4.1 This test method determines anionic detergents commonly found in laundry, dishwashing, and other cleaning materials. Accurate determination of the anionic active substance is highly important in assessing the cost and effectiveness of such cleaning substances.1.1 Direct titration of an anionic surfactant with a standardized cationic reagent is a simple and convenient method for the quantitative determination of the content of active ingredient. The end point is detffected by the transfer of a colored complex from an organic solvent phase to an aqueous phase. The relationship between anionic and cationic agents is not always stoichiometric, and for maximum accuracy the anionic type of interest should first be characterized and then used to standardize the cationic reagent. In most cases, however, the different anionic surfactants likely to be encountered react in the same proportions. That is, a cationic titrating solution standardized against a characterized anionic agent can be used to analyze other anionics of known molecular weights.1.2 This test method is applicable to alkylaryl sulfonates and fatty alkyl sulfates. Low results are obtained with alkylbenzene sulfonates having the alkyl chain length less than eight carbon atoms. Low results are also obtained for alkyl sulfates with the alkyl chain length of less than twelve carbon atoms. The anionic surfactants characterized in accordance with Sections 17 – 23 should be the sodium salt and not amine, ammonium, or potassium salts. In case only amine or ammonium salts are available, they should be first converted to the sodium salt before proceeding with this analysis.1.3 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  SectionsSeparation of Alcohol-Soluble Matter 8 and 9Separation of Oil-Free Sulfonate 10 and 11Determination of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Content 12 – 17Characterization of Anionic Surfactant Standard:   Part I. Determination of Surfactant, SO3 Content, and Solution  Molarity 18 – 20 Part II. Determination of Surfactant, SO3 and Active Ingredient  Contents Combining Weight, and Solution Molarity 21 – 24Standardization of Cationic Reagent 25 – 29Quantitative Determination of Anionic Surfactant by Cationic   Titration 30 – 331.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazards statement, see Section 7.

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CSA Preface This is the first edition of CAN/CSA-E61496-2, Safety of machinery - Electro-sensitive protective equipment - Part 2: Particular requirements for equipment using active opto-electronic protective devices (AOPDs), which is an adoption, with

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5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.3.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method measures the quantity of sulfur available to react with metallic surfaces to form solid lubricating aids at the temperature of the test. Rates of reaction are metal type, temperature, and time dependent.1.1 This test method covers the determination of active sulfur in cutting oils. This test method applies to sulfur reactive with copper powder at a temperature of 150 °C (302 °F) in cutting fluids containing both natural and added sulfur.NOTE 1: It has not been established by ASTM Subcommittee D02.L0 as to how the active sulfur content thus determined may relate to field performance of the cutting fluid.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides an analytical procedure for measuring formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor, workplace, ambient air or for emission testing.1.1 This test method presents a procedure for the determination of formaldehyde (HCHO) and other carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) in air. Other carbonyl compounds that have been successfully quantified by this method include acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal (propionaldehyde), 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, valeraldehyde, o-tolualdehyde, m-tolualdehyde, p-tolualdehyde, hexanal, and 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde.1.2 This test method involves drawing air through a cartridge containing silica gel coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) reagent. Carbonyl compounds readily form stable derivatives with the acidified DNPH reagent. The DNPH derivatives are analyzed for parent aldehydes and ketones using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). UHPLC systems use higher pressures and smaller particle sizes in columns compared to HPLC systems. The sampling procedure is a modification of U.S. EPA Method TO-11A (see 2.2).1.3 This test method is based on the reaction of carbonyl compounds with DNPH in the presence of an acid to form stable derivatives according to the reaction shown in Fig. 1, (where: both R and R1 are alkyl or aromatic groups (ketones), or either, or both R or R1 is a hydrogen atom (aldehydes)). The determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, as DNPH derivatives, is similar to that of U.S. EPA Method TO-11A in that it uses HPLC or UHPLC for separation of carbonyl compounds followed by UV adsorption or photodiode array detection. This test method exceeds the stated applicability of TO-11A to include other carbonyl compounds that can be determined as stated in 10.2.4. This test method is suitable for determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in the airborne