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4.1 Core sampling is an acceptable way of obtaining a test specimen without destroying the usefulness of an anode block.4.1.1 Test specimen obtained by this guide can be used by producers and users of carbon anodes for the purpose of conducting the tests in Note 1 to obtain comparative physical properties.4.2 Sampling shall not weaken the anode or increase the likelihood of premature failure.1.1 This guide covers sampling for prebaked carbon anodes used in the production of aluminum, and details procedures for taking test samples from anode blocks. It covers equipment and procedures for obtaining samples from anode blocks in a manner that does not destroy the block or prevent its subsequent use as originally intended. However, the user must determine the subsequent use of the sampled anode blocks. Preferred locations for taking samples from single units of anodes are covered in this guide.1.1.1 Information for sampling of shaped refractory products, in general, is given in ISO 5022. This standard details the statistical basis for sampling plans for acceptance testing of a consignment or lot. Anodes used in the production of aluminum have specific requirements for sampling and while the statistical basis for sampling given in ISO 5022 applies, further or modified requirements may also apply.1.1.2 Information for sampling of anodes for Al-metal production is given in ISO 8007-2. This standard details the statistical basis for sampling plans for acceptance testing of a consignment or lot.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.NOTE 1: The following ASTM standards are noted as sources of useful information: Test Methods D5502, D6120, D6744, and D6745.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

4.1 Core sampling is an acceptable way of obtaining a test specimen without destroying the usefulness of a cathode block.4.1.1 Test specimens obtained by this guide can be used by producers and users of cathode blocks for the purpose of conducting the tests in Note 1 to obtain comparative physical properties.4.2 Sampling shall not weaken the cathode block or increase the likelihood of premature failure. Extreme care shall be exercised when taking vertically drilled samples.1.1 This guide covers sampling of carbon cathode blocks used in the production of aluminum, and details procedures for taking samples from single cathode blocks. It covers equipment and procedures for obtaining samples from cathode blocks in a manner that does not destroy the cathode block or prevent its subsequent use as originally intended. However, the user must determine the subsequent use of the sampled cathode blocks. Preferred locations for taking samples from single units of cathode blocks are covered in this guide.1.1.1 Information for sampling of shaped refractory products, in general, is given in ISO 5022. This standard details the statistical basis for sampling plans for acceptance testing of a consignment or lot. Cathode blocks used in the production of aluminum have specific requirements of sampling, and while the statistical basis for sampling given in ISO 5022 applies, further or modified requirements may also apply.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.NOTE 1: The following ASTM standards are noted as sources of useful information: Test Methods C559, C611, C651, C747, C1025, C1039, and C1225.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

4.1 Sampling is as important as testing. If the sampling is improperly done, the sample of the material will be in error, and the analysis will not represent the true properties of the material, and it may be impossible or impracticable to take another sample; whereas, if the sample is properly taken and the analysis is in error, another analysis can readily be made of the original sample.4.2 Samples may be taken for either of the following two purposes:4.2.1 To represent as nearly as possible an average of the bulk of the materials sampled, or4.2.2 To ascertain the maximum variation in characteristics which the material possesses.4.3 A good sampling plan has the following characteristics:4.3.1 It protects the consumer against the acceptance of a bad batch of material.4.3.2 It protects the producer against the rejection of a good batch of material.4.3.3 It gives long-range protection to the consumer.4.3.4 It encourages the producer to keep his process in control.4.3.5 It minimizes the cost of sampling, inspection of testing, and administration.4.3.6 It provides information concerning the quality of the product.4.4 Sampling Integrity—When one takes a sample, one is attempting to represent a batch or lot of material with that sample. Different forms of pitch, and pitch in different types of containers, need to have different sampling plans and appropriate sampling equipment. Each sampling plan should be designed so that it accomplishes its objective, which is to ascertain the characteristics or quality of a batch or lot of material.1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling pitch at points of manufacture, storage, and delivery.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 11.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

4.1 Sampling is equally as important as the testing, and the sampler shall use every precaution to obtain samples that will show the nature and condition of the materials which they represent.4.2 Samples for preliminary investigation tests are obtained by the party responsible for development of the potential source (Note 3). Samples of materials for control of the production at the source or control of the work at the site of use are obtained by the manufacturer, contractor, or other parties responsible for accomplishing the work. Samples for tests to be used in acceptance or rejection decisions by the purchaser are obtained by the purchaser or his authorized representative.NOTE 3: The preliminary investigation and sampling of potential aggregate sources and types occupies a very important place in determining the availability and suitability of the largest single constituent entering into the construction. It influences the type of construction from the standpoint of economics and governs the necessary material control to ensure durability of the resulting structure, from the aggregate standpoint. This investigation should be done only by a responsible, trained, and experienced person. For more comprehensive guidance, see the appendixes.1.1 This practice covers sampling of coarse and fine aggregates for the following purposes:1.1.1 Preliminary investigation of the potential source of supply,1.1.2 Control of the product at the source of supply,1.1.3 Control of the operations at the site of use, and1.1.4 Acceptance or rejection of the materials.NOTE 1: Sampling plans and acceptance and control tests vary with the type of construction in which the material is used.1.2 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.NOTE 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 加购物车

