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5.1 The use of vapor extraction systems (VES), also called soil vapor extraction (SVE) or venting systems, is becoming a common remedial technology applicable to sites contaminated with volatile compounds (3, 4). A vapor extraction system is composed of wells or trenches screened within the vadose zone. Air is extracted from these wells to remove organic compounds that readily partition between solid or liquid phases into the gas phase. The volatile contaminants are removed in the gas phase and treated or discharged to the atmosphere. In many cases, the vapor extraction system also incorporates wells open to the atmosphere that act as air injection wells.Note 1—Few model codes are available that allow simulation of the movement of air, water, and nonaqueous liquids through the subsurface. Those model codes that are available (5, 6), require inordinate compute hardware, are complicated to use, and require collection of field data that may be difficult or expensive to obtain. In the future, as computer capabilities expand, this may not be a significant problem. Today, however, these complex models are not applied routinely to the design of vapor extraction systems.5.2 This guide presents approximate methods to efficiently simulate the movement of air through the vadose zone. These methods neglect the presence of water and other liquids in the vadose zone; however, these techniques are much easier to apply and require significantly less computer hardware than more robust numerical models.5.3 This guide should be used by groundwater modelers to approximately simulate the movement of air in the vadose zone.5.4 Use of this guide to simulate subsurface air movement does not guarantee that the airflow model is valid. This guide simply describes mathematical techniques for simulating subsurface air movement with groundwater modeling codes. As with any modeling study, the modeler must have a thorough understanding of site conditions with supporting data in order to properly apply the techniques presented in this guide.1.1 This guide covers the use of a groundwater flow modeling code to simulate the movement of air in the subsurface. This approximation is possible because the form of the groundwater flow equations are similar in form to airflow equations. Approximate methods are presented that allow the variables in the airflow equations to be replaced with equivalent terms in the groundwater flow equations. The model output is then transformed back to airflow terms.1.2 This guide illustrates the major steps to take in developing an airflow model using an existing groundwater flow modeling code. This guide does not recommend the use of a particular model code. Most groundwater flow modeling codes can be utilized, because the techniques described in this guide require modification to model input and not to the code.1.3 This guide is not intended to be all inclusive. Other similar techniques may be applicable to airflow modeling, as well as more complex variably saturated groundwater flow modeling codes. This guide does not preclude the use of other techniques, but presents techniques that can be easily applied using existing groundwater flow modeling codes.1.4 This guide is one of a series of standards on groundwater model applications, including Guides D5447 and D5490. This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D5447. Other standards have been prepared on environmental modeling, such as Practice E978.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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4.1 The purpose of a laminate orientation code is to provide a simple, easily understood method of describing the lay-up of a laminate. The laminate orientation code is based largely on a combination of industry practice and the codes used in the NASA/DOD Advanced Composites Design Guide,5 CMH-17-2G, and ISO 1268-1.4.2 The braiding orientation code provides similar information for a two-dimensional braid, based largely on Standard Test Methods for Textile Composites.61.1 This practice establishes orientation codes for continuous-fiber-reinforced composite materials. Orientation codes are explicitly provided for two-dimensional laminates and braids. The laminate code may also be used for filament-wound materials. A method is included for presenting subscript information in computerized formats that do not permit subscript notation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of these color codes is to allow for quick identification of ingot bundles or jumbo ingots of zinc casting alloys. Other than jumbo ingots, this standard is not intended to imply that each ingot will be color coded but only that each ingot bundle be color coded.4.2 Each ingot bundle or jumbo ingot shall be identified with the appropriate color code listed in Table 1.(A) UNS assignations were established in accordance with Practice E527. The last digit of a UNS number differentiates between alloys of similar composition.(B) The North American system is design to be a simplified version of the International system by eliminating the leading white stripe and in the case of Alloy 3 eliminating all stripes.(C) ASTM alloy designations established in accordance with Practice B275.(D) The color codes for these alloys are adapted from European standard (CEN) specification EN 1774. No color coding currently exists in International standard ISO 301.(E) These alloys are not currently included in European standard EN 1774 nor International standard ISO 301 and no color codes have previously been assigned.(F) ACuZinc and ACuZinc5 are registered names of the General Motors Corporation.