4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with information on how to use the various documents listed in Section 2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metal removal fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers, users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interested parties such as non-governmental organizations.4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar with all the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users may each want to focus on certain documents which are directly applicable to them:4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers: 4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids: 4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et al.7 (see also Maron et al.).8 It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be well versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removal fluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in the formulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils and soluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have an acceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic potency index.4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids: 4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.4.4.2.2 Application of Guide E1302 will provide information on the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids and will assist the user in evaluating the potential health hazards of the fluid and developing appropriate work practices.4.4.3 E3265 Guide for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Foaming Tendency: 4.4.3.1 Guide E3265 provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.4.4.3.2 Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2013. Although each method had some utility, neither method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted several more predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.4.4.3.3 There are no generally recognized reference standard fluids (either MWF or foam control additive). Instead, it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all testing.4.4.3.4 Guide E3265 summarizes foam forming theory then provides a summary of commonly used foaming test protocols, including blender, shake, air sparge, and recirculation tests.4.4.3.5 For each protocol, Guide E3265 explains the testing concept, apparatus needed, a summary of the test process, reporting, protocol variations, most appropriate applications and advantages, and least appropriate applications and limitations.4.5 Documents Applicable to Users: 4.5.1 E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids: 4.5.1.1 Practice E1497 sets forth guidelines for the safe use of metal removal fluids, additives, and biocides. This includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.4.5.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used at high dilution and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and biocides.4.5.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other oils of animal or vegetable origin. Straight oils are not intended to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included in straight oil formulations.4.5.2 E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal Environment: 4.5.2.1 Practice E1972 sets forth guidelines for minimizing effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.2.2 Practice E1972 incorporates all practical means and mechanisms to minimize aerosol generation and to control effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.3 D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres: 4.5.3.1 Test Method D7049 covers a procedure for the determination of both total collected particulate matter and extractable mass metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in a range from 0.05 mg/m3 to 5 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres.4.5.3.2 Test Method D7049 describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.4.5.4 E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres: 4.5.4.1 Practice E2144 covers quantitative methods for the personal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin concentrations in polydisperse metal removal fluid aerosols in workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental knowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin testing.4.5.4.2 Endotoxins in metal removal fluid aerosols present potential respiratory hazards to workers who inhale them.4.5.4.3 Users of Practice E2144 may obtain personal exposure data of endotoxin in metal removal fluid aerosols, either on a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.4.5.4.4 Practice E2144 gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled atmosphere.4.5.4.5 Practice E2144 seeks to minimize interlaboratory variation, but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.4.6 It is anticipated that Practice E2144 will facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data from metalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sampling, extraction, and analytical methods.4.5.5 E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids: 4.5.5.1 Practice E2169 provides recommendations for selecting antimicrobial pesticides (microbiocides) for use in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF). It presents information regarding regulatory requirements, as well as technical factors including target microbes, efficacy, and chemical compatibility.4.5.5.2 Practice E2169 is not an encyclopedic compilation of all the concepts and terminology used by chemists, microbiologits, toxicologists, formulators, plant engineers, and regulatory affairs specialists involved in antimicrobial pesticide selection and application. Instead, it provides a general understanding of the selection process and its supporting considerations.4.5.6 E2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentration in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids: 4.5.6.1 Practice E2657 covers quantitative methods for the sampling and determination of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin concentrations in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF).4.5.6.2 Users of Practice E2657 should be familiar with the handling of MWF.4.5.6.3 Practice E2657 gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled MWF.