定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

定价： 384元 / 折扣价： 327 元 加购物车

定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元 加购物车

5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.5.2 Results obtained by this practice are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D3238. The relationship between the two and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.45.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D2007.1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen.NOTE 2: The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 (2.5 μm to 25 μm).NOTE 1: While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E932.1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.1.4 Warning—Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Degradation of gear oils by oxidation or thermal breakdown, or both, can result in sludge buildup and render the oil unsuitable for further use as a lubricant.5.2 This is the only test method that employs glassware to measure the amount of sludge produced during oxidation and thermal degradation. This test method is a modification of Test Method D2893 which measures the viscosity increase and precipitation number of the oil stressed at 95 °C, but does not measure the amount of sludge formed.5.3 This test method can be used to evaluate the oxidation/thermal stability of gear oils. However, the test results may not correlate with the performance of gear oils in field service.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the oxidation characteristics of extreme pressure and non-extreme pressure gear oils and includes the quantitative determination of total sludge, viscosity change, and oil loss.NOTE 1: While the round-robin tests used ISO VG 220 extreme pressure gear oils for developing precision data, the test method can be extended to other viscosity grades and to non-extreme pressure gear oils. Refer to Classification D2422 for viscosity grades.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 It is normal for some of the combustion products of an internal combustion engine to penetrate into the engine lubricant and be retained in it.5.2 When an engine is run for a period of time and then stored over a long period of time, the by-products of combustion might be retained in the oil in a liquefied state.5.3 Under these circumstances, precipitates can form that impair the filterability of the oil the next time the engine is run.5.4 This test method subjects the test oil and the new oil to the same treatments such that the loss of filterability can be determined. The four water treatment levels may be tested individually, all four simultaneously, or any combination of multiple water treatment levels.5.5 Reference oils, on which the data obtained by this test method is known, are available.5.6 This test method requires that a reference oil also be tested and results reported. Two oils are available, one known to give a low and one known to give a high data value for this test method.NOTE 1: When the new oil test results are to be offered as candidate oil test results for a specification, such as Specification D4485, the specification will state maximum allowable loss of filterability (flow reduction) of the test oil as compared to the new oil.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of an oil to form a precipitate that can plug an oil filter. It simulates a problem that may be encountered in a new engine run for a short period of time, followed by a long period of storage with some water in the oil.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Excessive levels of hydrogen sulfide in the vapor phase above residual fuel oils in storage tanks can result in health hazards, violation of local occupational health and safety regulations, and public complaint. An additional concern is corrosion that can be caused by the presence of H2S during refining or other activities. Control measures to maintain safe levels of H2S require a precise method for the measurement of potentially hazardous levels of H2S in fuel oils. (Warning—Safety. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a very dangerous, toxic, explosive and flammable, colorless and transparent gas which can be found in crude oil and can be formed during the manufacture of the fuel at the refinery and can be released during handling, storage, and distribution. At very low concentrations, the gas has the characteristic smell of rotten eggs. However, at higher concentrations, it causes a loss of smell, headaches, and dizziness, and at very high concentrations, it causes instantaneous death. It is strongly recommended that personnel involved in the testing for hydrogen sulfide are aware of the hazards of vapor-phase H2S and have in place appropriate processes and procedures to manage the risk of exposure.)5.2 This test method was developed so refiners, fuel terminal operators, and independent testing laboratory personnel can rapidly and precisely measure the amount of H2S in residual fuel oils and distillate blend stocks, with a minimum of training, in a wide range of locations.5.3 Test Method D5705 provides a simple and consistent field test method for the rapid determination of H2S in the residual fuel oils vapor phase. However it does not necessarily simulate the vapor phase H2S concentration of a fuel storage tank nor does it provide any indication of the liquid phase H2S concentration.5.4 Test Method D6021 does measure the H2S concentration of H2S in the liquid phase, however it requires a laboratory and a skilled operator to perform the complex procedure and calculations, and does not offer any reproducibility data. This test method (D7621) offers a 15 min automated test, simplicity, full precision, and a degree of portability.5.5 H2S concentrations in the liquid and vapor phase attempt to reach equilibrium in a static system. However, this equilibrium and