concentration range from approximately 10 ppbv/v (12 μg/m3), requires sampling for 1 h at 1 L/min) to 1 ppmv/v (1.2 mg/m3). Lower concentrations in air may be determined using higher sampling volume and with control of contamination, appropriate selection of flow rate and sampling duration.FIG. 1 Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds1.4 The sampling method gives a time-weighted average (TWA) sample. It can be used for long-term (1 to 24 h) or short-term (5 to 60 min) sampling of air for formaldehyde. Shorter sampling times or low flow rates will result in higher detection limits and may result in greater variation in co-located sampler results. Tests should be performed over a duration and a flow rate that allows the data quality objective of the project to be achieved. Sample times for other carbonyls, such as acetaldehyde, may be limited to short term (1).2 The data provides total concentrations of carbonyl compounds from which time weighted average concentrations can be calculated.1.5 This test method instructs the user on how to prepare sampling cartridges from commercially available chromatographic grade silica gel cartridges3 by the application of acidified DNPH to each cartridge.1.6 The sampling flow rate, as described in this test method, has been validated for sampling rates up to 1.5 L/min for formaldehyde. This flow rate limitation is principally due to the high pressure drop (>8 kPa at 1.0 L/min) across user prepared silica gel cartridges which have a particle size of 55 to 105 µm. These cartridges are not generally compatible with battery-powered pumps used in personal sampling equipment (for example, those used by industrial hygienists).1.7 Alternatively, pre-coated DNPH silica gel cartridges are commercially available and may be substituted provided they can be demonstrated to meet blank and analyte trapping acceptance criteria (2). Some of these use silica gel of a larger particle size that results in a lower pressure drop across the cartridge. These low pressure drop cartridges may be more suitable for sampling air using battery-powered personal sampling pumps.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Purpose—This guide provides a process for reclamation of existing CCPs placed in active and inactive storage areas. The guide includes information on the following activities required for the safe and effective reclamation of CCPs from storage areas: (1) Background Review of CCP Storage Areas; (2) Detailed Characterization of CCP Storage Areas; (3) Harvesting Planning and Scoping of CCP Storage Areas; (4) Harvesting Detailed Design and Approval of CCP Storage Areas; and (5) Harvesting Implementation of CCP Storage Areas. More detailed descriptions of these activities are in Sections 6 through 10.4.2 Potential Beneficial Uses of CCPs—There are many CCP storage areas that are potentially harvestable and can provide a functional benefit in a wide variety of beneficial uses. The beneficial use of CCPs contained in these storage areas can have significant environmental and economic benefits for the facility, the facility owner and the local economy, and can significantly reduce disposal operations (1-4).3 Beneficial use of CCPs can provide industry with a safe and responsible way to economically manage the CCPs, while promoting conservation and recycling/reuse, meeting sustainability goals, and addressing the shortage of CCPs in some building product market areas (1, 2, 5). CCPs consist of fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash, economizer ash, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material (see Terminology E2201 for definitions of CCPs) (6, 7).4.2.1 Fly ash is the most abundant CCP in existing storage areas. Its beneficial uses include, but are not limited to: partial replacement for cement in concrete and concrete products – once in concrete, fly ash reacts with Portland cement to create additional reaction products that improve the strength and durability of concrete; raw feed for the production clinker – fly ash can be calcined along with other minerals to produce clinker; blended cements – fly ash can be an important component in the production of blended cement, especially when pozzolanic properties are desired; filler in plastics – fly ash typically increases the stiffness and compressive strength when used as a filler in plastics; controlled low strength materials (CLSM) – CLSM that include fly ash, typically have improved flowability and strength as well as reduced bleeding and shrinkage; as a soil stabilization material; as an aggregate/soil replacement construction material in structural fill and mine reclamation projects; fillers in carpet backing – fly ash is high performance mineral filler; and as a solidification agent within landfills and remediation projects (6-9).4.2.2 Bottom ash can be beneficially used as raw feed for the production of clinker, as a component of structural fills, and as aggregate in the manufacturing of masonry products (6, 7, 9).4.2.3 Boiler slag can be used as blasting grits and roofing granules. Other applications include, but are not limited to, as a component of structural fills and mineral filler in asphalt (7, 9).4.2.4 Fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash can be utilized in various mixtures as a low strength concrete material and soil stabilization agent (7).4.2.5 Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, in its majority, is typically beneficially