(1) Used onsite, Practice E2657 gives an indication of changes in Gram-negative bacterial contamination in the MWF.(2) Practice E2657 does not replace Practice E2144.4.5.6.4 Practice E2657 seeks to minimize interlaboratory variation but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.6.5 Practice E2657 is intended to relate endotoxin concentration in MWF to health effects of inhaled endotoxin.4.5.7 E2563 Test Method for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count Method: 4.5.7.1 Test Method E2563 covers the detection and enumeration of viable and culturable rapidly growing Mycobacteria (RGM), or non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) in aqueous metalworking fluids (MWF) in the presence of high non-mycobacterial background population using standard microbiological culture methods.4.5.7.2 NTM such as Mycobacterium immunogenum have been implicated as causative agents of the respiratory disease, extrinsic allergic aveolitis (also known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis; HP).4.5.7.3 The measurement of viable and culturable mycobacterial densities combined with the total mycobacterial counts (including viable culturable (VC), viable non-culturable (VNC), and non-viable (NV) counts) is usually the first step in establishing any possible relationship between Mycobacteria and occupational health concerns (for example, HP).4.5.7.4 Test Method E2563 can be employed in survey studies to characterize the viable culturable mycobacterial population densities of metal working fluid field samples.4.5.7.5 Test Method E2563 is also applicable for establishing the mycobacterial resistance of metalworking fluid formulations by determining mycobacterium survival by means of plate count technique.4.5.7.6 Test Method E2563 can be used to evaluate the relative efficacy of microbicides against Mycobacteria in metalworking fluids.4.5.8 E2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC) Method: 4.5.8.1 Test Method E2564 describes a direct microscopic counting method (DMC) for the enumeration of the acid-fast stained mycobacteria population in metalworking fluids. It can be used to detect levels of total mycobacteria population, including culturable as well as non-culturable (possibly dead or moribund) bacterial cells. This test method is recommended for all water-based metalworking fluids.4.5.8.2 As noted in 4.5.7.1, non-tuberculosis mycobacteria are common members of the indigenous MWF bacterial population that have been implicated as agents of HP.4.5.8.3 Test Method E2564 provides a quantitative assessment of the total numbers of acid-fast bacilli using acid-fast staining to selectively identify mycobacteria from other bacteria, followed by enumeration or direct microscopic counting of a known volume over a known area.4.5.8.4 Although other microbes—particularly the Actinomycetes—also stain acid fast, they are differentiated from the mycobacteria because of their morphology and size. Non-mycobacteria, acid-fast microbes are 50 to 100 times larger than mycobacteria.4.5.8.5 Test Method E2564 provides quantitative information on the total (culturable and non-culturable viable, and non-viable) mycobacteria populations. The results are expressed quantitatively as mycobacteria per mL of metalworking fluid sample.4.5.8.6 The DMC method using the acid-fast staining technique is a semi-quantitative method with a relatively fast turnaround time.4.5.8.7 The DMC method can also be employed in field survey studies to characterize the changes in total mycobacteria densities of metalworking fluid systems over a long period of time.4.5.8.8 The sensitivity detection limit of the DMC method depends on the MF and the sample volume (direct or centrifuged, etc.) examined.4.5.9 E2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphosphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids: 4.5.9.1 Test Method E2694 provides a protocol for capturing, extracting, and quantifying the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content associated with microorganisms found in MWF.4.5.9.2 Test Method E2694 measures the concentration of ATP present in the sample. ATP is a constituent of all living cells, including bacteria and fungi. Consequently, the presence of ATP is an indicator of total microbial contamination in metalworking fluids. ATP is not associated with matter of non-biological origin.4.5.9.3 The ATP test provides rapid test results that reflect the total bioburden in the sample. It thereby reduces the delay between test initiation and data capture, from the 36 h to 48 h (or longer) required for culturable colonies to become visible, to approximately 5 min.4.5.9.4 Although ATP data generally covary with culture data in MWF,9 different factors affect ATP concentration than those that affect culturability.4.5.9.5 Because ATP is present in all living organisms, Test Method E2694 can be used as a first-screen to determine whether additional microbiological testing is needed.4.5.9.6 Although there is no consensus on the exact relationship between bulk MWF bioburdens and bioaerosol concentrations, it is generally recognized that higher bulk fluid bioburdens imply higher bioaerosol concentrations.4.5.10 E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment: 4.5.10.1 Practice E2693 sets forth guidelines for reducing dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment. The scope of this practice does not include exposure to chemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneous route), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.4.5.10.2 