定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

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5.1 With the advent of thick, highly angled aircraft transparencies, multiple imaging has been more frequently cited as an optical problem by pilots. Secondary images (of outside lights), often varying in intensity and displacement across the windscreen, can give the pilot deceptive optical cues of his altitude, velocity, and approach angle, increasing his visual workload. Current specifications for multiple imaging in transparencies are vague and not quantitative. Typical specifications state “multiple imaging shall not be objectionable.”5.2 The angular separation of the secondary and primary images has been shown to relate to the pilot's acceptability of the windscreen. This procedure provides a way to quantify angular separation so a more objective evaluation of the transparency can be made. This procedure is of use for research of multiple imaging, quantifying aircrew complaints, or as the basis for windscreen specifications.5.3 It is of note that the basic multiple imaging characteristics of a windscreen are determined early in the design phase and are virtually impossible to change after the windscreen has been manufactured. In fact, a perfectly manufactured windscreen has some multiple imaging. For a particular windscreen, caution is advised in the selection of specification criteria for multiple imaging, as inherent multiple imaging characteristics have the potential to vary significantly depending upon windscreen thickness, material, or installation angle. Any tolerances that might be established are advised to allow for inherent multiple imaging characteristics.1.1 This test method covers measuring the angular separation of secondary images from their respective primary images as viewed from the design eye position of an aircraft transparency. Angular separation is measured at 49 points within a 20 by 20° field of view. This procedure is designed for performance on any aircraft transparency in a laboratory or in the field. However, the procedure is limited to a dark environment. Laboratory measurements are done in a darkened room and field measurements are done at night (preferably between astronomical dusk and astronomical dawn).1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard possibly involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 728元 / 折扣价： 619 元

This specification provides the minimum requirements for the design, fabrication, pressure rating, marking, and testing for fuel oil meters (volumetric positive displacement type). The components of the meter shall be the following: housing, measuring chamber, adjusting device, direction marker, and register. Meter properties such as capacity, pressure drop, normal flow error, and maintainability shall be determined. Meters shall have all burrs or sharp edges removed and shall be cleaned of all loose metal chips and other foreign substances. A representative fuel oil meter shall undergo calibration and adjustment and hydrostatic test.1.1 This specification provides the minimum requirements for the design, fabrication, pressure rating, marking, and testing for fuel oil meters (volumetric positive displacement type).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method section of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Electrical insulating liquids, in many applications, require low gas content. This is the case with capacitors and certain types of cable, for example. This test is used as a factory control test and as a control and functional test in installation and maintenance work by utilities. This test requires care in manipulation and trained, careful personnel.FIG. 1 Semimicro Apparatus for Determination of Gas Content of Insulating Liquids1.1 This test method describes the determination of the gas content of electrical insulating liquids with a viscosity of 216 cSt or less at 100°C. Any gas that is nonreactive with a strong caustic solution may be determined.Note 1—The test method has a bias for samples containing gases other than oxygen and nitrogen in atmospheric ratios due to differential solubility effects. Gases which react with KOH such as carbon dioxide will not be measured. Unsaturated hydrocarbons such as acetylene, if present, will react with KOH to a small degree and will result in an underestimation of the total gas present.1.2 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method is one of those required to determine if the presence of a medical device may cause injury to individuals during an MR examination or in the MR environment. Other safety issues which should be addressed include, but may not be limited to: magnetically induced torque (see Test Method F2213) and radiofrequency (RF) heating (see Test Method F2182). The terms and icons in Practice F2503 should be used to mark the device for safety in the magnetic resonance environment.5.2 If the maximum magnetically induced displacement force for the specified magnetic field conditions (see Appendix X3) is less than the force on the device due to gravity (its weight), it is assumed that any risk imposed by the application of the magnetically induced force is no greater than any risk imposed by normal daily activity in the Earth’s gravitational field. This statement does not constitute an acceptance criterion; it is provided as a conservative reference point. It is possible that a greater magnetically induced displacement force can be acceptable and would not harm a patient or other individual in a specific case.NOTE 2: For instance, in the case of an implanted device that is or could be subjected to a magnetic displacement force greater than the force due to gravity, the location of the implant, surrounding tissue properties, and means of fixation within the body may be considered. For a non-implanted device with a magnetically induced force greater than the gravitational force, consideration should be given to mitigate the projectile risk which may include fixing or tethering the device or excluding it from the MR environment so that it does not become a projectile.5.3 The maximum static magnetic field strength and spatial field gradient vary for different MR systems. Appendix X3 provides guidance for calculating the allowable static magnetic field strength and spatial field gradient.5.4 This test method alone is not sufficient for determining if a device is safe in the MR environment.