used in gypsum panel products. Other uses include in agricultural applications to improve soil, as a component in structural fills, and as an important component in the production of cement (6, 7, 9).4.3 Approval Context—This guide does not supersede local, state or country requirements, if applicable. This guide is intended to be used for storage areas that are both within an approval authority program and historic (or unpermitted) storage areas.4.3.1 For harvesting of CCPs from storage areas within an approval authority program, governing documents should be carefully reviewed and followed to ensure that all requirements relative to design, operations, monitoring, closure, and post-closure are followed, or that agreements are established to ensure compliance and allow for harvesting activities.4.3.2 For harvesting of CCPs from historic (or unpermitted) storage areas, the project team should engage with the appropriate local, state, province, or country approval, or combination thereof, authorities to determine the appropriate requirements, and should ensure that the appropriate engineering controls and institutional controls are incorporated into the harvesting project.4.4 Use of Guide—Approval authorities may incorporate this guide, in whole or in part, into general guidance documents or site-specific approval documents.4.5 Professional Judgment—This guide presumes the active involvement of an environmental professional who is knowledgeable in how to design and construct storage areas and how to identify acceptable site conditions, or when appropriate, satisfy applicable statutory or approval authority limitations on the use of an operating, closed, or historic (unpermitted) storage area.4.6 Inherent Uncertainty—Professional judgment, interpretation, and some uncertainty are inherent in the processes described herein even when decisions are based upon objective scientific principles and accepted industry practices.1.1 This guide provides a framework to address critical aspects related to the harvesting of CCPs placed in active (operational) and inactive (closed or no longer receiving CCPs) storage areas. These storage areas may be used for wet or dry material, and may be located at active or inactive facilities (that is, coal-fired electric utilities or independent power producers that are currently generating electricity or have ceased to do so, respectively). Also, CCPs may be harvested from active or inactive storage areas located on-site or off-site of the facility.1.2 This guide does not include information on how to determine what storage areas or facilities, or both should be selected for potential harvesting of CCPs, as each entity may approach a harvesting program in accordance with their own harvesting pursuits and regulatory requirements. In addition, it does not include information on how an energy company or other interested parties should evaluate inventories to determine the order of their storage areas for potential harvesting, including consideration of risk, performance and cost. This guide is intended to be used to evaluate the potential harvesting of the storage areas once the storage areas are selected for evaluation.1.3 This guide is comprised of the following sections: , Section 1; Referenced Documents, Section 2; Terminology, Section 3; , Section 4; Project Planning and Scoping, Section 5: Background Review of CCP Storage Areas, Section 6; Detailed Characterization of CCP Storage Areas, Section 7; Harvesting Planning and Scoping of CCP Storage Areas, Section 8; Harvesting Detailed Design and Approval (as applicable) of CCP Storage Areas, Section 9; and Harvesting Implementation of CCP Storage Areas, Section 10. Not all information within this guide will be necessary for each harvesting project, and the user should determine the applicability of each section.1.3.1 Section 1, , includes information related to contents of this guide, as well as what is not included in this guide.1.3.2 Section 2, Referenced Documents, includes published documents referenced within this guide.1.3.3 Section 3, Terminology, includes definitions for terms as they relate to this guide.1.3.4 Section 4, , describes the beneficial use of CCPs stored within active and inactive storage areas, including each CCP potential beneficial use; the context of the guide and its use; the professional judgment that is appropriate for use of the guide; and the inherent uncertainty with the processes described within the guide.1.3.5 Section 5, Project Planning and Scoping, describes the steps needed prior to implementing this guide, including: establishing a project team; determining what storage areas within the facility should be evaluated for potential harvesting of CCPs; determining the potential materials to be harvested; compiling existing land use, environmental compliance, geologic/hydrogeologic, topographic, design and construction information; estimating potential project costs and project schedule with contingencies (if feasible); and identifying factors that may impact the ability to harvest the CCPs.1.3.6 Section 6, Site Background Review of CCP Storage Areas, describes the steps for evaluating the attributes of storage areas at the facility relative to harvesting CCPs.1.3.7 Section 7, Detailed Characterization of CCP Storage Areas, describes the steps for developing and implementing the CCP characterization sampling and analysis plan that will evaluate the chemical and physical characteristics