4.1 This guide describes the principal types of sampling designs and provides formulas for estimating population means and standard errors of the estimates. Practice E105 provides principles for designing probability sampling plans in relation to the objectives of study, costs, and practical constraints. Practice E122 aids in specifying the required sample size. Practice E141 describes conditions to ensure validity of the results of sampling. Further description of the designs and formulas in this guide, and beyond it, can be found in textbooks (1-10).34.2 Sampling, both discrete and bulk, is a clerical and physical operation. It generally involves training enumerators and technicians to use maps, directories and stop watches so as to locate designated sampling units. Once a sampling unit is located at its address, discrete sampling and area sampling enumeration proceeds to a measurement. For bulk sampling, material is extracted into a composite.4.3 A sampling plan consists of instructions telling how to list addresses and how to select the addresses to be measured or extracted. A frame is a listing of addresses each of which is indexed by a single integer or by an n-tuple (several integer) number. The sampled population consists of all addresses in the frame that can actually be selected and measured. It is sometimes different from a targeted population that the user would have preferred to be covered.4.4 A selection scheme designates which indexes constitute the sample. If certified random numbers completely control the selection scheme the sample is called a probability sample. Certified random numbers are those generated either from a table (for example, Ref (11)) that has been tested for equal digit frequencies and for serial independence, from a computer program that was checked to have a long cycle length, or from a random physical method such as tossing of a coin or a casino-quality spinner.4.5 The objective of sampling is often to estimate the mean of the population for some variable of interest by the corresponding sample mean. By adopting probability sampling, selection bias can be essentially eliminated, so the primary goal of sample design in discrete sampling becomes reducing sampling variance.AbstractThis guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards. This guide also describes the principal types of sampling designs and provides formulas for estimating population means and standard errors of the estimates.1.1 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards.1.2 Sampling may be done for the purpose of estimation, of comparison between parts of a sampled population, or for acceptance of lots. Sampling is also used for the purpose of auditing information obtained from complete enumeration of the population.1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It is essential to extract and transport steam in a manner that provides the most representative sample of the process steam in order to accurately determine the amount of all impurities (dissolved chemicals, solid particles, chemicals absorbed on solid particles, water droplets) in it (1).3 An accurate measure of the purity of steam provides information that may be used to determine whether the purity of the steam is within necessary limits to prevent damage or deterioration (corrosion, solid particle erosion, flow-accelerated corrosion, and deposit buildup) of downstream equipment, such as turbines and process heat exchangers. The sources of impurities in the steam can include boiler water carryover, inefficient steam separators, natural salt solubility in the steam and other factors. The most commonly specified and analyzed parameters are sodium, silica, iron, copper, and cation conductivity.1.1 This practice covers the sampling of saturated and superheated steam. It is applicable to steam produced in fossil fired and nuclear boilers or by any other process means that is at a pressure sufficiently above atmospheric to establish the flow of a representative sample. It is also applicable to steam at lower and subatmospheric pressures for which means must be provided to establish representative flow.1.2 For information on specialized sampling equipment, tests or methods of analysis, reference should be made to the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vols 11.01 and 11.02, relating to water.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Fish sampling includes a number of lethal and non-lethal practices.4.2 This guide provides an overview of commonly used fish sampling practices.4.3 This summary serves as a brief accounting of options available to personnel responsible for determining the fish sampling practice or practices that best serve the sampling objectives.1.1 This guide covers the use of lethal and non-lethal collection practices for fish.1.1.1 Lethal practices include the use of rotenone and antimycin which are used to collect or eradicate fish; numerous chemicals have been used but presently only rotenone and antimycin are U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved for this use.1.2 Non-lethal collection practices typically do not cause mortality to fish.1.2.1 Non-lethal practices include surface or bank observation, underwater observation, gill netting, beach seines, hoop nets, fyke nets, trap nets, electroshocking, minnow traps, enclosure (pop drop and throw) traps, angler surveys, commercial surveys.1.3 The focus of this guide is to provide sampling practices for fish collection. This standard does not cover the identification of species or any statistical methods for the sampling data.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to the MSDSs for all chemicals used in this procedure.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of contaminated soils and similar materials.5.2 Scoops are used primarily for collecting samples near the surface. Subsurface samples can be obtained by first removing higher layers using a shovel or other suitable equipment and collecting the sample with the scoop.5.3 Because of their simplicity, scoops are useful in taking samples of waste materials where decontamination or disposal is a problem with other types of sampling equipment. Scoops are also suitable for use in rapid screening programs, pilot studies, and other semi-quantitative investigations.5.4 Samples should be collected in accordance with an appropriate work plan (see Practice D5283 and Guide D4687).1.1 This practice covers the method and equipment used to collect surface and near-surface samples of soils and physically similar materials using a scoop.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 加购物车

定价： 590元 加购物车

定价： 515元 加购物车