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the magnetically induced displacement force produced by static magnetic field gradients (spatial field gradient) on medical devices and the comparison of that force to the weight of the medical device.1.2 This test method does not address other possible safety issues which include, but are not limited to: issues of magnetically induced torque, radiofrequency (RF) heating, induced heating, acoustic noise, interaction among devices, and the functionality of the device and the magnetic resonance (MR) system.1.3 This test method is intended for devices that can be suspended from a string. Devices which cannot be suspended from a string are not covered by this test method. The weight of the string from which the device is suspended during the test must be less than 1 % of the weight of the tested device.1.4 This test method shall be carried out in a horizontal bore MR system with a static magnetic field oriented horizontally and parallel to the MR system bore.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Cyanide and hydrogen cyanide are highly toxic. Regulations have been established to require the monitoring of cyanide in industrial and domestic wastes and surface waters.35.2 This test method is applicable for natural water, saline waters, metallurgical process solutions, and wastewater effluent.5.3 The method may be used for process control in wastewater treatment facilities.1.1 This test method is used to determine the concentration of available inorganic cyanide in an aqueous wastewater or effluent. The method detects the cyanides that are free (HCN and CN-) and metal-cyanide complexes that are easily dissociated into free cyanide ions. The method does not detect the less toxic strong metal-cyanide complexes, cyanides that are not “amenable to chlorination.”1.2 Total cyanide can be determined for samples that have been distilled as described in Test Methods D2036, Test Method A, Total Cyanides after Distillation. The cyanide complexes are dissociated and absorbed into the sodium hydroxide capture solution, which can be analyzed with this test method; therefore, ligand exchange reagents from 8.12 and 8.13 would not be required when determining total cyanide after distillation.1.3 This procedure is applicable over a range of approximately 2 μg/L to 400 μg/L (parts per billion) available cyanides. Higher concentrations can be analyzed by dilution or lower injection volume.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.6 and Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method provides data on classifying polymer-modified bituminous membranes by their performance related to the fatigue conditions to which they are subjected.5.2 This test method is applicable to testing specimens consisting of a single ply of the polymer-modified bitumen material or a multiple-ply composite that includes the polymer-modified bitumen material.5.3 This test method is conducted on both unaged and heat-aged specimens to determine the effect of heat exposure on the membrane material's ability to resist deterioration from cyclic strain. This test method may also be conducted on specimens subjected to other laboratory exposure conditions that are not specified herein.1.1 This test method determines the effect of constant cyclic displacement on polymer-modified bituminous membrane specimens. In this test method, a relatively low travel rate of cycling is used and the material is tested for a specified number of cycles under conditions of increased amplitude or lower temperature.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice was written primarily to guide test participants in establishing, identifying, maintaining, and using suitable environments for conducting high quality neutron tests. Its development was motivated, in large measure, because inadequate controls in the neutron-effects-test process have, in some past instances, resulted in exposures that have differed by factors of three or more from irradiation specifications. A radiation test environment generally differs from the environment in which the electronics must operate (the operational environment); therefore, a high quality test requires not only the use of a suitable radiation environment, but also control and compensation for contributions to damage that differ from those in the operational environment. In general, the responsibility for identifying suitable test environments to accomplish test objectives lies with the sponsor/user/tester and test specialist part of the team, with the assistance of an independent validator, if available. The responsibility for the establishment and maintenance of suitable environments lies with the facility operator/dosimetrist and test specialist, again with the possible assistance of an independent validator. Additional guidance on the selection of an irradiation facility is provided in Practice F1190.4.2 This practice identifies the tasks that must be accomplished to ensure a successful high quality test. It is the overall responsibility of the sponsor or user to ensure that all of the required tasks are complete and conditions are met. Other participants provide appropriate documentation to enable the sponsor or user to make that determination.4.3 The principal determinants of a properly conducted test are: (1) the radiation test environment shall be well characterized, controlled, and correlated with the specified irradiation levels; (2) damage produced in the electronic materials and devices is caused by the desired, specified component of the environment and can be reproduced at any other suitable facility; and (3) the damage corresponding to the specification level derived from radiation environments in which the electronics must operate can be predicted from the damage produced by the test environment. In order to ensure that these requirements