This test method covers the apparatuses required, sampling methods, standard procedures and calculations, and test reports for counting and sizing airborne microparticulate matter, the sampling areas for which are specifically those with contamination levels typical of cleanrooms and dust-controlled areas. The test method is based on the microscopical examination of particles impinged upon a membrane filter with the aid of a vacuum. Sampling may be done in a cleanroom, clean zone, or other controlle areas, or in a duct or pipe, wherein the number of sampling points is proportional to the floor area of the enclosure to be checked. The apparatus and facilities required are typical of a laboratory for the study of macroparticle contamination. The operator must have adequate basic training in microscopy and the techniques of particle sizing and counting.1.1 This test method covers counting and sizing airborne particulate matter 5 µm and larger (macroparticles). The sampling areas are specifically those with contamination levels typical of cleanrooms and dust-controlled areas.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method can be used to obtain an estimate the transmission loss of building elements in a laboratory setting where the source room and the specimen mounting conditions satisfy the requirements of Test Method E90. The acceptability of the receiving room will be determined by a set of field indicators that define the quality and accuracy of the intensity estimate.5.2 By appropriately constructing the surface over which the intensity is measured it is possible to selectively exclude the influence of sound energy paths including the effects from joints, gaps as well as flanking sound paths. This method may be particularly useful when accurate measurements of a partition can not be made in an Test Method E90 facility because the partition sound insulation is limited by flanking transmission involving facility source and receiver room surfaces, (for example, the path from the source room floor to the receiver room floor via the isolators and the slab supporting the two). Annex A3 discusses this in detail.5.3 The discrete point method allows the mapping of the radiated sound intensity which can be used to identify defects or unique features (2) of the partition.5.4 Current research reported in the literature indicate that there exists a bias between measures of transmission loss obtained using the intensity technique and those obtained using the conventional two room reverberation technique (for example, Test Method E90, (3) and (4)). Appendix E provides estimates of the bias that might be expected. Despite the presence of a bias, no corrections are to be applied to the measured data obtained by this test method.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of airborne sound transmission loss of building partitions such as walls of all kinds, operable partitions, floor-ceiling assemblies, doors, windows, roofs, panels and other space-dividing building elements. It may also be have applications in sectors other than the building industry, although these are beyond the scope.1.2 The primary quantity reported by this standard is Intensity Transmission Loss (ITL) and shall not be given another name. Similarly, the single-number rating Intensity Sound Transmission Class (ISTC) derived from the measured ITL shall not be given any other name.1.3 This test method may be used to reveal the sound radiation characteristics of a partition or portion thereof.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: The method for measuring the sound intensity radiated by the building element under test defined by this ASTM standard meets or exceeds those of ISO 15186-1. Special consideration will have to be given to requirements for the source room and specimen mounting if compliance with ISO 15186-1 is also desired as they differ from those of this standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Although cabin air quality has been measured on numerous occasions and in many studies, there is very little guidance available for interpreting such data. Guidance for identifying contaminants and associated exposure levels that would cause concern in aircraft cabins is very limited. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airworthiness Standards (14 CFR 25) provide regulatory guidance that explicitly applies to the aircraft cabin environment. The FAA standards, however, define acceptable exposure limits for a limited number of chemical contaminants (ozone, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide). Another limitation of the FAA standards is that these are design standards only and are not operational standards; thus, once an aircraft is put in service these standards are not strictly applicable.5.2 Measurements of aircraft cabin air quality often lead to a much larger list of volatile and semi-volatile organic chemicals of potential concern. Exposures to these chemicals, however, are largely unregulated outside of the industrial workplace.5.3 An important feature of the aircraft cabin environment is that both passengers (public) and flight attendants (worker population) occupy it simultaneously. Therefore, workplace exposure guidelines cannot simply be extended to address exposures in aircraft cabin environment. Also, the length of flights and work shifts can vary considerably for flight attendants.5.4 Contaminant levels of concern for the general public must account for the non-homogeneity of the population (for example, address sensitive individuals, the differences between passenger and crew activity levels, location, health status, personal microenvironment). Levels of concern associated with industrial workplace exposures typically consider a population of healthy adults exposed for 40 h per week (1).4 Consequently, exposure criteria developed to protect public health typically are more stringent than those for workers.5.4.1 Given that the aircraft cabin environment must meet the needs of passengers as well as crew, a more stringent concentration level based upon the general population would protect both.5.4.2 Aircraft cabin air quality must be addressed both during flight and on the ground because the