定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元 加购物车

This guide provides recommendations for writers of user’manuals and other documents for computer software prepared for scientific and engineering computations in fire models and other areas of fire protection engineering. The guide provides information that can be included in terms of three types of documents.This guide is intended to assist in the understanding, usage, transfer, conversion, and modification of computer software. If the options and instructions contained in this guide are considered when documentation is prepared, the software should be used more readily for its intended purposes.The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratory and into the engineering, fire service, and legal communities. Sufficient documentation of computer software for fire models is necessary to ensure that users can judge the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis for the models, select the appropriate computer operating environment, and use the software effectively within the specified limitations. Adequate documentation will help prevent the unintentional misuse of fire models.Additional guidelines on documentation can be found in ANSI/ANS 10.3 and ANSI/IEEE 1063.ANSI/ANS 10.2 and 10.5 provide guidelines for programming to ease the portability of the software and meet user needs.1.1 This guide provides information that should be in documentation for computer software prepared for scientific and engineering computations in fire models and other areas of fire protection engineering.1.2 The guidelines are presented in terms of three types of documentation: (1) technical document; (2) user's manual; and (3) installation, maintenance, and programming manual.1.3 There are no numerical values stated in this standard. It is recommended that SI units be the standard in the documentation and development of fire models.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.

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定价： 1820元 / 折扣价： 1547 元

定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元

5.1 5.1 This guide is intended to assist and provide recommendations for an end-user of NDE imaging systems by providing an introduction to the basic principles of DICONDE for the control and maintenance of electronic NDE data. This guide is not intended to control the acceptability of the materials or components examined.5.2 Recommended End-users: 5.2.1 Personnel responsible for the creation, display, transfer, or storage of digital nondestructive evaluation results will use this guide.5.2.2 Personnel responsible for the purchase and implementation of NDT systems conforming to the DICONDE standard will use this guide.1.1 The display, transfer, and storage of digital nondestructive evaluation data in a common, open format is necessary for the effective interpretation and preservation of evaluation results. ASTM International has developed common open standards for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) based on the ubiquitous healthcare industry standard Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM). This guide provides an overview of DICONDE data archiving considerations and building information models for the efficient storing and locating of such data.1.2 This guide provides an overview of how to manage ASTM DICONDE data from standard practices found in 2.2 for the display, transfer, and storage of digital nondestructive test data.1.3 This guide provides an overview of how to utilize the DICOM standard found in 2.4 for the display, transfer, and storage of digital nondestructive test data for test methods not explicitly addressed by a DICONDE standard practice but having an equivalent medical imaging modality.1.4 This guide provides recommendations for the storage of nondestructive digital test data not addressed in 1.2 or 1.3.1.5 Units—Although this guide contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this guide are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Trajectory models are used to predict the future movement and fate of oil (forecast mode) in contingency planning, in exercises and during real spill events. This information is used for planning purposes to position equipment and response personnel in order to optimize a spill response. Oil-spill trajectory models are used in the development of scenarios for training and exercises. The use of models allows the scenario designer to develop incidents and situations in a realistic manner.3.2 Oil-spill trajectory models can be used in a statistical manner (stochastic mode) to identify the areas that may be impacted by oil spills.3.3 In those cases where the degree of risk at various locations from an unknown source is needed, trajectory models can be used in an inverse mode to identify the sources of the pollution (hindcast mode).3.4 Models can also be used to examine habitats, shorelines, or areas to predict if they would be hit with oil from a given source (receptor mode).1.1 This practice describes the features and processes that should be included in an oil-spill trajectory and fate model.1.2 This practice applies only to oil-spill models and does not consider the broader need for models in other fields. This practice considers only computer-based models, and not physical modeling of oil-spill processes.1.3 This practice is applicable to all types of oil in oceans, lakes, and rivers under a variety of environmental and geographical conditions.1.4 This practice applies primarily to two-dimensional models. Consideration is given to three-dimensional models for complex flow regimes.