Practice E2693 incorporates means and mechanisms to reduce dermal exposure to the wet metal removal environment and to control factors in the wet metal removal environment that have the potential to cause dermatitis.4.5.10.3 Practice E2693 focuses on employee exposure to the skin via contact and exposure to metal removal fluid (MRF).4.6 Documents Applicable to All: 4.6.1 E2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: 4.6.1.1 Practice E2889 sets forth guidelines to control respiratory hazards in the metal removal fluid environment.4.6.1.2 Practice E2889 adopts a systems management approach to control of respiratory hazards in the metal removal fluid environment. Elements include management practices, product selection, methods for mist minimization, machine tool design and maintenance, bioaerosol control, fluid testing and maintenance, personal protective equipment, occupational exposure guidelines, aerosol monitoring and testing methods, medical monitoring and management, and communication and training.4.6.1.3 Practice E2889 focuses on employee exposure via inhalation of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents. It does not include prevention of dermatitis, which is the subject of Practice E2693.4.6.2 Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment – A Guide to the Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal Fluids: 4.6.2.1 This guide collects best practices in the management of metal removal fluid systems and provides an educational tool to assist users in taking control of the MRF systems in their workplaces.4.6.2.2 For many industrial organizations, focusing on the systematic management of MRF systems has proven effective in controlling exposures in the wet metal removal/machining environment. The recommendations are distilled from the experiences of Organization Resources Counselors member companies and represent best practice.4.6.3 Criteria for a Recommended Standard – Occupational Exposure to Metalworking Fluids: 4.6.3.1 This criteria document reviews available information about the adverse health effects associated with occupational exposure to metalworking fluids and metalworking fluid aerosols.4.6.3.2 Criteria documents provide the scientific basis for new occupational safety and health standards and contain a critical review of the scientific and technical information available on the prevalence of hazards, the existence of safety and health risks, and the adequacy of control methods.4.6.4 Metalworking Fluids – Safety and Health Best Practices Manual: 4.6.4.1 This document reviews best practices as documented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, including engineering and work practice controls, establishing a metalworking fluid management program, instituting an exposure monitoring program, medical monitoring of exposed employees, and training.4.6.4.2 This manual is not a standard or regulation and creates no new legal obligations. It is advisory in nature, informational in content, and is intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace for workers exposed to metalworking fluids through effective prevention programs adapted to the needs and resources of each place of employment.1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this recommended practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector’s capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this recommended practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.4.2 The FID is generally only used with non-ionizable supercritical fluids as the mobile phase. Therefore, this standard does not include the use of modifiers in the supercritical fluid.4.3 Linearity and speed of response of the recording system or other data acquisition device used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response, Bonsall (5) and McWilliam (6), in particular, should be sufficiently fast so that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of a flame ionization detector (FID) used as the detection component of a gas or supercritical fluid (SF) chromatographic system.1.2 This recommended practice is directly applicable to an FID that employs a hydrogen-air or hydrogen-oxygen flame burner and a dc biased electrode system.1.3 This recommended practice covers the performance of the detector itself, independently of the chromatographic column, the column-to-detector interface (if any), and other system components, in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is made part of a complete chromatographic system.1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of an FID. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see recommended Practice E355.1.5 For general information concerning the principles, construction, and operation of an FID, see Refs (1, 2, 3, 4).21.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 5.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The chemical composition of catalyst and catalyst materials is an important indicator of catalyst performance and is a valuable tool for assessing parameters in a FCCU process. This practice will be useful to catalyst manufacturers and petroleum refiners for quality verification and performance evaluation, and to environmental authorities at the state and federal levels for evaluation and verification of various compliance programs.3, 4, 55.2 Catalysts and catalyst type materials are difficult to prepare for analysis by ICP, and although the techniques presented in this practice are common, there is wide variation among laboratories in sample pretreatment and digestion recipes. This practice is intended to standardize these variables in order to facilitate the utility of comparative data among manufacturers, refiners, and regulatory agencies.1.1 This practice covers uniform dissolution techniques for preparing samples of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (FCC) and exchanged zeolitic materials for analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). These techniques describe standardized approaches to well-known, widely used laboratory practices of sample preparation utilizing acid digestions and borate salt fusions. This practice is applicable to fresh and equilibrium FCC catalysts, catalytic materials used to manufacture catalyst, and exchanged zeolite materials.