This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) applications. This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities. These contaminants are those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment. Also, this guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC CO2 products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques.1.1 This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in SFE and SFC applications (see Guide E1449 for definitions of terms). This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities.1.2 This guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC carbon dioxide (CO2) products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques. The use of this guide allows different SFE or SFC CO2 product offerings to be compared on an equal purity basis.1.3 This guide considers contaminants to be those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Titanium dioxide is used in rubber compounding as a colorant to impart whiteness to any desired end product. It is used in sidewalls of automobile tires.3.2 It is chemically inert and slightly basic with a pH of 7.0 to 8.0. The free-chalking, weathering properties of anatase titanium-dioxide provide a (self-cleaning) white appearance in outdoor applications.1.1 This classification covers the compounding material known as titanium dioxide. It is generally used in rubber compounds to impart whiteness to selected products. Typical chemical and physical properties are included.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Indoor CO2 concentrations have been described and used by some people as an indicator of indoor air quality. These uses have included both appropriate and inappropriate interpretations of indoor CO2 concentrations. Appropriate uses include estimating expected levels of occupant comfort in terms of human body odor, studying occupancy patterns, investigating the levels of contaminants that are related to occupant activity, and screening for the sufficiency of ventilation rates relative to occupancy. Inappropriate uses include the application of simple relationships to determine outdoor air ventilation rates per person from indoor CO2 concentrations without verifying the assumptions upon which these relationships are based, and the interpretation of indoor CO2 concentrations as a comprehensive indicator of indoor air quality.5.2 Outdoor air ventilation rates affect contaminant levels in buildings and building occupants' perception of the acceptability of the indoor environment. Minimum rates of outdoor air ventilation are specified in building codes and indoor air quality standards, for example, ASHRAE Standard 62. The compliance of outdoor air ventilation rates with relevant codes and standards are often assessed as part of indoor air quality investigations in buildings. The outdoor air ventilation rate of a building depends on the size and distribution of air leakage sites, pressure differences induced by wind and temperature, mechanical system operation, and occupant behavior. Given all of this information, ventilation rates are predictable; however, many of these parameters are difficult to determine in practice. Therefore, measurement is required to determine outdoor air change rates reliably.5.3 The measurement of CO2 concentrations has been promoted as a means of determining outdoor air ventilation rates per person. This approach, referred to in this guide as equilibrium analysis, is based on a steady-state, single-zone mass balance of CO2 in the building and is sometimes presented with little or no discussion of its limitations and the assumptions on which it is based. As a result, in some cases, the technique has been misused and indoor CO2 concentration measurements have been misinterpreted.5.4 When the assumptions upon which equilibrium analysis is based are valid, the technique can yield reliable measurements of outdoor air ventilation rates. In addition, indoor CO2 concentrations can be used to determine other aspects of building ventilation when used properly. By applying a mass balance at an air handler, the percent outdoor air intake in the supply airstream can be determined based on the CO2 concentrations in the supply, return, and outdoor air. This percentage can be multiplied by the supply airflow rate of the air handler to yield the outdoor air intake rate of the air handler. In addition, the decay of indoor CO2 concentrations can be monitored in a building after the occupants have left to determine the outdoor air change rate of the building.5.5 Continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations can be used to study some aspects of ventilation system performance, the quality of outdoor air, and building occupancy patterns.1.1 This guide describes how measured values of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can be used in evaluations of indoor air quality and building ventilation.1.2 This guide describes the determination of CO2 generation rates from people as a function of body size and level of physical activity.1.3 This guide describes the experimentally-determined relationship between CO2 concentrations and the acceptability of a space in terms of human body odor.1.4 This guide describes the following uses of indoor CO2 concentrations to evaluate building ventilation–mass balance analysis to determine the percent outdoor air intake at an air handler, the tracer gas decay technique to estimate whole building air change rates, and the constant injection tracer gas technique at equilibrium to estimate