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Understanding the potential emplacement and transport mechanism for NAPL in sediment is an important element of an overall conceptual site model (CSM) that forms a basis for (1) investigating the nature and extent of NAPL, (2) evaluating if (and how) human and ecological receptors may be exposed to NAPL, and (3) assessing remedial alternatives. In addition, demonstrating the potential movement of NAPL in sediments to regulators and other stakeholders has been historically hampered by the lack of standardized terminology and characterization protocols. The complexity of NAPL movement in sediment, and the lack of agreed upon methods for analysis and interpretation of site data, has led to uncertainty in corrective action decision-making. This has sometimes resulted in misleading expectations about remedial outcomes. The emplacement and transport mechanisms for NAPL in sediments are different from those in upland environments, due to a variety of physical, geochemical, and biological differences between sediment and upland environments, thus necessitating this guide.4.2 This guide is intended to supplement the CSM developed according to the principles outlined in the contaminated sites conceptual site model Guide E1689, the standard guide for developing a CSM for Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) sites Guide E2531, and the Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) Guides E1739 and E2081, by considering conditions for NAPL emplacement and movement (that is, advection) that are unique to a sediment environment. This guide will aid users in understanding the unique and fundamental characteristics of sediment environments that influence the occurrence and behavior of NAPL in sediments. Understanding the sources of NAPL encountered in sediment, the mechanisms for NAPL to become emplaced in sediments, and the site characteristics that influence the advective movement of NAPL within the sediment column will aid in identifying specific data requirements necessary to investigate these conditions and to provide a sound basis for remedy decisions.4.2.1 Advective transport is the primary NAPL migration mechanism that is addressed within this guide.4.2.2 In addition to advective transport, biogenic gas bubbles moving through sediments (that is, ebullition) may also facilitate NAPL migration; however, this process is beyond the scope of this guide.4.2.3 Processes associated with NAPL movement due to erosion (for example, propwash) are not within the scope of this guide.4.3 This guide describes the emplacement mechanisms and advective processes, and identifies the relevant information necessary for a technically reliable and comprehensive CSM in support of the investigation and/or remediation of NAPL in sediments. A technically reliable and comprehensive CSM will result in more efficient and consistent investigation of NAPL in sediments (for example, assessment of risks associated with NAPL in sediment, and/or remedy decisions). The key elements in assessing the presence and mobility of NAPL in sediment include (1) the hydrological setting, (2) the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment, (3) the physical and chemical characteristics of the NAPL, and (4) the physical extent of the NAPL zone. The means and methods for collecting this information, including evaluating the mobility of NAPL in sediments, is not addressed in this guide.4.4 Many contaminants (for example, chlorinated solvents, petroleum products and creosote) enter the subsurface as an immiscible liquid, known as NAPL. NAPLs may flow as a separate phase from water. If the NAPL is denser than water (known as dense non-aqueous phase liquid, or DNAPL), it will sink under the influence of gravity. If the liquid is less dense than water (known as a light nonaqueous phase liquid, or LNAPL), it will float on water.4.5 This guide provides a logical framework for the initial assessment of NAPL movement in sediment environments. It will help users understand the physical conditions and emplacement mechanisms that influence NAPL movement and aid in prioritizing methods for gathering data to support development of a CSM.4.5.1 The elements of a CSM for NAPL at sediment sites describe the physical and chemical properties of the environment, the hydraulic conditions, the source of the NAPL, the emplacement mechanisms, and the nature and extent of the NAPL zone. The CSM is a dynamic, evolving model that will change through time as new data are collected and evaluated and/or as physical conditions of the site change due to natural or engineered processes. The goal of the CSM is to describe the nature, distribution, and setting of the NAPL in sufficient detail, so that questions regarding current and potential future risks, longevity, and amenability to remedial action can be adequately addressed.4.5.2 The unique elements for a CSM for a NAPL sediment site (compared to an upland NAPL site) include, but are not limited to:(1) Characteristics of the sediment and water body.(a) Physical characteristics: hydrology (for example, river currents, tidal conditions), sedimentology (for example, native water body bottom characteristics, deposited sediment characteristics, sedimentation rates, erosive forces), and hydrogeology (for example, groundwater-surface water interactions).