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The primary function of a hydraulic fluid is to transmit power. This practice provides uniform guidelines for comparing fluids in terms of their power-transmitting abilities as reflected in their effect on hydraulic system or component efficiency and productivity.5.2 Practical advantages of enhanced hydraulic system efficiency may include increased productivity (faster machine cycle time), reduced power consumption (electricity or fuel), and reduced environmental impact (lower emissions).5.3 Differences in fluid performance may be relatively small. Consequently, it is essential that the necessary experimental controls are implemented to ensure consistency in operating conditions and duty cycle when comparing the energy efficiency of different hydraulic fluid formulations.5.4 This practice implies no evaluation of hydraulic fluid quality other than its effect on hydraulic system efficiency.1.1 This practice covers all types and grades of hydraulic fluids.1.2 This practice is applicable to both laboratory and field evaluations.1.3 This practice provides guidelines for conducting hydraulic fluid evaluations. It does not prescribe a specific efficiency test methodology.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is particularly applicable where the fluid has too high a viscosity or where a component is too volatile for a specific gravity balance determination.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of density (weight per gallon) of adhesives, and components thereof, when in liquid form.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method may be used to determine wear obtained with fluid lubricants under the prescribed test conditions. The user of this test method should determine to his or her own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines. If the test conditions are changed, wear values may change and relative ratings of fluids may be different.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for making a preliminary evaluation of the wear properties of fluid lubricants by means of the Falex Pin and Vee Block Lubricant Test Machine.NOTE 1: Certain fluid lubricants may require different test parameters depending upon their performance characteristics.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 High values may indicate contamination of the silicone with other materials, inadequate removal of volatile components by the producer, or the presence of a depolymerization catalyst.4.2 The outcome will be affected directly by the presence of any high vapor pressure material in the sample, such as solvents or low molecular weight silicones.4.3 A high volatile content could also indicate the presence of a depolymerization catalyst in the fluid. The time and temperature specified in this test method are ideal for detecting the effect of such a material, as the depolymerization takes place at a highly accelerated rate and the low molecular weight components are rapidly evaporated. The result is a very significant weight loss during the test period. The exact amount depends on the type and amount of catalyst present. The conditions specified in the method should not cause measureable depolymerization of silicone if such a catalyst is not present.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the volatile matter in silicone fluids used for electrical insulation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The principal characteristic of geomembranes is their intrinsically low permeability to a broad range of gases, vapors, and liquids, both as single-component fluids and as complex mixtures of many constituents. As low-permeable materials, geomembranes are being used in a wide range of engineering applications in geotechnical, environmental, and transportation areas as barriers to control the migration of mobile fluids and their constituents. The range of potential permeants is broad and the service conditions can differ greatly. This guide shows users test methods available for determining the permeability of geomembranes to various permeants.5.2 The transmission of various species through a geomembrane is subject to many factors that must be assessed in order to be able to predict its effectiveness for a specific service. Permeability measurements are affected by test conditions, and measurements made by one method cannot be translated from one application to another. A wide variety of permeability tests have been devised to measure the permeability of polymeric materials; however, only a limited number of these procedures have been applied to geomembranes. Test conditions and procedures should be selected to reflect actual service requirements as closely as possible. It should be noted that field conditions may be difficult to model or maintain in the laboratory. This may impact apparent performance of geomembrane samples.5.3 This guide discusses the mechanism of permeation of mobile chemical species through geomembranes and the permeability tests that are relevant to various types of applications and permeating species. Specific tests for the permeability of geomembranes to both single-component fluids and multicomponent fluids that contain a variety of permeants are described and discussed.1.1 This guide covers selecting one or more appropriate test methods to assess the permeability of all candidate geomembranes for a proposed specific application to various permeants. The widely different uses of geomembranes as barriers to the transport and migration of different gases, vapors, and