the related liquid and vapor concentrations can vary greatly depending on temperature and the chemical composition of the liquid phase. The equilibrium of the vapor phase is disrupted the moment a vent or access point is opened to collect a sample.1.1 This test method covers procedures (A and B) for the determination of the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content of fuel oils such as marine residual fuels and blend stocks, with viscosity up to 3000 mm2s-1 at 50 °C, and marine distillate fuels, as measured in the liquid phase.NOTE 1: Specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method are: ASTM Specification D396, MIL-DTL-16884, and ISO 8217.1.2 Procedure A has been shown to eliminate interferences such as thiols (mercaptans) and alkyl sulfides. Procedure B can give elevated results if such interferences are present (see Annex A2).NOTE 2: A procedure for measuring the amount of hydrogen sulfide in crude oil can be found in Appendix X1. Full precision for Appendix X1 has not yet been determined.1.3 Valid ranges for the precision are given in Table 2 and Table 3. Measurements can be made outside these ranges however precision has not been determined.1.4 Samples containing FAME do not affect the measurement of hydrogen sulfide by this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Non-SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 It is normal for some of the combustion products of an internal combustion engine to penetrate into the engine lubricant and be retained in it.5.2 When an engine is run for a period of time and then stored over a long period of time, the by-products of combustion might be retained in the oil in a liquefied state.5.3 Under these circumstances, precipitates can form that impair the filterability of the oil the next time the engine is run.5.4 This test method subjects the test oil and the new oil to the same treatments such that the loss of filterability can be determined.5.5 Reference oils, on which the data obtained by this test method is known, are available.5.6 This test method requires that a reference oil also be tested and results reported. Two oils are available, one known to give a low and one known to give a high data value for this test method.NOTE 1: When the new oil test results are to be offered as candidate oil test results for a specification, such as Specification D4485, the specification will state maximum allowable loss of filterability (flow reduction) of the test oil as compared to the new oil.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of an oil to form a precipitate that can plug an oil filter. It simulates a problem that may be encountered in a new engine run for a short period of time, followed by a long period of storage with some water in the oil.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method provides a semiquantitative estimate of the acid number of lubricating oils obtained from laboratory oxidation tests using smaller amounts of sample than Test Methods D974, D664, or D3339. It has specific application in Test Method D943 and in Test Method D4871. This test method, therefore, provides a means of monitoring the relative oxidation of lubricating oils by measuring changes in acid number, at different time intervals and under various oxidizing test conditions.5.2 Since this test method is semiquantitative, each laboratory shall develop its own criteria for each oxidation test method for determining when to switch from this semiquantitative test method to a more precise test method for acid number.1.1 This test method is a semiquantitative micro method intended for monitoring the changes in acidic constituents occurring in lubricating oils during oxidation testing, when the acid number of such oils falls within the range from 0.02 mg to 1.0 mg of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample. It is applicable to such oils as turbine oils, hydraulic oils, and other circulating oils.NOTE 1: This test method is a micro version of Test Method D974 and it produces results similar to that method.1.2 This test method is designed for use where sample size is limited. It shall not be used as a replacement for higher precision methods such as Test Methods D974 or D664. It shall not be used to monitor oils in-service.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 Dispersancy is the property that allows oil to suspend and carry away pollutants of diverse sources such as soot from combustion, metallic particles from wear, corrosion of mechanical parts, and insoluble products resulting from the aging of the oil.5.2 When poured on a specific filter paper, oil that is properly dispersing soot and other insolubles produces an evenly graduated spot. The distribution of the different zones (Fig. 1) will reflect the status of oil dispersancy.FIG. 1 Oil Spot Example and Scheme of the Distribution of the Different Zones5.3 While the oil spreads out on the filter paper, the oil carries contaminants, and due to the lamination phenomenon of the oil film, the particles of same size deposit on the paper on the same concentric zones.5.4 This test method provides a simple technique for condition monitoring of the dispersancy property of in-service lubricants.5.5 An oil that is properly dispersing soot and other insolubles produces an evenly graduated blotter (see Fig. 2—Spot 1). A ring of light debris on the outer circumference of the circular spot also indicates that the oil has retained its dispersancy properties.FIG. 2 Oil Spot Examples5.6 A blotter indicating a high soot load, but even graduation, suggests the oil is still fit for service, but should be watched closely for degradation (see Fig. 2—Spot 2).5.7 When dispersancy begins to fail, the insolubles begin to form a dense ring on the exterior of the absorbing oil drop as in Fig. 2—Spot 3. A brown or yellow stain on the blotter spot indicates oxidation.5.8 Fig. 2—Spot 4 indicates the characteristic dense black dot and sharp periphery that indicates sludge and the loss of dispersancy as the particles have settled in the center and the oil has wicked outward.5.9 From a maintenance perspective, when the ring begins to form around the exterior of the oil blotter, it is time to look at scheduling a drain. If the black dot is allowed to form, the situation is problematic because the undispersed portion of soot that has deposited upon surfaces will not be removed by the oil change. Often, several changes made at frequent intervals will be required to effectively scour the engine clean. Also, if dispersancy performance degrades at an unusually rapid pace, a more extensive review of combustion and ring performance should be undertaken.