(b) Geochemical: for example, redox conditions(c) Biological characteristics: for example, presence of benthic community(2) Characteristics of the NAPL release(s) including sources, mechanisms, and timing unique to surface water and sediment that affect the conditions under which the NAPL was emplaced in the sediment.(3) Mechanisms of NAPL emplacement in sediments, which include:(a) Advective transport from upland sources,(b) Deposition on a competent sediment surface from direct releases to surface water, with potential burial by sediment deposition (applies to DNAPL only), and(c) Formation and deposition of OPAs, with potential burial by sediment deposition.(4) Indicators for the potential presence and extent of NAPL, including observance of seeps, droplets and/or sheens within a water body.(5) The potential for human and ecological exposures to NAPL in sediment or by means of NAPL release to overlying surface water.4.6 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:4.6.1 Section 1 – ;4.6.2 Section 2 – Referenced Documents;4.6.3 Section 3 – Terminology;4.6.4 Section 4 – ;4.6.5 Section 5 – Unique Aspects of Sediment Sites;4.6.6 Section 6 – NAPL Emplacement Mechanisms;4.6.7 Section 7 – NAPL Movement Decision Analysis Framework;4.6.8 Section 8 – Keywords;4.6.9 Appendix X1 – Emplacement Models: Potential NAPL Interactions at Surface Water Boundaries and Effects on NAPL Movement;4.6.10 Appendix X2 – Sedimentary Processes and Groundwater – Surface Water Interactions;4.6.11 Appendix X3 – NAPL Movement Terminology.4.7 This guide provides an overview of the unique characteristics influencing the presence and potential movement of NAPL in aquatic sediment environments. This guide is not intended to provide specific guidance on sediment site investigation, risk assessment, monitoring or remedial action.4.7.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved in a sediment site, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders.4.7.2 This guide does not replace the need for engaging competent persons to evaluate NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments. Activities necessary to develop a CSM should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL impacted sediment site characterization techniques, physical and chemical properties of NAPL in sediments, fate and transport processes, remediation technologies, and sediment evaluation protocols. The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced project professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute sediment NAPL data acquisition activities.1.1 This guide is designed for general application to a wide range of sediment sites where non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is present or suspected to be present. This guide describes multiple emplacement mechanisms that can result in NAPL presence within the sediment stratigraphic profile and how the characteristics of the sediment, aquatic environment, and NAPL properties influence NAPL movement within sediments. This guide provides example conceptual models for NAPL emplacement in sediments in order to establish a common framework that can be used to assess conditions influencing NAPL movement by means of advection.1.2 This guide supplements methodologies for characterization and remedial efforts performed under international, federal, state and local environmental programs, but does not replace regulatory agency requirements. The users of this guide should review existing information and data available for a sediment site to determine applicable regulatory agency requirements and the most appropriate entry point into and use of this guide.1.3 ASTM standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for assessing sediment sites.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers LNG density calculation models for use in the calculation or prediction of the densities of saturated liquefied natural gas (LNG) mixtures at a specified temperature range given the pressure, temperature, and composition of the mixture. Composition restrictions for the LNGs are given for methane, nitrogen, n-butane, i-butane, and pentanes. It is assumed that hydrocarbons with carbon numbers of six or greater are not present in the LNG solution. The mathematical models presented here are the extended corresponding states model, hard sphere model, revised Klosek and McKinley model, and the cell model.1.1 This specification covers Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) density calculation models for use in the calculation or prediction of the densities of saturated LNG mixtures from 90K to 120K to within 0.1 % of true values given the pressure, temperature, and composition of the mixture.