of the CCPs within the storage areas, and determining if amendments to the CCPs will be needed for beneficial use.1.3.8 Section 8, Harvesting Planning and Scoping of CCP Storage Areas, describes the steps necessary to evaluate the approval status of the storage areas and develop a conceptual harvesting strategy and approval approach for the project. Considerations are given for both active and inactive storage areas.1.3.9 Section 9, Harvesting Detailed Design and Approval (as applicable) of CCP Storage Areas, describes the steps needed to prepare the detailed design and approval documents (as applicable) for the CCP storage area harvesting and receive the appropriate approval (as applicable).1.3.10 Section 10, Harvesting Implementation of CCP Storage Areas, describes the steps needed to implement the storage area harvesting plans from installation of the appropriate pre-harvesting components and harvesting the CCPs in accordance with the approval requirements, to completing the post-harvesting monitoring and inspections.1.3.11 Sections 6 through 10 provide the five phases (Phase I through V) of the harvesting process that follow once storage areas are selected for harvesting evaluation. Information related to Phase I through V is located on Table 1.1.4 This guide does not include information on the processing of harvested CCPs, and therefore, additional approvals not discussed within this guide may be needed (for example, residual waste processing approvals, air approvals specific to processing, water control approvals, storage system approvals, etc.).1.5 As CCPs are produced, they may be sent off-site directly to beneficial use applications, such as concrete, wallboard and controlled or structural fills, while the alternative is to direct them to dry or wet storage areas. Although many CCPs were placed in storage due to not meeting applicable specifications for use, many other CCPs were stored for lack of market. In either case, the CCPs retain the ability to be considered a wanted material that provides a functional benefit and a benefit to the environment. They can be harvested and lightly processed, if necessary, to meet relevant product specifications and substitute for the raw materials. Depending on the type and homogeneity of CCPs and the type of storage area from which the materials are being harvested (that is, dry or wet storage areas), this harvesting and processing may include, but is not limited to, excavating or dewatering/dredging, drying, milling, classifying and storing or transporting the material before they are beneficially used.1.6 The CCPs that may be harvested include: fly ash, bottom ash and economizer ash generated by powdered carbon boilers; boiler slag; flue gas desulfurization material; fluidized-bed combustion products as defined in Terminology E2201; cenospheres; or other materials suitable for beneficial use.1.7 Laws and approval requirements governing the use of CCPs vary by locality, state and country and generally do not yet include provisions for CCP harvesting as described herein. The user of this guide is responsible for determining and complying with the applicable approval requirements, which may extend beyond harvesting to include approval requirements or guidance on issues such as storage, transportation, end use and other concepts. This guide complements approval programs where guidance on harvesting is unavailable or insufficient, thereby improving the chance that such storage areas may be repurposed for public or private benefit, or both. It is important to engage and educate the approval authority early and often throughout the planning, design and implementation of the harvesting activities. The project team may also consider affording an opportunity to solicit input from other stakeholders.1.8 This guide should not be used as a justification to avoid, minimize or delay implementation of specific management, operation, closure, or remediation activities, or both as appropriate by law or directive, unless the harvesting activities are conducted in conjunction with such strategies to maintain or achieve compliance with the approval requirements or as otherwise agreed upon with the appropriate authorizing agencies.1.9 This guide should not be used to characterize (that is, environmentally assess) a storage area for ownership transfer although portions of such information may supplement other environmental assessments that are used in such a transfer.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These methods provide data that are useful in evaluating the effectiveness of surface active agents in reducing surface tension. In addition, surface tension data can predict interactions between liquids and solid surfaces or other liquids and can be used to establish wetting properties of paints, solvents, and other liquids.5.2 A number of laboratories have found the Wilhelmy plate to be easier to use, easier to clean and generally better for use with pigmented paints.