conditions during flight are much different than when the aircraft is on the ground.1.1 This guide provides methodology to assist in interpreting results of air quality measurements conducted in aircraft cabins. In particular, the guide describes methodology for deriving acceptable concentrations for airborne chemical contaminants, based on health and comfort considerations.1.2 The procedures for deriving acceptable concentrations are based on considerations of comfort and health effects, including odor and irritant effects, of individual chemical contaminants being evaluated. The guide does not provide specific benchmark or guidance values for individual chemicals to compare with results of air quality measurements.1.3 Chemical contaminant exposures under both routine and episodic conditions for passengers and crew are considered.1.4 This guide does not address airborne microbiological contaminants, which are also important in consideration of aircraft cabin air quality. This guide also does not address methodologies for investigations of air quality complaints.1.5 This guide assumes that a list of chemical contaminants of potential concern has been developed based on existing concentration, emission, or material composition data.1.6 The primary information resources for developing acceptable concentrations are databases and documents maintained or published by cognizant authorities or organizations concerned with health effects of exposure to contaminants.1.7 Acceptable concentrations developed through this guide may be used as a basis for selecting test methods with adequate reliability and sensitivity to assess the acceptability of aircraft cabin environments.1.8 Procedures described in this guide should be carried out in consultation with qualified toxicologists and health effects specialists to ensure that acceptable concentrations developed are consistent with the current scientific understanding and knowledge base.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The following is a non-exclusive list of standards to which this guide applies: Guide D6062; Test Methods D4185, D4532, D6785, D7035, D7439, D7948; and Practices D6061 and D6552.5.2 The applicability of this guide to other standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22, but not the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04, should be considered where analyte entry into the sampler is considered the sample and where analyte adherence to internal sampler surfaces (“walls”) is likely to scavenge analyte from the collection substrate.5.3 Aerosol samplers typically consist of a filter or other collection substrate, for example an impaction plate or foam, supported in a container or holder. The entire device typically is considered an aerosol sampler. The sampling efficiency of the aerosol sampler, that is, the ratio of the concentration collected by the collection substrate to the undisturbed concentration in the air, has three components: (1) aspiration (or entry) efficiency; (2) transport efficiency (depending on design, both from entry “plane” to internal separator and from any internal separator to collection substrate); and (3) penetration (through the internal separator). For a sampler of a specific design, the three efficiency components are functions of particle (aerodynamic) size and flow rate. The aspiration efficiency also depends on wind speed and direction, while the sampler’s angle to the vertical influences both the aspiration efficiency and the transport efficiency. Ideally, when a sampler is designed and tested for its sampling performance, or both, it should first be established what is considered as the collected sample (that is, the deposit on the collection substrate, but also any deposits on any internal surfaces if these are to be analysed).5.4 Part of the aerosol entering a sampler will deposit on the internal surfaces of the sampler prior to reaching the collection substrate. There are number of mechanisms by which this can occur, including bounce from the filter, inertial impaction, gravitational settling and electrostatic attraction after entry. In addition, after sample collection, if the collection substrate is transported while mounted in the sampler, it is possible that particles originally deposited on the collection substrate may dislodge during transportation. Such particles can thereby contribute to deposits on the walls, as well as on the base of any cover plate or plug. All particles found elsewhere than on or in the collection substrate are often loosely termed “wall deposits.” If the sample of interest entails the entire aspirated air particulate into the container or holder (sampler), it is necessary to account for these wall deposits, especially if it cannot be shown that they should be disregarded.5.5 The research underpinning the information in this guide has arisen partly from studies of inert particles (3, 4), but mostly from investigations of methods for the determination of airborne metalliferous particulates (2, 5-15). However, the issues at hand are also important in sampling airborne organic materials, including bacterial endotoxin (16), wood (17), and pharmaceutical dusts (18); another relevant study reported results from investigations in thermosetting plastics, wood, paper, and animal breeding (19). Except in the case of very large wood dust particles, there is no evidence to suggest that wall deposited particles are sufficiently different from those found on the collection substrate to warrant their exclusion (13, 14). Wall deposits are not limited to aerosol samplers for larger airborne particles but may also be found in samplers for finer particles (20, 21). There may be a justification for excluding wall deposits where the performance of an aerosol sampler tested to EN 13205 shows appropriate compliance with the relevant ISO 7708 size-selective convention without their inclusion.5.6 The findings of studies that have been carried out to assess wall deposits in two commonly used samplers are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2. A commonly used sampler, the 37-mm closed-face polystyrene cassette (CFC), is specified as the sampler of choice in many