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and developers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for people conducting fire tests, making them aware of some important applications and uses for small-scale fire test results. The guide thus contributes to increased accuracy in fire growth model calculations, which depend greatly on the quality of the input data.4.2 The emphasis of this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This guide provides recommendations for fire model users and authorities having jurisdiction in establishing the limitations of fire models in fire risk and fire hazard assessments. The guide also makes recommendations for fire model developers to identify appropriate uses and limitations of their model.This guide is intended to assist in evaluating the appropriate use of fire models in fire assessment. These types of assessments are employed in product development, as well as in design and construction. Further guidance can be found in Guide E 1546.This guide is not intended to address all or limit any methods of evaluating proper use of a fire model. It does address the use of fire models in fire hazard assessment. Other uses of fire models include post-fire analysis, research, education, and litigation.The primary emphasis of this guide is both zone models and computational fluid dynamics models of compartment fires. However, other types of mathematical models need similar evaluations of their prediction capabilities.1.1 This guide covers a methodology for the systematic evaluation of fire models, which may be used in fire hazard analyses.1.2 This guide provides a means of identifying both general and specific limitations of fire models for specific applications.1.3 This guide is intended to assist model developers, model users, and authorities having jurisdiction in assuming the responsible use of fire models.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This practice covers mechanics-based models for calculating characteristic values for the strength and stiffness of reinforced structural glued laminated timbers (glulam). The mechanics-based analyses shall account for the following: (1) stress-strain relationships for wood laminations and reinforcement; (2) strain compatibility; (3) equilibrium; (4) variability of mechanical properties; (5) volume effects; (6) finger-joint effects; (7) laminating effects; and (8) stress concentrations at the termination of reinforcement in beams with partial length reinforcement. This practice also provides for minimum physical test requirements to validate mechanics-based models. A minimum set of performance-based durability test requirements for reinforced glulams is also herein described. Additional durability test requirements shall be considered in accordance with the specific end-use environment.1.1 This practice describes procedures for establishing the characteristic values for reinforced structural glued-laminated timber (glulam) beams using mechanics-based models and validated by full-scale beam tests. Glulam beams shall be manufactured in accordance with applicable provisions of ANSI A190.1.1.2 This practice also describes a minimum set of performance-based durability test requirements for reinforced glulam beams, as specified in Annex A1. Additional durability test requirements shall be considered in accordance with the specific end-use environment. Appendix X1 provides an example of a mechanics-based methodology that satisfies the requirements set forth in this practice.1.3 This practice is limited to procedures for establishing flexural properties (modulus of rupture, MOR, and modulus of elasticity, MOE) about the x-x axis of horizontally-laminated reinforced glulam beams.1.4 The establishment of secondary properties, such as bending about the y-y axis, shear parallel to grain, tension parallel to grain, compression parallel to grain, and compression perpendicular to grain, for the reinforced glulam beams are beyond the scope of this practice.NOTE 1: When the establishment of secondary properties is deemed necessary, testing according to other applicable methods, such as Test Methods D143 and D198 or analysis in accordance with Practice D3737, may be considered.1.5 Reinforced glulam beams subjected to axial loads are outside the scope of this practice.1.6 Proper safety, serviceability, and adjustment factors including duration of load, to be used in design are outside the scope of this practice.1.7 Evaluation of unbonded, prestressed, and shear reinforcement is outside the scope of this practice.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The mechanics-based model shall be permitted to be developed using SI or inch-pound units.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is intended to provide the framework for characterizing the functions of the hygrothermal model and the level of sophistication used as inputs for each analysis. Hygrothermal modeling has become an important practice in support of the decision-making design processes involved in moisture management of building envelope systems. Increasingly, hygrothermal models are an integral part of building envelope performance assessment, retrofit, and restoration studies and provide insight in the screening of alternative design approaches affecting water management of the envelope system. Hygrothermal models are used in decision making during the design process of building envelope systems. They may also be used to assess performance of the envelopes of existing buildings, or to predict envelope performance in buildings undergoing retrofit, change in use, restoration or flood remediation. It is, therefore, important to have a methodology to document the model used in a hygrothermal investigation. This documentation provides needed characterization of the hygrothermal model to assess its credibility and suitability. This becomes even more important because of the increasing complexity of the building envelope systems for which new hygrothermal models are being developed. There are many different hygrothermal models available, each with specific capabilities, operational characteristics, and