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of a variety of liquid materials, including but not restricted to paints, solvents, and solutions of surface-active agents, as defined in Terminology D459. Four methods are covered as follows:Method A—Surface Tension by du Noüy ring;Method B—Interfacial Tension by du Noüy ring;Method C—Surface Tension by Wilhelmy plate; andMethod D—Interfacial Tension by Wilhelmy plate.1.2 Method A originally was written primarily to cover aqueous solutions of surface-active agents, but is also applicable to aqueous paints, nonaqueous solutions (including paints) and mixed solvent solutions.1.3 Method B is applicable to two-phase solutions. More than one solute component may be present, including solute components that are not in themselves surface-active.1.4 Method C is applicable to surface active liquids and, unlike du Noüy ring, no buoyancy corrections are needed and results are not affected by moderate viscosities (1-10 Pa-sec) of the liquid. It is the recommended method for use with paints and resin solutions.1.5 Method D is applicable to two-phase solutions and mixtures.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method covers the determination of inorganic active oxygen in bleaching compounds such as perborates, percarbonates, and peroxides by titration of an acidified aqueous solution with a standard solution of potassium permanganate. Tests shall use reagent grade chemicals, reagent water, potassium permanganate standard solution, sodium oxalate, and sulfuric acid. Well mixed sample shall be titrated according to the procedure indicated in this standard method. Active oxygen weight percent shall be calculated using the given formula.1.1 This test method covers the determination of inorganic“ active oxygen” in bleaching compounds such as perborates, percarbonates, and peroxides but not in persulfates or monopersulfates.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Safety Data Sheets (formerly known as Material Safety Data Sheets) are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.

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5.1 Soil gas is simply the gas phase (air) that exists in the open spaces between soil particles in the unsaturated portion of the vadose zone. VOCs can potentially migrate through the soil, or ground water, or both, and present an impact to the environment and human health.NOTE 1: Not all VOCs in soil gas are due to spills or leaks. Simple VOCs, such as acetone, methanol, and ethanol may also arise from natural biological processes.5.2 Application of Soil Gas Surveys—Soil gas surveying offers an effective, quick and cost-effective method of detecting volatile contaminants in the vadose zone. Soil gas surveying has been demonstrated to be effective for selection of suitable and representative samples for other more costly and definitive investigative methods. This method is highly useful at the initiation of the preliminary site investigation for determining the existence and extent of volatile or semi volatile organic contamination, and determination of location of highest concentrations, as well as, monitoring the effectiveness of on-going remedial activities (D6196).5.3 Samples are collected by inserting a sampling device into a borehole with hydraulically-driven direct push drilling or manually-driven driven hand sampling equipment (see Note 2).NOTE 2: Soil gas sampling can be performed beneath impervious surfaces, such as concrete slabs or pavement by drilling or boring through the surface.5.4 Soil gas surveys can be performed over a wide range of spatial designs. Spatial designs include soil gas sampling in profiles or grid patterns at a single depth or multiple depths. Multiple depth sampling is particularly useful for contaminant determinations in cases with complex soil type distribution and multiple sources. Depth profiling can also be useful in the determination of the most appropriate depth(s) at which to monitor soil gas, as well as the demonstration of migration and degradation processes in the vadose zone.5.5 Soil gas surveys are used extensively in preliminary site investigations and monitoring of effectiveness of on-going site remediation efforts. Project objectives should be known and the limitation of this method considered. Limitations include:5.5.1 Data generated from soil gas surveying is relative and not of the quality necessary for final decisions; and5.5.2 Soil gas surveys need to be done quickly, so this method is for active soil-gas sampling devices only.1.1 This practice details the collection of active soil gas samples using a variety of sample collection techniques with tooling associated with direct push drilling (DP) or manual-driven hand-sampling equipment, for the express purpose of conducting soil gas surveys.1.2 This practice proceeds on the premise that soil gas surveys are primarily used for two (2) purposes: 1) as a preliminary site investigative tool and 2) for the monitoring of ongoing remediation activities (D7663).1.3 The practicality of field use demands that soil gas surveys are relatively accurate, as well as being simple, quick, and inexpensive. This guide suggests that the objective of soil gas surveys is linked to three factors:1.3.1 VOC detection and quantitation, including determination of depth of VOC contamination.1.3.2 Sample retrieval ease and time.1.3.3 Cost.1.4 This practice may increase the awareness of a fundamental difference between soil gas sampling for the purpose of soil gas surveys versus sub-slab or vapor intrusion investigations or both. Specifically, the purpose of a soil gas survey is to provide quick and inexpensive data to the investigator that will allow the investigator to 1) develop a site investigation plan that is strategic in its efforts, 2) determine success or progress of on-going remedial activities, or 3) select the most suitable subsequent investigation equipment, or combinations thereof. On the other hand, the objective of soil gas sampling for sub-slab and vapor intrusion investigations is not preliminary, but rather the end result of the site investigation or long-term precise monitoring. As such, stringent sampling methods and protocol are necessary for precise samples and data collection.1.5 Details included in this practice include a broad spectrum of practices and applications of soil gas surveys, including:1.5.1 Sample recovery and handling,1.5.2 Sample analysis,1.5.3 Data interpretation, and1.5.4 Data reporting.