liquids under different service conditions require determinations of permeability by test methods that relate to and simulate the service. Geomembranes are nonporous, homogeneous materials that are permeable in varying degrees to gases, vapors, and liquids on a molecular scale in a three-step process by: (1) dissolution in or absorption by the geomembrane on the upstream side, (2) diffusion through the geomembrane, and (3) desorption on the downstream side of the barrier.1.2 The rate of transmission of a given chemical species, whether as a single permeant or in mixtures, is driven by its chemical potential or in practical terms by its concentration gradient across the geomembrane. Various methods to assess the permeability of geomembranes to single component permeants, such as individual gases, vapors, and liquids are referenced and briefly described.1.3 Various test methods for the measurement of permeation and transmission through geomembranes of individual species in complex mixtures such as waste liquids are discussed.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL that reduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste or ground water through the liner.4.2 Clay mineral quality can vary significantly and affect the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL composite. This test method evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates to performance.1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables the evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral film deposited on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of clay mineral at 100-psi (kPa) pressure as a measure of its usefulness for permeability or hydraulic conductivity reduction in geosynthetic clay liners (GCL). This test method is not applicable for clays with polymers.1.2 This test method is adapted from American Petroleum Institute drilling fluid specifications for bentonite.1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granular clay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product used for testing.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.21.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method is intended primarily to differentiate between liquid thin film lubricants which exhibit the properties of Newtonian flow with respect to their endurance (wear) life and load carrying capacity when they are used in a manner similar to the bonded dry solid film lubricants. (See Test Method D 2625 for definition of dry solid film lubricants.) The test conditions for thin film lubricants are very critical and must be maintained to ensure reliability of the data when used to compare different lubricants.Liquid thin film lubricants which exhibit the properties of non-Newtonian flow can also be tested if the procedure for preparing the pin and vee blocks is modified to account for their different behavior.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the endurance (wear) life and load carrying capacity of thin film fluid lubricants that are intended to operate after a single application and after excess material has drained from the contact area of sliding metal to metal surfaces, and which operates in what functionally is a drain and dry mode with no additional lubricant being applied.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard except where equipment is supplied using inch-pound units which would then be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This guide describes techniques of deactivation that can be used to compare a series of cracking catalysts at equilibrium conditions or to simulate the equilibrium conditions of a specific commercial unit and a specific catalyst.1.1 This guide covers the deactivation of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst in the laboratory as a precursor to small scale performance testing such as catalyst activities (Test Method D3907) or activities plus selectivities (Test Methods D5154 and D7964). FCC catalysts are deactivated in the laboratory in order to simulate the aging that occurs during continuous use in a commercial fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU). Deactivation for purposes of this guide constitutes hydrothermal deactivation of the catalyst and metal poisoning by nickel and vanadium. Hydrothermal treatment is used to simulate the physical changes that occur in the FCC catalyst through repeated regeneration cycles. Hydrothermal treatment (steaming) destabilizes the faujasite (zeolite Y), resulting in reduced crystallinity and surface area. Further decomposition of the crystalline structure occurs in the presence of vanadium, and to a lesser extent in the presence of nickel. Vanadium is believed to form vanadic acid in a hydrothermal environment resulting in destruction of the zeolitic portion of the catalyst. Nickel’s principle effect is to poison the selectivity of the FCC catalyst. Hydrogen and coke production is increased in the presence of nickel, due to the dehydrogenation activity of the metal. Vanadium also exhibits significant dehydrogenation activity, the degree of which can be influenced by the oxidation and reduction conditions prevailing throughout the deactivation process. The simulation of the metal effects that one would see commercially is part of the objective of deactivating catalysts in the laboratory. Catalyst deactivation by hydrothermal treatment only is addressed in Guide D4463/D4463M.1.2 The two basic approaches to laboratory-scale simulation of commercial equilibrium catalysts described in this guide are as follows:1.2.1 Cyclic Propylene Steaming (CPS) Method, in which the catalyst is impregnated with the desired metals via an incipient wetness procedure (Mitchell method)2 followed by a prescribed steam deactivation.1.2.2 Crack-on Methods, in which fresh catalyst is subjected to a repetitive sequence of cracking (using a feed with enhanced metals concentrations), stripping, and regeneration in the presence of steam. Two specific procedures are presented here, a procedure with alternating metal deposition and deactivation steps and a modified Two-Step procedure, which includes a cyclic deactivation process to target lower vanadium dehydrogenation activity.