Terminology Relating to Veneer, Plywood, and Wood Structural Panels

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1.1 These test methods describe three bench top test methods for measuring the thermophysical responses of gypsum boards and panels when exposed to high temperatures. The test methods are:1.1.1 High-temperature Core Cohesion—This test method evaluates the ability of the test specimen to withstand a specified mechanical strain while exposed to elevated temperature.1.1.2 High-temperature Shrinkage—This test method evaluates dimensional changes in the test specimen when exposed to elevated temperatures.1.1.3 High-temperature Thermal Insulation—This test method evaluates the rate of heat transfer through the thickness of the test specimen by measuring the length of time required to heat the center of the test specimen over a specified temperature rise when exposed to prescribed furnace conditions.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:  Test Method Section       High-temperature Core Cohesion 4  High-temperature Shrinkage 5  High-temperature Thermal Insulation 61.3 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units (given in parenthesis) are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 While these tests are useful for evaluating fire properties of gypsum boards and panels, they are not suitable for predicting the Test Methods E119 fire resistance performance of a specific gypsum protected assembly that has not previously been tested in accordance with Test Methods E119 and correlated to these tests.21.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Durable adhesive bonds of composite laminates can be obtained reliably only through proper selection and careful control of the materials used and the steps in the bonding process. The preparation of the composite laminates to obtain surfaces with appropriate characteristics is a critical step. Improper surface preparation can produce seemingly acceptable bonds that can degrade rapidly with time. This practice describes how properly prepared surfaces can be obtained.4.2 The formation of reproducible, durable, adhesive bonds in structural units requires great care in the selection of materials, the preparation of the surfaces of the parts to be bonded, the fit of parts, and the performance of the steps in the bonding process. Experience has shown that adhesive bonding carried out in accordance with this practice produces reproducible bonds.1.1 This practice covers the materials, processes, and quality controls to be used in the manufacture of durable adhesive bonded, nonmetallic faced, flat sandwich panels for rigid wall relocatable shelters.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Planar shear (rolling shear) characteristics of structural panels determined by these test methods are essential for the rigorous design of various glued wood-panel structural components, such as box beams, folded plate roofs, and stressed skin panels. Planar shear also may govern the design at low span-depth ratios encountered in floors subjected to high concentrated loads, concrete forms at high pouring pressures, and bulk storage structures.3.2 The modulus of rigidity determined from Test Method A is a composite of the entire specimen acting as a unit. For plywood panels for which the ratio between the shear moduli of the plies with grain oriented parallel and perpendicular to the shear forces is known, the rolling shear modulus of the perpendicular plies can be calculated.3.3 Veneer produced by slicing or rotary peeling may contain fine checks or separations parallel to the grain on the knife side of the veneer that are produced as the knife is forced through the wood. These checks are termed “knife checks” to distinguish them from occasional checks that may be formed on the opposite side of the veneer by forces at the compression bar, and from checks caused by drying. Knife checks can have a significant effect on rolling shear properties in plywood panels and may be of significance in other veneer containing panels. Test Method A requires (when applicable) the testing of matching specimens having knife checks oriented both open and closed wherever possible (see Fig. 1).3.4 To control or define other variables influencing rolling shear, these test methods require determination of moisture content, specific gravity, and elapsed time-to-failure. Conditioning of test material in controlled atmospheres, determination of depth of knife checks (when applicable), and determination of percent of wood and plywood glueline failure (when applicable) are recommended.1.1 These test methods determine the shear properties of structural panels associated with shear distortion of the planes parallel to the edge planes of the panels. Both shear strength and modulus of rigidity may be determined. Primarily, the tests measure the planar shear (rolling shear) strength developed in the plane of the panel.1.2 Structural panels in use include, but are not limited to, structural plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.1.3 Two test methods are included:1.3.1 Test Method A—Planar shear loaded by plates.1.3.2 Test Method B—Planar shear induced by five-point bending.1.3.3 The choice of method will be dictated by the purpose of the test and equipment available.1.3.4 Test Method A, Planar Shear Loaded by Plates—This test method uses a rectangular panel section adhered between steel plates with protruding knife edges to create load at the panel faces. This test method has been used to develop shear properties of plywood and oriented strand board for the purpose of confirming design values. This test method does not produce pure shear, but the specimen length is prescribed so that the secondary stresses have a minimum effect. The method determines shear strength and modulus of rigidity.1.3.5 Test Method B, Planar Shear Induced by Five-Point Bending—Planar shear stress is induced on the panel while loaded in bending using two continuous spans. This test method determines planar shear strength consistent with panel applications under transverse loading. This test method is able to determine shear strength at any moisture condition.