whole building air change rates.1.5 This guide discusses the use of continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations as a means of evaluating building ventilation and indoor air quality.1.6 This guide discusses some concentration measurement issues, but it does not include or recommend a method for measuring CO2 concentrations.1.7 This guide does not address the use of indoor CO2 to control outdoor air intake rates.1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Electrical insulating liquids, in many applications, require low gas content. This is the case with capacitors and certain types of cable, for example. This test is used as a factory control test and as a control and functional test in installation and maintenance work by utilities. This test requires care in manipulation and trained, careful personnel.FIG. 1 Semimicro Apparatus for Determination of Gas Content of Insulating Liquids1.1 This test method describes the determination of the gas content of electrical insulating liquids with a viscosity of 216 cSt or less at 100°C. Any gas that is nonreactive with a strong caustic solution may be determined.Note 1—The test method has a bias for samples containing gases other than oxygen and nitrogen in atmospheric ratios due to differential solubility effects. Gases which react with KOH such as carbon dioxide will not be measured. Unsaturated hydrocarbons such as acetylene, if present, will react with KOH to a small degree and will result in an underestimation of the total gas present.1.2 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method allows the user to make a determination of the blueness or yellowness of the tint undertone of titanium dioxide pigments, versus a reference pigment agreed upon by the parties to the test. This is an important measure of tone, since it gives both a measure of effective particle size, and quick approximation of the blue/yellow undertone that can be expected when a coating containing the titanium dioxide is tinted.5.2 Such matters as the vehicle for preparing the dispersions and the mechanical method of preparing the dispersion are left to the user. However, variation in these practices will lead to increased variance in the results, so users ought to fix these parameters, in-so-far as is possible, within any one laboratory. This will lead to reduced uncertainty of the results within that laboratory, and it is seldom that interlaboratory comparisons of this test result is needed.5.3 Each user must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurements due to variation of these parameters is negligibly small for the purpose for which the data are obtained.1.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the tint undertone (blue or yellow) of titanium dioxide pigments. This relates to the effective particle size of the pigment1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers nuclear-grade, sinterable uranium dioxide (UO2) powder and applies to uranium dioxide powder containing uranium of any 235U concentration in the production of nuclear fuel pellets for use in nuclear reactors. This specification refers expressly to calcined UO2 powder before the addition of any die lubricant, binder, or pore former, and defines isotopic limits for commercial grade UO2 so that, regarding fuel design and manufacture, the product is essentially equivalent to that made from unreprocessed uranium and. Provisions for preventing criticality accidents or requirements for health and safety are not included in this specification. The powder shall conform to the specified chemical requirements including uranium content, oxygen-to-uranium ratio, impurity content (such as aluminum, carbon, calcium and magnesium, chlorine, fluorine, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, tantalum, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, and zinc), moisture content, isotopic content, equivalent boron content, and cleanliness and workmanship. The powder shall also meet the specified physical requirements including particle size, bulk density, and sinterability. Sampling requirements for the test specimen and the test methods for chemical analysis and acceptance testing are detailed.1.1 This specification covers nuclear-grade, sinterable UO2 powder. It applies to UO2 powder containing uranium (U) of any 235U concentration in the production of nuclear fuel pellets for use in nuclear reactors.1.2 This specification recognizes the presence of reprocessed U in the fuel cycle and consequently defines isotopic limits for commercial grade UO2. Such commercial grade UO2 is defined so that, regarding fuel design and manufacture, the product is essentially equivalent to that made from unreprocessed U. UO2 falling outside these limits cannot necessarily be regarded as equivalent and may thus need special provisions at the fuel fabrication plant or in the fuel design.1.3 This specification does not include provisions for preventing criticality accidents or requirements for health and safety. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all international, national, or federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using source or special nuclear material.1.4 This specification refers expressly to UO2 powder before the addition of any die lubricant, binder, or pore former. If powder is sold with such additions or prepared as press feed, sampling procedures, allowable impurity contents, or powder physical requirements may need to be modified by agreement between the buyer and the seller.