limitations. If modeling is considered for a project, it is important to determine if a hygrothermal model is appropriate for that project, or if a model exists that can perform the simulations required in the project.4.2 Quality assurance in a hygrothermal analysis using modeling is achieved by using the most appropriate model with all important transport mechanisms, initial conditions, and boundary conditions. A well-executed quality assurance program in hygrothermal modeling requires systematic and complete documentation of the model and the inputs followed by consistent reporting of the results. This guide sets forth a format for reporting hygrothermal modeling results.1.1 This guide offers guidance for the characterization and use of hygrothermal models for moisture control design of building envelopes. In this context, “hygrothermal models” refers to the application of a mathematical model to the solution of a specific heat and moisture flow performance issue or problem. Hygrothermal models are used to predict and evaluate design considerations for the short-term and long-term thermal and moisture performance of building envelopes.1.2 Each hygrothermal model has specific capabilities and limitations. Determining the most appropriate hygrothermal model for a particular application requires a thorough analysis of the problem at hand, understanding the required transport processes involved, and available resources to conduct the analysis. Users of this guide can describe the functionality of the hygrothermal model used in an analysis in a consistent manner.1.3 This guide applies to hygrothermal models that range from complex research tools to simple design tools. This guide provides a protocol for matching the analysis needs and the capabilities of candidate models.1.4 This guide applies to the use of models that include all or part of the following thermal and moisture storage and transport phenomena: (1) heat storage of dry and wet building materials, (2) heat transport by moisture-dependent thermal conduction, (3) phase change phenomena (for example, evaporation and condensation), (4) heat transport by air convection, (5) moisture retention by vapor adsorption and capillary forces, (6) moisture transport by vapor diffusion (molecular and effusion), (7) moisture transport by liquid transport (surface diffusion and capillary flow), and (8) moisture (vapor) transport by air convection.1.5 This guide does not apply to cases requiring analysis of the following: (1) convection that occurs in a three-dimensional manner or through holes and cracks; (2) hydraulic, osmotic, or electrophoretic forces; (3) salt or other solute transport; or (4) material properties that change with age.1.6 This guide intends to provide guidance regarding the reliability of input and how the corresponding results can be affected as well as a format for determining such information.1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.8 This guide offers an organized characterization of hygrothermal models and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM International consensus process.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Using the tools described in this guide, an individual seeking to apply an IAQ model should be able to (1) assess the performance of the model for a specific situation or (2) recognize or assess its advantages and limitations.4.2 This guide can also be used for identifying specific areas of model deficiency that require further development or refinement.1.1 This guide provides quantitative and qualitative tools for evaluation of indoor air quality (IAQ) models. These tools include methods for assessing overall model performance as well as identifying specific areas of deficiency. Guidance is also provided in choosing data sets for model evaluation and in applying and interpreting the evaluation tools. The focus of the guide is on end results (that is, the accuracy of indoor concentrations predicted by a model), rather than operational details such as the ease of model implementation or the time required for model calculations to be performed.1.2 Although IAQ models have been used for some time, there is little guidance in the technical literature on the evaluation of such models. Evaluation principles and tools in this guide are drawn from past efforts related to outdoor air quality or meteorological models, which have objectives similar to those for IAQ models and a history of evaluation literature (1).2 Some limited experience exists in the use of these tools for evaluation of IAQ models.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The process of model evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, this guide is intended to provide a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities for a specific use. Validation for one application or scenario does not imply validation for different scenarios. Several alternatives are provided for performing the evaluation process including: comparison of predictions against standard fire tests, full-scale fire experiments, field experience, published literature, or previously evaluated models.5.2 The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratory and into the engineering, fire service and legal communities. Sufficient evaluation of fire models is necessary to ensure that those using the models can judge the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis for the models, select models