systems. All types are applied to a bridge deck to prevent the passage of water from the bituminous surface course to or through the bridge deck. Membrane systems shall be sampled as appropriate for each type, and shall conform to performance requirements and physical properties as to permeability, and pliability.1.1 This specification covers deck waterproofing membrane systems designed for use on bridge decks which will receive an asphaltic concrete overlay.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车