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the merit of dispersancy of diesel crankcase engine oils as well as other types of engine oils where pollutants of diverse sources such as soot from combustion, metallic particles from wear, corrosion of mechanical parts, and insoluble products resulting from the oxidation of the oil may contaminate the lubricant.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: It is not the intent of this test method to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning, or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

The content of dissolved decay products in insulating oils is made up of a variety of compounds, such as peroxides, aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids. Each of them is partially adsorbed on the large surface of paper insulation leading to the premature aging of power transformers. The relative assessment of byproduct formation, therefore, can be used as an indicator of the aging of the mineral oil.1.1 This test method characterizes by spectrophotometry the relative level of dissolved decay products in mineral insulating oils of petroleum origin. While new oil is almost transparent to a monochromatic beam of light in the visible spectrum, the increasing concentration of dissolved decay products shift the absorbance curve to longer wavelengths.1.2 This test method is applicable to compare the extent of dissolved decay products for oils in service. It can assess the effectiveness of used or stored oil purification during the reclamation process, as well.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Knowledge of the boiling point distribution of stabilized crude oils is important for the marketing, scheduling, and processing of crude oil in the petroleum industry. Test Method D7169 and IP 545 purport to give such a distribution in crude oils, but are susceptible to significant errors in the light ends portion of the distribution as well as in the mass recovery of the whole crude oil due to the interference imposed by the diluent solvent. This test method allows for more accurate determination of the front end of the boiling point distribution curve, in addition to providing important C1 to C9 (nonane) component level information, and more accurate mass recovery at C9 (nonane).1.1 This test method specifies a method to determine the boiling range distribution of hydrocarbons in stabilized crude oil up to and including n-nonane. A stabilized crude oil is defined as having a Reid Vapor Pressure equivalent to or less than 82.7 kPa. The results of this test method can be combined with those from Test Method D7169 and IP 545 to give a full boiling point distribution of a crude oil (see Appendix X3).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 The determination of compound types by mass spectrometry requires, in some instances, a preliminary separation of the petroleum sample into representative aromatics and nonaromatics fractions, as in Test Methods D2425, D2786, and D3239. This test method provides a suitable separation technique for this application.1.1 This test method covers the separation and determination of representative aromatics and nonaromatics fractions from hydrocarbon mixtures that boil between 232 °C and 538 °C (450 °F and 1000 °F). Alternative procedures are provided for the separation of 2 g or 10 g of hydrocarbon mixture.NOTE 1: Some components may not be eluted from the chromatographic column for some types of samples under the conditions used in this method.NOTE 2: Test Method D2007 is an alternative method of separating high-boiling oils into polar compounds, aromatics, and saturates fractions.1.2 An alternative procedure is provided to handle samples boiling below 232 °C (450 °F), but whose 5 % point is above 178 °C (350 °F) as determined by Test Method D2887. This procedure is given in Appendix X1.1.3 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The removal of volatile materials such as gasoline dilution from used engine oils is especially important if the mechanical shear stability or oxidative stability of the oil is being monitored by measuring a kinematic viscosity change in the oil after it has been used in a gasoline engine.1.1 This test method covers a standardized procedure for removing volatile materials such as gasoline and water from used engine oils prior to further oil analysis.1.2 It also provides an estimate of such volatiles in used engine oils.1.3 When an accurate value of the gasoline contaminant is required either Test Methods D322 or D3525 shall be used.NOTE 1: Test Method D322 determines the amount of gasoline by distillation with water. Test Method D3525 determines the amount of material boiling below the boiling point of n–tetradecane by gas chromatography.NOTE 2: When the amount of gasoline is required to be known, the user of this test method is advised to determine which method is to be used. There are cases where D3525 may be set as the referee method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warnings, see 6.1 and 8.5.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元