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The strength and modulus of rigidity of wood structural panels in shear through-the-thickness obtained by these test methods are required for the rigorous design of many lumber-panel structural components such as trusses with panel gussets, box beams, folded plate roofs, and space plane structures, as well as floor and roof diaphragms, and shear walls. These properties are of secondary importance in typical roof deck and sheathing applications, and in crates and shipping containers.3.2 Veneer produced by slicing or rotary peeling may contain fine checks or separations parallel to the grain on the knife side of the veneer that are produced as the knife is forced through the wood. These checks are termed “knife checks” to distinguish them from occasional checks that may be formed on the opposite side of the veneer by forces at the compression bar, and from checks caused by drying. Average depth of knife checks has been found to strongly influence shear properties in plywood panels and may be of significance in veneer incorporated in composite panels. Measurement of depth of knife checks is recommended in these test methods.3.3 To control or define other variables influencing shear properties, these test methods require determination of moisture content and elapsed time to failure. The conditioning of test material in controlled atmosphere and determination of specific gravity are recommended.1.1 These test methods determine the shear through-the-thickness properties of wood structural panels associated with shear distortion of the major axis. Wood structural panels in use include plywood, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers. Three test methods are included which differ somewhat in their application:  Test Method SectionA. Small Panel Shear Test 5B. Large Panel Shear Test 6C. Two-Rail Shear Test 7The choice of test method will be determined in part by the purpose of the tests, characteristics of test material, and equipment availability. In general, Test Method B or C for large specimens is preferred when equipment, amount of test material, and experimental plan permit.1.1.1 Test Method A: Small Panel Shear Test—This test method is suitable for testing small samples of uniform material including investigations of the effects of grain direction or orientation and of many raw materials and manufacturing process variables which influence shear properties uniformly throughout the specimen. The test method is unsuited for determining effects of grade and manufacturing features such as density variations, knots, and core gaps within the specimen.1.1.2 Test Method B: Large Panel Shear Test—This test method is regarded as giving the most accurate modulus of rigidity and is therefore recommended for elastic tests of materials to be used in stress analysis studies of test structures. This test method also yields excellent shear strength values for clear material. However, in spite of the large size of the specimen, failures generally occur only in narrow zones at the perimeter of the test area. This characteristic, a result of the heavy perimeter framing, causes this test method to be generally unsuited for determining grade and manufacturing effects such as density variations, core gaps, and knots that are not uniformly distributed throughout the panel. Generally, only in cases where effects of these factors under conditions of heavy perimeter framing are desired, should the test method be applied.1.1.3 Test Method C: Two-Rail Shear Test—This test method is applicable to a wide variety of materials and problems. The specimen fabrication and test procedures are somewhat simpler than in Test Methods A and B. The specimen is free to shear parallel to its 24-in. (610-mm) length dimension anywhere within the 8-in. (203-mm) width between rails. Thus, the test method is well suited for determining grade and manufacturing effects such as core gaps and knots occupying and affecting small areas. The test method is not so ideally suited for determination of modulus of rigidity, but when adjusted for strain distribution effects, values approximating those obtained by Test Method B result. The test method simulates effects of heavy framing when expected planes of weakness are oriented perpendicular to rails and no framing at all when parallel to rails.NOTE 1: A smaller scale version based on the principles of this two-rail shear method is contained in Test Methods D1037 Section 27. The results from Test Methods D1037 Section 27 may not be equivalent to the results from Test Methods D2719 Method C.1.2 Significant differences, moderate to small in magnitude, among the three test methods have been found to exist when these test methods are applied to plywood of clear straight-grained veneers. Therefore, when comparisons are made among test results, it is recommended that the same test method be used throughout.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers welded wire mesh fence fabric produced from steel wire or metallic-coated steel wire. The metallic-coated fabric may be polymer coated after fabrication. Welded wire mesh fence fabric is classified in accordance with coating as follows: Type 1; Type 2; Type 3; and Type 4. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties of the material in accordance with the following test methods: metallic coating weight; polymer coating thickness; polymer adhesion test; and weld shear strength of fabric.1.1 This specification covers welded wire mesh fence fabric produced from steel wire or metallic-coated steel wire. The metallic-coated fabric may be polymer coated after fabrication.1.2 Welded wire mesh fence fabric is produced in four types, based on the kind of coating, as described in Section 4.1.3 This specification is applicable to orders in either inch-pound units or SI units. Values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values in the two systems are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independent of the other, without combining values in any way.1.4 This specification references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this specification.