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Permittivity:5.1.1 Polyethylene and Materials of Permittivity Within 0.1 of That of Polyethylene—Since the permittivity of benzene or 1-cSt silicone fluid is very close to that of polyethylene, these fluids are recommended for highly accurate and precise testing of polyethylene or other materials with permittivity close to that of polyethylene. These aspects of the test method make it a suitable tool to determine batch-to-batch uniformity of a polyethylene compound to meet precise requirements of high capacitance uniformity and capacitance stability in electronic apparatus. It also serves as a means to detect impurities, as well as changes resulting from prolonged exposure to high humidity, water immersion, weathering, aging, processing treatments, and exposure to radiation.5.1.2 Other Materials—This test method provides advantages for routine testing of those materials that have a poorer match in permittivity between the liquids mentioned in 5.1.1 and the specimen. These advantages include, but are not limited to, a reduction of the probability of errors caused by imprecise thickness data and the ease with which tests can be performed. Correction factors can be calculated to account for the bias introduced by the permittivity mismatch. The two liquids mentioned in 5.1.1 are not the only liquids having known values of dielectric properties and are known to be compatible with a solid electrical insulating material.Dissipation Factor—Normally, polyethylene has a very low dissipation factor, and a test specimen exhibiting an abnormally high dissipation factor would be suspected of containing impurities or being contaminated. The reproducibility of dissipation factor by this test method is somewhat better than that obtainable with the more conventional methods, but is limited by the sensitivity of commercially available measuring apparatus.1.1 These test methods provide techniques for the determination of the relative (Note 1) permittivity and the dissipation factor of solid insulating materials by fluid (Note 2) displacement.Note 1—In common usage, the word "relative" is frequently dropped.Note 2—The word "fluid" is a commonly used synonym for "liquid" and yet a gas is also a fluid. In this standard, the word "fluid" is used to show that liquid is not all that is meant.1.2 Test Method A is especially suited to the precise measurements on polyethylene sheeting at 23°C and at frequencies between 1 kHz and 1 MHz. It may also be used at other frequencies and temperatures to make measurements on other materials in sheet form.1.3 Test Method B is limited to the frequency range of available guarded bridges. It is especially suited to measurements on very thin films since it does not require determination of the thickness of the specimen yet it provides an estimate of the thickness of thin films that is more accurate and precise than thickness measurements obtained by other means.1.4 Test Method B is also useful for measurements of polymer sheeting up to 2-mm thickness.1.5 These test methods permit calculation of the dissipation factor of the specimens tested.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see 7.2.

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5.1 TDG is a Schedule 2 compound under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Schedule 2 chemicals include those that are precursors to chemical weapons, chemical weapons agents, or have a number of other commercial uses. They are used as ingredients to produce insecticides, herbicides, lubricants, and some pharmaceutical products. Schedule 2 chemicals can be found in applications unrelated to chemical weapons. TDG is both a mustard gas precursor and a degradant as well as an ingredient in water-based inks, ballpoint pen inks, dyes, and some pesticides.55.2 This method has been investigated for use with soil.1.1 This procedure covers the determination of thiodiglycol (TDG) in soil using pressurized fluid extraction (PFE). A commercially available PFE system2 is used, followed by analysis using liquid chromatography (LC), and detected with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). TDG is qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This method adheres to single reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry.1.2 The method detection limit (MDL) and reporting range for TDG are listed in Table 1.1.2.1 The MDL is determined following the Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 136, Appendix B.1.2.2 The reporting limit (RL) is calculated from the concentration of the Level 1 calibration standard as shown in Table 4. The RL for this method is 200 ppb. Reporting range concentrations are calculated from Table 4 concentrations assuming a 5 μL injection of the lowest level calibration standard, 5 g sample, and a 2 mL final extract volume.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1. Scope 1.1 General This Standard applies to (a) reagents and apparatus for preparing dialysing fluid; (b) monitors of the dialysing fluid; (c) accessories for monitoring the extracorporeal blood circuit; and (d) blood pumps, infusion, and single

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5.1 Thread-locking adhesives are often used on threaded fasteners in sealing applications. This test method is used to determine an adhesive's ability to provide sealing capabilities under specified conditions.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ability of adhesives used for locking and sealing threaded fasteners, to make leak-tight assemblies.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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