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定价： 2081元 / 折扣价： 1853 元 加购物车

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定价： 2081元 / 折扣价： 1853 元 加购物车

5.1 The procedures described will test the behavior of segments of paneled wall system construction under conditions representative of those encountered in service. Performance criteria based on data from those procedures can verify structural adequacy and service life.1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for determining the resistance of paneled wall systems subjected to combined lateral loads and axial loads.1.2 These test methods involve the simultaneous application of transverse (lateral wind) and tensile (wind uplift) loads to paneled wall system assemblies anchored at both ends with hold-down connectors.1.3 These test methods are suitable for determining the structural adequacy of the design, system, and wall fabrication technique, and are not intended to evaluate the strength capacity of the hold-down connectors.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车

5.1 This practice provides a guide to any individual, group, agency, or code body on the methods of test for truss assemblies fabricated from all types of construction materials. Sample size is generally kept to a minimum to reduce costs. The methods may be used to apply proof loads to an assembly or to test it to failure. Information obtained includes strength and stiffness data, and if assemblies are tested to their ultimate load carrying capacity, the failure method or mechanism can be observed.1.1 This practice is intended as a guide for use in the testing of truss assemblies fabricated from all types of construction materials. While the practice may be used for the testing of a variety of assemblies, it is primarily intended to be used in the testing of those trusses designed to be spaced at 1.2 m centers or greater. It can be used, but it is not normally intended, for the testing of wood residential trussed rafters. Either proof tests or tests to destruction may be run.1.2 Limitations—It is not intended that this practice be used for routine quality control testing.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

4.1 This standard practice provides one means for determining fatigue load spectra for aeroplane durability assessments. This information can be used in conjunction with Specification F3115/F3115M, Section 5, Load Considerations.4.1.1 Users of this practice may propose alternate spectra, subject to the approval of their CAA.4.2 The methods are applicable to the durability evaluation of wings of small aeroplanes. Additional calculation (such as methods noted in ACE-100-01) are needed to properly develop load spectra for fatigue evaluation of empennage and/or configurations with canards (or forward wings) and/or winglets (or tip fins), fuselage, and potentially other components, with approval from appropriate regulatory agency.4.3 Much of the material presented herein is directly taken from AC 23-13A. The FAA developed the flight load spectra, presented herein, based on a statistical analysis of the data presented in DOT/FAA/CT-91/20. The ground load spectra are directly from AFS-120-73-2.4.4 The flight load spectra, presented in Section 7, includes an adjustment (1.5 standard deviations) to the average measured load frequency. The adjustment accounts for the variability in the loading spectra experienced by individual aeroplanes, as well as across aeroplane types. The magnitude of the adjustment was selected to maintain the probability that a component will reach its safe-life without a detectable fatigue crack established by scatter factor (see paragraph 2–15 of AC 23-13A).1.1 This practice provides data to develop simplified loading spectra that can be used to perform structural durability analysis for aeroplanes, specifically for wings of small aeroplanes. The material was developed through open consensus of international experts in general aviation. The information was created by focusing on Level 1, 2, 3, and 4 Normal Category aeroplanes. The content may be more broadly applicable; it is the responsibility of the applicant to substantiate broader applicability as a specific means of compliance.1.2 An applicant intending to propose this information as Means of Compliance for a design approval must seek guidance from their respective oversight authority (for example, published guidance from applicable civil aviation authorities, or CAAs) concerning the acceptable use and application thereof. For information on which oversight authorities have accepted this standard (whole or in part) as an acceptable Means of Compliance to their regulatory requirements (hereinafter “the Rules”), refer to the ASTM Committee F44 web page (www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/F44.htm).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 590元 加购物车