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or Inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.7.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consideration for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This standard cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.9 This practice is not to be used for long term monitoring of contaminated sites or for site closure confirmation.1.10 This practice is not to be used for passive determination of flow patterns at contaminated sites.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This practice does not purport to set standard levels of acceptable risk. Use of this practice for purposes of risk assessment is wholly the responsibility of the user.1.13 Concerns of practitioner liability or protection from or release from such liability, or both, are not addressed by this practice.1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 1456元 / 折扣价： 1238 元

5.1 The test requirements specified herein have been established for use in evaluating the forced-entry resistance characteristics of assemblies to be used in commercial, residential, schools, government, and other institutional installations where the risk of a single person active shooter attack is present.5.2 The procedures of this test method are intended to evaluate the ability to create an opening of sufficient size to permit passage of a test shape through it.5.3 The procedure presented herein is based on post-event examination and are not intended to be used to establish or confirm the absolute prevention of forced entries.1.1 This test method sets forth the requirements and testing procedures to test forced-entry-resistant building components, construction components, and specialty security equipment. This test method is intended primarily for manufacturers to test and rate their windows, doors, modular panels, glazings, and similar products to ensure that all manufactured products meet the necessary requirements for forced-entry protection after sustaining an active shooter assault.1.2 This test method is currently designed to simulate an active shooter weakening the system with repetitive shots followed by mechanically driven impact to simulate forced entry.1.3 This test method is not to be used for ballistic resistant glazing rating. Test projectiles are permitted to perforate the entire specimen. The test projectile firings are intended to simulate actions taken by an assailant to aid in the ability to gain entry to a facility.1.4 This is a laboratory test to be performed on full systems and therefore not applicable for field testing.1.5 All tests are executed on the exterior surface of the fenestration.1.6 Systems are required to be tested as complete units in a test frame or fielded conditions. Mulled systems must be tested in the mulled condition. Test results only apply to the component or system as tested. Once a system is tested and deemed to satisfy the requirements of this test method, no design change can be made without a retest except those that qualify under Annex A1 Substitution Criteria.1.7 Components (such as glazing, door leaves, etc.) may be tested in accordance with Appendix X1, receiving a capability statement for the component, but not a system rating per this standard.1.8 Window and door systems shall be rated to at least a minimum level of Test Methods F476, F588, or F842, or combinations thereof, as appropriate prior to commencing this test evaluation. This test does not dual certify to the above mentioned standards.1.9 The values stated in this standard are SI units with the exception of the nominal descriptors for tools.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 There have been instances in the past in which undesired collisions between authorized vehicles and AVBS have occurred. Properly selected, designed, and installed safety devices that are able to inhibit deployment of active barriers when authorized vehicles are in the hazard detection space, in direct proximity to the barrier, can minimize the likelihood that such accidents occur.4.2 Unintended barrier/vehicle collisions can be very hazardous, will frequently result in significant damage to property, and can also result in personal injury or death, depending on conditions surrounding an incident.4.3 It is recognized that some vehicle types may not be reliably detected by an individual detection device and an owner may desire placing AVBS in service even though not all vehicle types may be reliably detected. In such determination of use, an owner shall carefully consider such system performance limitations and safety risks, appropriate alternative controls that will minimize safety hazards, and what risks are able to be accepted before placing equipment into service. This practice is intended to provide the owners, designers, installers, integrators, and equipment providers with information that may be important to