U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) methods (1). While the specific methods may not explicitly call for the recovery and analysis of CFC wall deposits, inclusion of wall deposits is called for by both agencies (22). Another widely used sampler, the Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) personal inhalable sampler, was specifically developed for the purpose of collecting the inhalable fraction of aerosol in accordance with ISO 7708 specifications (23). Wall deposits in this sampler were noted during its development and are specifically included as part of the sample (24), although no standard protocol has been published for their inclusion other than for gravimetric analysis. Side-by-side studies have shown little difference between these two samplers when used to collect aerosol in metals industries (12), provided they are analyzed by the same procedure (that is, filter only or filter plus wall deposits). Fewer studies have been carried out in non-metal industries. However, in the study of sewage composting facilities (16), wall deposits of endotoxin exceeded 40 % of the total sample in 34 % of cassettes and exceeded more than half the total sample in some. In the laboratory study of wood dust (17) 85 % of the sample aspirated was found on the cassette walls. In the pharmaceutical industry study (18), averages of 51 %, 62 %, and 72 % of the sample was found on non-filter internal surfaces, depending on compound. Figure 8.2 of Aitken and Donaldson (3) provides a graph of mass faction wall deposits of inert particles in the IOM sampler versus particle size. Although the actual data points are not provided the median is approximately 18 % and the maximum approximately 55 %, in accordance with the data in Table 2. Witschger, et al., (4) provides similar data, with a maximum wall deposit of 50 %. While both these studies were performed in a laboratory, Lidén, et al., (19) presents averages of 24–37 % wall deposits in a range of field samples from non-metal industries, depending on industry.5.7 The Gesamtsstaubprobenhame (GSP) inhalable sampler, and similar metal or plastic versions referred to as a conical inhalable sampler (CIS), has not been the subject of similar extensive investigations of wall deposits. While the GSP met the inhalable convention in a European study without considering wall deposits for particles up to 25 µm AED (25), for particles up 50 µm AED it under-samples by an average of 21 % with respect to the IOM sampler (when wall deposits are considered in the IOM sampler) (26). A study of wall deposits at a lead mine concentrate mill (5) showed up to 40 % (median 24 %) of total aspiration on the walls, while the laboratory wood study (17) found an average of 42 %, suggesting that wall deposits be considered with this sampler. Other samplers not specified in this practice may also have wall deposits; these should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.5.8 No pattern has been discerned that might allow for correction factors to be used in any single sampler without introducing too great an uncertainty into the result (1, 12)). Therefore, it is necessary to account for the wall deposits in all cases where the sample is meant to include the total aspirated aerosol into the sampler. On the other hand, enough data have now been accumulated to allow rough assumptions to be made regarding the effect of wall deposits on a large population of samples, either historically or for predictive purposes, including estimating the proportion of likely overexposures. These estimates become more precise where there is a body of data involving filter-only and filter plus wall deposits from the specific environment of interest.5.9 Samplers for the ISO 7708 respirable fraction of dust have filters contained in holders downstream of (after) the size-separation device, typically a cyclone. These sample holders, where not electrically conductive, have also been shown to exhibit significant proportions of wall deposits. In a study of field samples (19), up to 32 % of total collected quartz was found on the walls of 2-piece non-conductive styrene cassettes and up to 55 % on the walls of 3-piece styrene non-conductive cassettes, which is similar to what was found in laboratory studies (20).1.1 Many methods for sampling airborne particulate matter entail aerosol collection on a substrate (typically a filter) housed within a container (or holder), the whole apparatus being referred to as an aerosol sampler. In operation, the sampler allows a vacuum (pressure below ambient or room air pressure) to be applied to the rear of the substrate so that sampled air will pass through the substrate, leaving collected particles on the substrate for subsequent analysis. The sampler may also protect the substrate, while the opening (orifice) of the container may further play some role in determining what size range(s) of particles approach the collection substrate (size-selective sampling).1.2 All particles entering the container orifice are considered part of the sample, unless stated otherwise in the method, but not all particles are necessarily found on the substrate after sampling (1).2 Particles may be deposited on the inner walls of the sampler during sampling or may be deposited on the inside walls of the sampler or on the orifice plug or cap following transportation (2). These particles are often loosely referred to as wall deposits. This guide presents background on the importance of these wall deposits and offers procedures by which these deposits can be assessed and included in the sample.1.3 Wall deposits may also occur in multi-stage samplers (for example, cascade impactors), but this guide does not cover such samplers.