(G) ZA-73 is also often used as a hot-chamber die casting alloy and foundry casting alloy.4.3 The color will be applied as a stripe, or stripes, near the corners on opposite ends of two adjacent sides of the ingot bundle or jumbo ingot. The color stripes will be applied to include the ingot bundle foot.4.4 When using multiple stripes, the colored stripes will be applied from left to right as indicated in Table 1.4.5 In the absence of a written agreement to the contrary between the supplier and end user, the North American color code will be the standard for all North American transactions; for all other transactions the International Color Code will be used.1.1 This standard is published with the following objectives:1.2 To establish standard color codes for the Zinc Die Casting and Foundry industry, and1.3 To standardize the use and application of these color codes.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of these color codes is to allow for quick identification of ingot bundles or jumbo ingots of alloys used for hot-dip galvanizing. Other than jumbo ingots, this standard is not intended to imply that each ingot will be color-coded but only that each ingot bundle be color coded.4.2 Each ingot bundle or jumbo ingot shall be identified with the appropriate color code listed in Table 1.(A) UNS assignations were established in accordance with Practice E527. The last digit of a UNS number differentiates between alloys of similar composition.(B) The North American system is designed to be a simplified version of the International system by eliminating the leading yellow stripe.(C) Color codes taken from European Standard EN 1179.(D) GALFAN is a registered trademark of the GALFAN Information Center, Inc.(E) GALVALUME is a registered trademark of BIEC International Inc., USA.4.3 The color will be applied as a stripe, or stripes, on two adjacent sides of the ingot bundle or jumbo ingot. The color stripes will be applied to include the ingot bundle foot.4.4 When using multiple stripes, the colored stripes will be applied from left to right as indicated in Table 1.4.5 In the absence of a written agreement to the contrary between the supplier and end user, the North American color code will be the standard for all North American transactions; for all other transactions the International Color Code will be used.1.1 This standard is published with the following objectives:1.1.1 To establish standard color codes for zinc, zinc alloy and zinc master alloy ingot used by the Hot-Dip Galvanizing industry, and1.1.2 To standardize the use and application of these color codes.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice provides criteria that building design teams shall use to compare the environmental impacts associated with a reference building design and a final building design, including additions to existing buildings where applicable.5.2 This practice deals specifically with material selection for initial construction, including associated maintenance and replacement cycles over an assumed service life, taking operating energy use into account if required or explicitly allowed under the applicable code, standard, or rating system.1.1 This practice provides criteria to be applied irrespective of the assessment (LCA) tool that is used when LCA is undertaken at the whole building level to compare a final whole building design to a reference building design.1.2 The purpose of this practice is to support the use of whole building Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in building codes, standards, and building rating systems by ensuring that comparative assessments of final whole building designs relative to reference building designs take account of the relevant building features, life cycle stages, and related activities in similar fashion for both the reference and final building designs of the same building.1.3 The criteria do not deal with building occupant behavior, possible future changes in building function, building rehabilitation or retrofit, or other matters that cannot be foreseen or reasonably estimated at the design or permitting stage, or both where this practice applies.1.4 Only environmental impacts and aspects of sustainability are addressed in this practice. The social and economic impacts and aspects of sustainability are not addressed in this practice.1.5 This practice does not deal with basic LCA methodology, calculation methods or related matters that are covered in cited international standards.1.6 This practice does not supersede or modify existing ISO standards for the application of LCA at the product level, nor does it address any of the following related applications:1.6.1 Aggregation of building products Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) at the whole building level;1.6.2 Rules for applying EPDs in a building code, standard, or rating system; and1.6.3 Comparability of building product EPDs.NOTE 1: ISO 14025 and ISO 21930 provide guidance on use and comparability of building products EPDs.1.7 This practice does not specify the impact categories or sustainability aspects to be addressed in building codes, standards, or building rating systems and users of this practice conform to the impact category requirements specified in the applicable code, standard, or rating system.1.8 The text of this standard contains notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Groundwater modeling has become an important methodology in support of the planning and decision-making processes involved in groundwater management. Groundwater models provide an analytical framework for obtaining an understanding of the mechanisms and controls of groundwater systems and the processes that influence their quality, especially those caused by human intervention in such systems. Increasingly, models