such decisions, but it is not intended to determine what risks/hazards are acceptable.4.4 It is also recognized that there may be particular conditions in which an owner may determine that it is not acceptable to have safety devices installed in AVBS. For example, there may be conditions under which the security risks are determined to be more important to an owner than the possible safety hazards. In such circumstances, the owner shall accept the safety risks and possible consequences that are associated with such a determination that safety devices will not be used.4.5 If an owner determines that safety devices are not to be used, then it is possible that the owner may choose to implement some alternate means to mitigate or reduce a portion of the safety risks.1.1 This practice is intended to provide methods for selecting, integrating, and verification of active vehicle barrier safety devices so that vehicle barrier systems are reliably and safely controlled when in operation.1.2 There are a number of risks associated with the operation and use of active vehicle barrier systems (AVBS). One of the risks is that of undesired collision between an active vehicle barrier (AVB) and an authorized vehicle. Such risks can be minimized through proper design, construction, installation, operation, and training in the use of such systems.1.3 The proper selection, installation, and use of safety devices that will prevent an AVBS from activating or deploying while an authorized vehicle is transiting the barrier, or when such an authorized vehicle is stopped while a portion of the vehicle is located in the path of or in an unsafe proximity to a barrier, can minimize the likelihood of unintended collision between a barrier and authorized vehicle.1.4 For this practice, safety refers to the ability of the barrier to operate without causing unintended damage to vehicles or injury to people via operation or deployment of the barrier, when an authorized vehicle is transiting the barrier. Security refers to the ability to operate or deploy the barrier to serve its intended purpose of stopping an unauthorized vehicle from passing through the barrier location.1.5 Pedestrians are excluded from the scope of this practice. It is assumed, for the purposes of this practice, that pedestrians are excluded from potentially hazardous locations in the immediate vicinity of AVBS moving components. It is recognized that authorized pedestrians may be present in the area of the movable AVBS for required purposes, such as inspection of vehicles that are stopped. The presence of “casual” pedestrians shall be kept away from the movable elements of the AVBS.1.6 This practice is not intended to address any of the following:1.6.1 Overall performance of vehicle barrier systems or effectiveness as a barrier against any vehicles (see Test Method F2656/F2656M).1.6.2 Impact energy able to be withstood by vehicle barrier systems.1.6.3 Serviceability of barrier systems.1.6.4 Selection of vehicle barrier systems for any particular use.1.6.5 Pedestrian Detection Safety Devices—This practice considers that pedestrians are excluded from hazard zones in the vicinity of vehicle barrier systems; and that only trained and authorized people, such as maintenance staff and security officers performing necessary functions, will be present in the hazard areas when the active barriers are in operation.1.6.6 Design and installation of vehicle barrier systems, other than performance of associated vehicle detection safety devices, and the verification that safety devices are able to be overridden under designated emergency conditions, as required by owners.1.6.7 Operating procedures or instructions for operational use of active vehicle barrier systems once they are installed and placed into service. Although such operating procedures are essential for the safe operation of AVBS in practice, development and implementation of such procedures is beyond the scope of this practice.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers the exposure of plastics to a specific test environment. The test environment is a laboratory-scale reactor that simulates a landfill with enhanced biological activity. Biological activity is enhanced by adding moisture, recirculating leachate, and heating to 35°C. Plastic exposure occurs in the presence of a media undergoing anaerobic degradation. The standard media used in the practice simulates a municipal solid-waste stream. The practice allows for the use of other media to represent particular waste streams. This practice provides exposed specimens for further testing and for comparison with controls. This test environment does not necessarily reproduce conditions that could occur in a particular landfill. 1.2 Changes in the material properties of the plastic and controls should be determined using appropriate ASTM test procedures. Changes could encompass physical and chemical changes such as disintegration and degradation. 1.3 This practice may be used for different purposes. The interested parties therefore must select the following: exposure conditions from those allowed by this practice; criteria for a valid exposure, that is, minimum or maximum change requirements for the simulated landfill environment and controls; and magnitudes of material properties changes required for the plastic specimens. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8. Note 1-There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.