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is applicable to the measurement of airborne asbestos in a wide range of ambient air situations and for detailed evaluation of any atmosphere for asbestos structures. Most fibers in ambient atmospheres are not asbestos, and therefore, there is a requirement for fibers to be identified. Most of the airborne asbestos fibers in ambient atmospheres have diameters below the resolution limit of the light microscope. This test method is based on transmission electron microscopy, which has adequate resolution to allow detection of small thin fibers and is currently the only technique capable of unequivocal identification of the majority of individual fibers of asbestos. Asbestos is often found, not as single fibers, but as very complex, aggregated structures, which may or may not also be aggregated with other particles. The fibers found suspended in an ambient atmosphere can often be identified unequivocally if sufficient measurement effort is expended. However, if each fiber were to be identified in this way, the analysis would become prohibitively expensive. Because of instrumental deficiencies or because of the nature of the particulate matter, some fibers cannot be positively identified as asbestos even though the measurements all indicate that they could be asbestos. Therefore, subjective factors contribute to this measurement, and consequently, a very precise definition of the procedure for identification and enumeration of asbestos fibers is required. The method defined in this test method is designed to provide a description of the nature, numerical concentration, and sizes of asbestos-containing particles found in an air sample. The test method is necessarily complex because the structures observed are frequently very complex. The method of data recording specified in the test method is designed to allow reevaluation of the structure-counting data as new applications for measurements are developed. All of the feasible specimen preparation techniques result in some modification of the airborne particulate matter. Even the collection of particles from a three-dimensional airborne dispersion on to a two-dimensional filter surface can be considered a modification of the particulate matter, and some of the particles, in most samples, are modified by the specimen preparation procedures. However, the procedures specified in this test method are designed to minimize the disturbance of the collected particulate material.5.2 This test method applies to analysis of a single filter and describes the precision attributable to measurements for a single filter (see 13.1). Multiple air samples are usually necessary to characterize airborne asbestos concentrations across time and space. The number of samples necessary for this purpose is proportional to the variation in measurement across samples, which may be greater than the variation in a measurement for a single sample.1.1 This test method2 is an analytical procedure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the determination of the concentration of asbestos structures in ambient atmospheres and includes measurement of the dimension of structures and of the asbestos fibers found in the structures from which aspect ratios are calculated.1.1.1 This test method allows determination of the type(s) of asbestos fibers present.1.1.2 This test method cannot always discriminate between individual fibers of the asbestos and non-asbestos analogues of the same amphibole mineral.1.2 This test method is suitable for determination of asbestos in both ambient (outdoor) and building atmospheres.1.2.1 This test method is defined for polycarbonate capillary-pore filters or cellulose ester (either mixed esters of cellulose or cellulose nitrate) filters through which a known volume of air has been drawn and for blank filters.1.3 The upper range of concentrations that can be determined by this test method is 7000 s/mm2. The air concentration represented by this value is a function of the volume of air sampled.1.3.1 There is no lower limit to the dimensions of asbestos fibers that can be detected. In practice, microscopists vary in their ability to detect very small asbestos fibers. Therefore, a minimum length of 0.5 μm has been defined as the shortest fiber to be incorporated in the reported results.1.4 The direct analytical method cannot be used if the general particulate matter loading of the sample collection filter as analyzed exceeds approximately 10 % coverage of the collection filter by particulate matter.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is intended for the digestion of metals and metalloids in airborne dust and dust wipe samples collected during various activities performed in and around workplaces, buildings and related structures.5.2 This practice is applicable to the digestion of airborne dust and dust wipe samples collected in accordance with Test Method D4532, Guide D6062, Practice D7144 or Guide E1370 for airborne dust, and Practices D6966, D7296, D7822, or E1728 using wipes that may or may not conform to Specifications D7707 or E1792.5.2.1 This practice is applicable to the digestion of airborne dust sample filters that have been removed from their sampling cassettes which have been wiped to collect all dust adhering to the side walls and included in the hard-walled containers as part of the collected samples.5.2.2 This practice is applicable to the digestion of airborne dust samples that use acid-soluble cellulosic air sampling capsules with the entire contents of the cassettes transferred to hard-walled containers.5.2.3 This practice is applicable to the digestion of settled dust samples collected using wipe materials in hard-walled containers.5.3 Digestates prepared according to this practice are intended to be analyzed for metal and metalloid concentrations using spectrometric techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) (see Test Methods D4185, D6785, D7035, D7439, E1613, E3193, and E3203), or for lead using electrochemical techniques such as anodic stripping voltammetry (see Practice E2051), or for beryllium using optical fluorescence detection (see Test Method D7202).5.4 Laboratories developing in-house test methods using this procedure shall determine precision and bias in accordance with the principles laid down by their accrediting agency.1.1 This practice covers the digestion of airborne and surface dust samples (collected using air and wipe sampling practices) and associated quality control (QC) samples for the determination of metals and metalloids by means of a mixture of dilute ammonium bifluoride and nitric acid.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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