are met, system developers, procurers, users, facility operators, and test personnel must collectively meet all of the essential requirements and effectively communicate to each other the tasks that must be accomplished and the conditions that must be met. Criteria for determining and maintaining the suitability of neutron radiation environments for 1-MeV equivalent displacement damage testing of electronics parts are presented in Section 5. Mandatory requirements for test consistency in neutron displacement damage testing of electronic parts are presented in Section 5. Additional background material on neutron testing and important considerations for gamma dose and dose rate effects are presented in (non-mandatory) Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, but compliance is not required.4.4 Some neutron tests are performed with a specific end application for the electronics in mind. Others are performed merely to ensure that a 1-MeV-equivalent-displacement-damage-specification level is met. The issues and controls presented in this practice are necessary and sufficient to ensure consistency in the latter case. They are necessary, but may not be sufficient, when the objective is to determine device performance in an operational environment. In either case, a corollary consistency requirement is that test results obtained at a suitable facility can be replicated within suitable precision at any other suitable facility.4.4.1 An objective of radiation effects testing of electronic devices is often to predict device performance in operational environments from the data that is obtained in the test environments. If the operational and test environments differ materially from each other, then damage equivalence methodologies are required in order to make the required correspondences. This process is shown schematically in Fig. 1. The part of the process (A, in Fig. 1) that establishes the operational neutron environments required to select the appropriate 1-MeV-equivalent specification level, or levels, is beyond the scope of this practice. However, if a neutron spectrum is used to set a 1 MeV equivalent fluence specification level, it is important that the process (B, in Fig. 1) be consistent with this practice. Damage equivalence methodologies must address all of the important contributors to damage in the operational and test environments or the objectives of the test may not be met. In the mixed neutron-gamma radiation fields produced by nuclear reactors, most of the permanent damage in solid-state semiconductor devices results from displacement damage produced by fast neutrons through primary knock-on atoms and their associated damage cascades. The same damage functions must be used by all test participants to ensure damage equivalence. Damage functions for silicon and gallium arsenide are provided in the current edition of Practice E722 (see Note 1). At present, no damage equivalence methodologies for neutron displacement damage have been developed and validated for semiconductors other than silicon and gallium arsenide.FIG. 1 Process for Damage EquivalenceNOTE 1: When comparing test specifications and test results from data obtained in historical tests, it may be necessary to adjust specifications and test data to account for changes in damage functions which have evolved through the years as more accurate and reliable damage functions have become available.4.4.2 If a 1-MeV equivalent neutron fluence specification, or a neutron spectrum, is provided, the damage equivalence methodology, shown schematically in Fig. 1, is used to ensure that the correct neutron fluence is provided and that the damage in devices placed in the exposure position correlates with the displacement energy from the neutrons at that location.1.1 This practice sets forth requirements to ensure consistency in neutron-induced displacement damage testing of silicon and gallium arsenide electronic piece parts. This requires controls on facility, dosimetry, tester, and communications processes that affect the accuracy and reproducibility of these tests. It provides background information on the technical basis for the requirements and additional recommendations on neutron testing.1.2 Methods are presented for ensuring and validating consistency in neutron displacement damage testing of electronic parts such as integrated circuits, transistors, and diodes. The issues identified and the controls set forth in this practice address the characterization and suitability of the radiation environments. They generally apply to reactor sources, accelerator-based neutron sources, such as 14-MeV DT sources, and 252Cf sources. Facility and environment characteristics that introduce complications or problems are identified, and recommendations are offered to recognize, minimize or eliminate these problems. This practice may be used by facility users, test personnel, facility operators, and independent process validators to determine the suitability of a specific environment within a facility and of the testing process as a whole. Electrical measurements are addressed in other standards, such as Guide F980. Additional information on conducting irradiations can be found in Practices E798 and F1190. This practice also may be of use to test sponsors (organizations that establish test specifications or otherwise have a vested interest in the performance of electronics in neutron environments).1.3 Methods for the evaluation and control of undesired contributions to damage are discussed in this practice. References to relevant ASTM standards and technical reports are provided. Processes and methods used to arrive at the appropriate test environments and specification levels for electronics systems are beyond the scope of this practice; however, the process for determining the 1-MeV equivalent displacement specifications from operational environment neutron spectra should employ the methods and parameters described herein. Some important considerations and recommendations are addressed in Appendix X1 (Nonmandatory information).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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