are an integral part of water resources assessment, protection, and restoration studies and provide essential and cost-effective support for planning and screening of alternative policies, regulations, and engineering designs affecting groundwater. It is therefore important that before groundwater modeling codes are used as planning and decision-making tools, their credentials are established and their suitability determined through systematic evaluation of their correctness, performance characteristics, and applicability. This becomes even more important because of the increasing complexity of the hydrologic systems for which new modeling codes are being developed. Quality assurance in groundwater modeling provides the mechanisms and framework to ensure that the analytic tools used in preparing decisions are based on the best available techniques and methods. A well-executed quality assurance program in groundwater modeling provides the information necessary to evaluate the reliability of the performed analysis and the level to which the resulting advice may be incorporated in decision-making regarding the management of groundwater resources. This guide is intended to encourage consistency and completeness in the development and evaluation of existing and new groundwater modeling codes by describing appropriate code development and quality assurance procedures and techniques. In the past, some groundwater modeling codes have been developed that have turned out to be quite useful without having been subject to all of the procedures described in this guide. Nonetheless, the procedures described in this guide will give greater assurances that a code does what its developers intended it to do and that a rational basis is available to judge code adequacy and limitations.1.1 This guide covers a systematic approach to the development, testing, evaluation, and documentation of groundwater modeling codes. The procedures presented constitute the quality assurance framework for a groundwater modeling code. They include code review, testing, and evaluation using quantitative and qualitative measures. This guide applies to both the initial development and the subsequent maintenance and updating of groundwater modeling codes. 1.2 When the development of a groundwater modeling code is initiated, procedures are formulated to ensure that the final product conforms with the design objectives and specifications and that it correctly performs the incorporated functions. These procedures cover the formulation and evaluation of the code's theoretical foundation and code design criteria, the application of coding standards and practices, and the establishment of the code's credentials through review and systematic testing of its functional design and through evaluation of its performance characteristics. 1.3 The code's functionality needs to be defined in sufficient detail for potential users to assess the code's utility as well as to enable the code developers to design a meaningful code testing strategy. Comprehensive testing of a code's functionality and performance is accomplished through a variety of test methods. Determining the importance of the tested functions and the ratio of tested versus non-tested functions provides an indication of the completeness of the testing. 1.4 Groundwater modeling codes are subject to the software life cycle concept that consists of a design phase, a development phase, and an operational phase. During the operational phase the software is maintained, evaluated regularly, and changed as additional requirements are identified. Therefore, quality assurance procedures should not only be established for software design, programming, testing, and use, but also for code maintenance and updating. 1.5 Quality assurance in the development of groundwater modeling codes cannot guarantee acceptable quality of the code or a groundwater modeling study in which the code has been used. However, adequate quality assurance can provide safeguards against the use in a modeling study of faulty codes or incorrect theoretical considerations and assumptions. Furthermore, there is no way to guarantee that modeling-based advice is entirely correct, nor that the groundwater model used in the preparation of the advice (or any scientific model or theory, for that matter) can ever be proven to be entirely correct. Rather, a model can only be invalidated by disagreement of its predictions with independently derived observations of the studied system because of incorrect application of the selected code, the selection of an inappropriate code, the use of an inadequately tested code, or invalidity of or errors in the underlying theoretical framework. 1.6 This guide is one of a series of guides on groundwater modeling codes and their applications, such as Guides D5447, D5490, D5611, D5609, D5610, and D5718. Other standards have been prepared on environmental modeling, such as Practice E978. 1.7 Complete adherence to this guide may not always be feasible. If this guide is not integrally followed, the elements of noncompliance should be clearly identified and the reasons for the partial compliance should be given. For example, partial compliance might result from inadequacy of existing field techniques for measuring relevant model parameters, specifically in complex systems. 1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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PLUS 8300 Introduction - The Purpose of This Workbook The Publication CAN/CSA-Q830, A Model Code for the Protection of Personal Information, referred to as the CSA Code, (a) provides the principles for the management of personal information; (b)

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