appropriate for a desired use, and understand the level of confidence which can be placed on the results predicted by the models. Adequate evaluation will help prevent the unintentional misuse of fire models.5.3 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with other guides under development by Committee E05. It is intended for use by:5.3.1 Model Developers—To document the usefulness of a particular calculation method perhaps for specific applications. Part of model development includes identification of precision and limits of applicability, and independent testing.5.3.2 Model Users—To assure themselves that they are using an appropriate model for an application and that it provides adequate accuracy.5.3.3 Developers of Model Performance Codes—To be sure that they are incorporating valid calculation procedures into codes.5.3.4 Approving Officials—To ensure that the results of calculations using mathematical models stating conformance to this guide, cited in a submission, show clearly that the model is used within its applicable limits and has an acceptable level of accuracy.5.3.5 Educators—To demonstrate the application and acceptability of calculation methods being taught.5.4 This guide is not meant to describe an acceptance testing procedure.5.5 The emphasis of this guide is numerical models of fire evolution.5.5.1 The precision of a model refers to the deterministic capability of a model and its repeatability.5.5.2 The accuracy of a model refers to how well the model replicates the evolution of an actual fire.1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on structures.1.2 The methodology is presented in terms of four areas of evaluation:1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the evaluation is to be conducted,1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis and assumptions used in the model,1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness of the model, and1.2.4 Quantifying the uncertainty and accuracy of the model results in predicting of the course of events in similar fire scenarios.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The information gained through the site investigation is used to characterize the physical, biological, and chemical systems existing at a site. The processes that determine contaminant releases, contaminant migration, and environmental receptor exposure to contaminants are described and integrated in a conceptual site model.5.2 Development of this model is critical for determining potential exposure routes (for example, ingestion and inhalation) and for suggesting possible effects of the contaminants on human health and the environment. Uncertainties associated with the conceptual site model need to be identified clearly so that efforts can be taken to reduce these uncertainties to acceptable levels. Early versions of the model, which are usually based on limited or incomplete information, will identify and emphasize the uncertainties that should be addressed.5.3 The conceptual site model is used to integrate all site information and to determine whether information including data are missing (data gaps) and whether additional information needs to be collected at the site. The model is used furthermore to facilitate the selection of remedial alternatives and to evaluate the effectiveness of remedial actions in reducing the exposure of environmental receptors to contaminants.5.4 This guide is not meant to replace regulatory requirements for conducting environmental site characterizations at contaminated (including radiologically contaminated) sites. It should supplement existing guidance and promote a uniform approach to developing conceptual site models.5.5 This guide is meant to be used by all those involved in developing conceptual site models. This should ideally include representatives from all phases of the investigative and remedial process, for example, preliminary assessment, remedial investigation, baseline human health and ecological risk assessments, and feasibility study. The conceptual site model should be used to enable experts from all disciplines to communicate effectively with one another, resolve issues concerning the site, and facilitate the decision-making process.5.6 The steps in the procedure for developing conceptual site models include elements sometimes referred to collectively as site characterization. Although not within the scope of this guide, the conceptual site model can be used during site remediation.1.1 This guide is intended to assist in the development of conceptual site models to be used for the following: (1) integration of technical information from various sources, (2) support the selection of sample locations for establishing background concentrations of substances, (3) identify data needs and guide data collection activities, and (4) evaluate the risk to human health and the environment posed by a contaminated site. This guide generally describes the major components of conceptual site models, provides an outline for developing models, and presents an example of the parts of a model. This guide does not provide a detailed description of a site-specific conceptual site model because conditions at contaminated sites can vary greatly from one site to another.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This guide is intended to apply to any contaminated site.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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