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This guide provides a broad perspective on techniques that can be used by environmental managers for selecting VOC air monitoring methods. It summarizes various methods for measurement of VOC in air derived from a variety of sources and experiences and incorporates them into condensed guidelines. This guide provides a common basis for selecting methods for VOC measurement as well a discussion of the limitations of typical methods.This guide should be used during the planning stages of an air monitoring program along with other applicable guides and practices (for example, D1357) to select ASTM or other appropriate methods.1.1 This guide provides assistance in the selection of active integrative sampling methods, in which the volatile organic analytes are collected from air over a period of time by drawing the air into the sampling device, with subsequent recovery for analysis. Where available, specific ASTM test methods and practices are referenced.1.2 Guidance is provided for the selection of active sampling methods based either on collection of an untreated air sample (whole air samples) or selective sampling using sorbent concentration techniques that selectively concentrate components in air. Advantages and disadvantages of specific collection vehicles are presented.1.3 This guide does not cover the use of cryogenically cooled field sampling devices used in some automated analysis systems. Detailed instructions for cryogenic recovery of compounds captured as whole air samples or thermally desorbed from sorbents are typically covered in standard methods for sample analysis and are beyond the scope of this guide.1.4 Both thermal and solvent desorption techniques for sample recovery are discussed.1.5 Organic compounds are classified on the basis of vapor pressure as very volatile, volatile, semivolatile and nonvolatile. Physical characteristics of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are provided to aid in selection of sampling techniques for VOC measurement. Semivolatile and nonvolatile organic compounds are defined in the guide to help guide users avoid misidentifying compounds that are not covered in this guide.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment. Automotive engine oils are classified in three general arrangements: S, C, and Energy Conserving. These arrangements are further divided into categories with performance measured as follows: SH, SJ, SL, SM, CF-4, CF, CF-2, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, Energy Conserving associated with SJ, and Energy Conserving associated with SL. Different bench and chemical tests shall be performed to help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance.1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty and heavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety of operating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, and off-highway farm, industrial, and construction equipment.21.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oil applications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawn mowers, motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoing vessels.1.3 This specification is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline or diesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, it is based on engine test results that generally have been correlated with results obtained on reference oils run in gasoline engine Sequence Tests that defined engine oil categories prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects of engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests in this specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance, it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operating conditions.1.4 This specification includes bench and chemical tests that help evaluate some aspects of engine oil performance not covered by the engine tests in this specification.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5.1 Exceptions: 1.5.1.1 The roller follower shaft wear in Test Method D5966 is in mils.1.5.1.2 The oil consumption in Test Method D6750 is in grams per kilowatthour.NOTE 1: The kWh unit is deprecated. The preferred SI unit is the joule (J); 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ.1.5.1.3 The bearing wear in Test Method D6709 is in grams and is described as weight loss, a non-SI term.1.5.1.4 Some of the appendixes are verbatim from other sources, and non-SI units are included.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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