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Greenhouse gases are reported to be a major contributor to global warming. Since “biomass CO2” emitted from combustion devices represents a net-zero carbon contribution to the atmosphere (that is, plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere and subsequent combustion returns it), it does not contribute additional CO2 to the atmosphere. The measurement of biomass (biogenic) CO2 allows regulators and stationary source owners/operators to determine the ratio of fossil-derived CO2 and biomass CO2 in developing control strategies and to meet federal, state, local and regional greenhouse gas reporting requirements.5.2 The distinction of the two types of CO2 has financial, control and regulatory implications.1.1 This practice defines specific procedures for the collection of gas samples from stationary emission sources for subsequent laboratory determination of the ratio of biomass (biogenic) carbon to total carbon (fossil derived carbon plus biomass or biogenic carbon) in accordance with Test Methods D6866.1.2 This practice applies to stationary sources that burn municipal solid waste or a combination of fossil fuel (for example, coal, oil, natural gas) and biomass fuel (for example, wood, wood waste, paper, agricultural waste, biogas) in boilers, combustion turbines, incinerators, kilns, internal combustion engines and other combustion devices.1.3 This practice applies to the collection of integrated samples over periods from 1 hour to 24 hours, or longer.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This specification covers sinterable nuclear-grade plutonium dioxide powders obtained by the oxalate precipitation route, calcination, or any other equivalent process acceptable to the buyer. Included is plutonium dioxide of various isotopic compositions as normally prepared by in-reactor neutron irradiation of natural or slightly enriched uranium, or recycled plutonium mixed with uranium. The material shall conform to required chemical compositions of plutonium, uranium, americium, impurities (boron, cadmium, carbon, chlorine, chromium, fluorine, iron, gadolinium, nickel, nitride nitrogen, and thorium), equivalent boron, and gamma activity. Materials shall also adhere to physical property requirements as to cleanliness and workmanship, particle size, and surface area.1.1 This specification covers nuclear grade PuO2 powder. It applies to PuO2 of various isotopic compositions as normally prepared by in-reactor neutron irradiation of natural or slightly enriched uranium or by in-reactor neutron irradiation of recycled plutonium mixed with uranium.1.2 There is no discussion of or provision for preventing criticality incidents, nor are health and safety requirements, the avoidance of hazards, or shipping precautions and controls discussed. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all applicable international, national, or federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using source or special nuclear material. For examples in the U.S. Government, relevant documents are Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10 Nuclear Safety Guide, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Report TID-70162, and “Handbook of Nuclear Safety”, H. K. Clark, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Report, DP-5322.1.3 The PuO2 shall be produced by a qualified process and in accordance with a quality assurance program approved by the user.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The test methods in this method are designed to show whether a given material is in accordance with Specification C922.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the analysis of sintered gadolinium oxide-uranium dioxide pellets to determine compliance with specifications.1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  SectionCarbon (Total) by Direct Combustion—Thermal Conductivity Method 2C1408 Test Method for Carbon (Total) in Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets By Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method 3Chlorine and Fluorine by Pyrohydrolysis Ion-Selective Electrode Method 4C1502 Test Method for Determination of Total Chlorine and Fluorine in Uranium Dioxide and Gadolinium Oxide 3Gadolinia Content by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry 4C1456 Test Method for Determination of Uranium or Gadolinium (or both) in Gadolinium Oxide-Uranium Oxide Pellets or by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) 3Hydrogen by Inert Gas Fusion 4C1457 Test Method for Determination of Total Hydrogen Content of Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets by Carrier Gas Extraction 3Isotopic Uranium Composition by Multiple-Filament Surface-Ionization Mass Spectrometric Method 2C1413 Test Method for Isotopic Analysis of Hydrolyzed Uranium Hexafluoride And Uranyl Nitrate Solutions By Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry 3C1347 Practice for Preparation and Dissolution of Uranium Materials for Analysis 3Nitrogen by Distillation—Nessler Reagent (Photometric) Method 7 to 17Oxygen-to-Metal Ratio of Sintered Gadolinium Oxide-Uranium Dioxide Pellets 4C1430 Test Method for Determination of Uranium, Oxygen to Uranium (O/U), and Oxygen to Metal (O/M) in Sintered Uranium Dioxide and Gadolinia-Uranium Dioxide Pellets by Atmospheric Equilibration 3Spectrochemical Determination of Trace Impurity Elements 4C1517 Test Method for Determination of Metallic Impurities in Uranium Metal or Compounds by DC-Arc Emission Spectroscopy 3Total Gas by Hot Vacuum Extraction 2Ceramographic Determination of Free Gd2O3 and Free UO2 to Estimate the Homogeneity of (U,Gd)O2 Pellets 18 to 25Ceramographic Determination of Average Grain Size by Linear Intercept after Chemical Etching 26 to 331.