5.1 This practice is used to determine the LR of specified glass types and constructions exposed to uniform lateral loads.5.2 Use of this practice assumes:5.2.1 The glass is free of edge damage and is properly glazed,5.2.2 The glass has not been subjected to abuse,5.2.3 The surface condition of the glass is typical of glass that has been in service for several years, and is weaker than freshly manufactured glass due to minor abrasions on exposed surfaces,5.2.4 The glass edge support system is sufficiently stiff to limit the lateral deflections of the supported glass edges to no more than 1/175 of their lengths. The specified design load shall be used for this calculation.5.2.5 The deflection of glass or support system, or both, shall not result in loss of glass edge support.NOTE 1: Glass deflections are to be reviewed. This practice does not address aesthetic issues caused by glass deflection.NOTE 2: This practice does not consider the effects of deflection on insulating glass unit seal performance.5.3 Many other factors shall be considered in glass type and thickness selection. These factors include but are not limited to: thermal stresses, spontaneous breakage of tempered glass, the effects of windborne debris, excessive deflections, behavior of glass fragments after breakage, blast, seismic effects, building movement, heat flow, edge bite, noise abatement, and potential post-breakage consequences. In addition, considerations set forth in building codes along with criteria presented in safety-glazing standards and site-specific concerns may control the ultimate glass type and thickness selection.5.4 For situations not specifically addressed in this standard, the design professional shall use engineering analysis and judgment to determine the LR of glass in buildings.1.1 This practice describes procedures to determine the load resistance (LR) of specified glass types, including combinations of glass types used in a sealed insulating glass (IG) unit, exposed to a uniform lateral load of short or long duration, for a specified probability of breakage.1.2 This practice applies to vertical and sloped glazing in buildings for which the specified design loads consist of wind load, snow load and self-weight with a total combined magnitude less than or equal to 15 kPa (315 psf). This practice shall not apply to other applications including, but not limited to, balustrades, glass floor panels, aquariums, structural glass members, and glass shelves.1.3 This practice applies only to monolithic and laminated glass constructions of rectangular shape with continuous lateral support along one, two, three, or four edges. This practice assumes that (1) the supported glass edges for two, three, and four-sided support conditions are simply supported and free to slip in plane; (2) glass supported on two sides acts as a simply supported beam; and (3) glass supported on one side acts as a cantilever. For insulating glass units, this practice only applies to insulating glass units with four-sided edge support.1.4 This practice does not apply to any form of wired, patterned, sandblasted, drilled, notched, or grooved glass. This practice does not apply to glass with surface or edge treatments that reduce the glass strength.1.5 This practice addresses only the determination of the resistance of glass to uniform lateral loads. The final thickness and type of glass selected also depends upon a variety of other factors (see 5.3).1.6 Charts in this practice provide a means to determine approximate maximum lateral glass deflection. Appendix X1 provides additional procedures to determine maximum lateral deflection for glass simply supported on four sides.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 Appendix X2 lists the key variables used in calculating the mandatory type factors in Tables 1-3 and comments on their conservative values.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 There is increasing concern regarding water quality. The first national-scale U.S. examination of these organic wastewater contaminants in streams, conducted by the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), indicated that a broad range of chemicals found in residential, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters commonly occurs in mixtures at low concentrations downstream from areas of intense urbanization and animal production. The chemicals include pharmaceuticals, natural and synthetic hormones, detergent metabolites, plasticizers, insecticides, and fire retardants. One or more of these chemicals were found in 80 % of the streams sampled.65.2 This practice may be used by building owners and design professionals to assess water stewardship impacts of a residence. In particular, it is intended to inform design decisions and operation decisions regarding estimated wastewater quality impacts of a building.5.3 This practice may be used by planners and water treatment professionals to assess water stewardship impacts of a residential area. In particular, it is intended to inform infrastructure decisions regarding estimated wastewater quality impacts of a residential service area.5.3.1 This practice may be used to estimate the types and amounts of non-biological wastes entering a wastewater system. Such knowledge is becoming increasingly important in developing sustainable approaches to water stewardship.5.4 Table 2, Environmental Load for Average U.S. Single-Family Home, does not list all chemicals used in homes; in order to obtain a more accurate estimation, the chemicals used in specific homes should be listed. In addition, it may be helpful to monitor wastewater to determine variances, if any, from the estimated environmental load.1.1 This practice provides a set of instructions for estimating the environmental load of residential water, as it is discharged from a residence. The environmental load is calculated based on the number and type of fixtures in the home, the common household chemicals used, and the number of people in the home. While the format is broadly applied internationally, the parameters stated herein reflect North American averages and would need to be modified if used elsewhere.1.1.1 Averages Method—The Averages Method provides an estimate of the annual environmental load for the average U.S. single-family home based on 2000 U.S. Census2 and 2007 U.S. Census Data3 and U.S. EPA/625/R-00/008 characterization of residential wastewater flows.4NOTE 1: Census 2000, taken April 1, 2000, counted 281 421 906 people in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The questionnaire included seven questions for each household: name, sex, age, relationship, Hispanic origin, race, and whether the housing unit was owned or rented. In addition to these seven questions, about 17 percent of the households got a much longer questionnaire including questions about ancestry, income, mortgage, and size of the housing unit.1.1.2 Unique Product Parameters Method—The Unique Product Parameters Method provides an estimate of the annual environmental load, where the home/product parameter values are the same as those used for the Averages Method except for estimated amounts of chemical contaminants listed in Table 1 or average total annual use of products as listed in Table 1, or both.1.1.3 Adjusted Averages Method—The Adjusted Averages Method provides an estimate of the annual environmental load, where home/product parameter values differ from those used for the Averages Method, except that chemical contaminants associated with products do not vary. (Table 1 remains the same for: Typical Water Contaminants, Estimated Amount of Contaminant in Product (%), and the Percent Waste.)1.1.4 Additional/Alternative Chemicals Method—The Additional/Alternative Chemicals Method provides an estimate of the annual environmental load, of chemicals used that are not listed in Table 1.1.1.5 The Unique Product Parameters Method, Adjusted Averages Method, and Additional Chemicals Method may be used in combination with each other.1.2 Instructions are provided for a single-family home. Estimates may be expanded to an aggregate number of single-family homes by assuming an average home size and multiplying by the number of homes. Estimates may be adapted to multi-unit residential buildings by factoring the home parameters for size, occupancy, and fixtures as necessary.1.3 For the purpose of this practice, environmental load refers to chemical contaminants that may be dissolved or suspended in water.1.3.1 Estimates of environmental load do not include organic matter common for urine, feces, and vomit.1.3.2 Estimates of environmental load do not include bulk food waste such as kitchen scraps.1.3.3 Estimates of environmental load do not include bulk cellulose waste such as toilet paper.1.3.4 Estimates of environmental load do not include other solid wastes, such as wrappers, not covered by the waste groups covered in 1.3.1 through 1.3.3.1.3.5 Actual environmental load may vary depending on types and amounts of chemicals used in a specific home and the number of people in the home.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 加购物车

定价： 646元 加购物车