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 13, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations proper to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice covers the recommended method for rating the condition of electroplated test panels subjected to corrosive environments for test purposes. This method is used with standard-sized panels exposed on standard ASTM racks at outdoor test sites in both natural atmospheres and accelerated test conditions. This practice refers only to decorative-protective coatings that are cathodic to the substrate such as nickel/chromium or copper/nickel/chromium on steel or zinc die castings, and is not intended for use with anodic sacrificial coatings such as zinc and cadmium on steel. Any modifications needed to adapt the method to rating actual production parts are not considered here. Panels shall be assigned separate rating numbers based on the ability of the coating to protect the substrate from corrosion (protection rating), and the overall appearance of panels as affected by deterioration of the coating itself (appearance rating). Accordingly, rating numbers shall be derived from the type of defect that exists, that is: (1) protection defects, which include crater rusting, pinhole rusting, rust stains, blisters, and other defects that involve basis metal corrosion; and (2) appearance defects, which include surface pits, "crow's feet," crack patterns, surface stains, tarnishes, and other defects that detract from commercial acceptability as to appearance. Inspection should be made in the as-is condition, and defects to be taken into account are only those that can be seen with the unaided eye at normal reading distance.1.1 This practice covers a preferred method for evaluating the condition of electroplated test panels that have been exposed to corrosive environments for test purposes. It is based on experience in use of the method with standard 10- by 15-cm (4- by 6-in.) panels exposed on standard ASTM racks at outdoor test sites in natural atmospheres. It has been used also for rating similar panels that have been subjected to accelerated tests such as those covered by Practice B117, Method B287, Test Method B368, and Test Method B380. Any modifications needed to adapt the method to rating actual production parts are not considered in this practice.1.2 This practice refers only to decorative-protective coatings that are cathodic to the substrate, typified by nickel/chromium or copper/nickel/chromium on steel or zinc die castings. It is not intended for use with anodic sacrificial coatings such as zinc and cadmium on steel.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 In-plane shear loading tests on flat sandwich constructions may be conducted to determine the sandwich panel in-plane shear stiffness, the face sheets’ in-plane strength, the core shear instability strength, or panel buckling response.5.2 This test method can be used to produce face sheet strength data for structural design allowables, material specifications, and research and development applications; it may also be used as a quality control test for bonded sandwich panels.5.3 Factors that influence the panel strength and shall therefore be reported include the following: face sheet material, core material, adhesive material, methods of material fabrication, face sheet stacking sequence and overall thickness, core geometry (cell size), core shear and compressive strength, core shear and compressive stiffness, adhesive thickness, specimen geometry, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, loading procedure, speed of testing, face sheet void content, adhesive void content, and face sheet volume percent reinforcement. Further, face sheet strength may be different between precured/bonded and co-cured face sheets of the same material.1.1 This test method covers determination of apparent in-plane shear strength and stiffness properties of flat sandwich constructions with composite face sheets. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).1.2 The square test specimen with corner notches is mechanically fastened to a pinned metal frame along each edge. The frame is loaded in uni-axial tension which produces tensile forces in the frame elements at a 45° angle to the applied tension. These tensile forces act along the edges of the specimen to cause a state of predominately shear stress to transfer the applied force through the specimen. Procedure A uses a specimen without edge doublers; Procedure B uses a specimen with four discrete edge doublers; Procedure C uses a specimen with a continuous edge doubler.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. .

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These test methods provide a measure of the moisture resistance of cellulosic-based fiber and particle panels (for example, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard, and hardboard). This test methodology can be used to assess the thickness swelling and bond integrity characteristics of panels engineered for interior end-use applications involving exposure to cyclic temperatures and intermittent wetting environments.1.1 These test methods provide a measure of the moisture resistance of cellulosic-based fiber and particle panels (for example, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard, and hardboard). Resistance to moisture changes is measured by dimensional and internal bond changes and does not refer to decay/mold resistance or other performance aspects.1.2 These test methods do not address structural properties or performance following moisture exposure. Panels are subjected to repeated cycles of water submersion and oven drying. After three cycles, the test specimens are tested for thickness swelling (TS) and internal bond (IB) strength.    1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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