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This classification is given as an aid in determining the fitness for use of a titanium dioxide pigment for a coating application. It is limited to dry, hiding pigments. It excludes pigment dispersions, and non-hiding specialty titanium dioxide products.1.1 This classification describes eight types of dry pigmentary titanium dioxide products, grouped by composition, typical end use application, and some performance properties.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Titanium dioxide pigments are components with high refractive index that significantly influence the opacity, color, durability, and other properties of coatings. This test method for determining titanium dioxide content is quicker and easier to use than Test Methods D1394, a wet chemical analysis method for pigments. It is conveniently applicable to single samples and to large numbers of samples. Only a single relatively stable reagent used to prepare standards and paints under test need be stored. Drawdown specimens used as standards, once prepared, can be stored indefinitely and used repeatedly.1.1 This test method covers the determination of titanium dioxide content in liquid paint. This test method is applicable to both water-reducible and solvent-reducible paints.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These test methods are intended as a quick and reliable procedure for measuring the titanium dioxide pigment content of aqueous slurries. Included with the pigment content in the percent solids are the various nonvolatile additives used in preparing a stable slurry. Because the aluminum and silica oxide treatments on the more highly treated titanium dioxide pigments may change somewhat with prolonged drying, in the oven method the solids of the slurry are considered dry after heating at 105°C for 60 to 65 min. The high temperature associated with the infrared moisture analyzer may also effect a change in the aluminum and silica oxide treatment on highly treated TiO2 products. Therefore, care in selection of time and temperature are critical to obtain accurate results with the infrared method. With the short duration of test associated with the microwave drying system, overdrying is not a concern.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the weight percent of solids in aqueous slurries of titanium dioxide pigments by either the use of a gravity-convection oven (Method A), infrared radiation moisture analyzer (Method B), or a microwave drying system (Method C).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This test standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. In order to be suitable for this purpose, the material must meet certain criteria for uranium content, stoichiometry, isotopic composition, and impurity content. These test methods are designed to show whether or not a given material meets the specifications for these items as described in Specifications C753 and C776.4.1.1 An assay is performed to determine whether the material has the minimum uranium content specified on a dry weight basis.4.1.2 The stoichiometry of the oxide powder is useful for predicting its sintering behavior in the pellet production process.4.1.3 Determination of the isotopic content of the uranium in the uranium dioxide powder is made to establish whether the effective fissile content is in compliance with the purchaser's specifications.4.1.4 Impurity content is determined to ensure that the maximum concentration limit of certain impurity elements is not exceeded. Determination of impurities is also required for calculation of the equivalent boron content (EBC).4.1.5 Determination of the oxygen-to-uranium ratio is performed on the completed pellets to determine whether they have the appropriate stoichiometry for optimal performance during irradiation.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical, mass spectrometric, and spectrochemical analysis of nuclear-grade uranium dioxide powders and pellets to determine compliance with specifications.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  Sections Uranium by Ferrous Sulfate Reduction in Phosphoric Acid and Dichromate Titration Method 2Uranium and Oxygen Uranium Atomic Ratio by the Ignition (Gravimetric) Impurity Correction Method 3Carbon (Total) by Direct Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method 2Total Chlorine and Fluorine by Pyrohydrolysis Ion-Selective Electrode Method 3Moisture by the Coulometric, Electrolytic Moisture Analyzer Method 8 – 15Nitrogen by the Kjeldahl Method 16 – 23Isotopic Uranium Composition by Multiple-Filament Surface Ionization Mass Spectrometric Method 4Spectrochemical Determination of Trace Elements in High-Purity Uranium Dioxide 5Silver, Spectrochemical Determination of, by Gallium Oxide Carrier D-C Arc Technique 5Rare Earths by Copper Spark-Spectrochemical Method 2Impurity Elements by a Spark-Source Mass Spectrographic Method 2Surface Area by Nitrogen Absorption Method 24 – 30Total Gas in Reactor-Grade Uranium Dioxide Pellets 2Thorium and Rare Earth Elements by Spectroscopy 2Hydrogen by Inert Gas Fusion 3Uranium Isotopic Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 21.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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