5.1 This test method rates materials intended for use as protective clothing against exposure to hot surfaces for their thermal insulating properties and their reaction to the test conditions.5.2 The thermal protection time, as determined by this test method, relates to the actual end-use performance only to the degree that the end-use exposure is identical to the exposure used in this test method; that is, the hot surface test temperature is the same as the actual end-use temperature and the test pressure is the same as the end-use pressure.5.2.1 Higher pressures beyond the 3-kPa (0.5-psi) pressure provided by the calorimeter assembly in this test method shall be permitted to be used in this test method to simulate the conditions of protective clothing use.5.3 The procedure maintains the specimen in a static, horizontal position under a standard pressure and does not involve movement.5.4 One of the intended applications for this test method is comparing the relative performance of different materials.5.5 This test method is limited to short exposure because the model used to predict burn injury is limited to predictions of time-to-burn for up to 30 s, and predictions of time-to-pain for up to 50 s. The use of this test method for longer hot surface exposures requires a different model for determining burn injury or a different basis for reporting test results.1.1 This test method is used to measure the thermal-protective properties of materials that provide thermal insulation when contact is made with hot surfaces during a limited exposure up to 1 min.1.1.1 During this limited time exposure, the temperature can reach a threshold approaching 600 °F (316 °C).1.2 Because there is significant potential for injury, the thermal-insulative properties of the materials used in the construction of protective clothing including, but not limited to, woven fabrics, knit fabrics, battings, sheet structures, and any composites, need to demonstrate they are capable of reaching a heat threshold that is sufficient to allow prediction of either a pain sensation or a second-degree burn injury to human tissue.1.3 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the thermal hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual exposure conditions.1.4 The values as stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This standard measures the steady state thermal impedance of electrical insulating materials used to enhance heat transfer in electrical and electronic applications. This standard is especially useful for measuring thermal transmission properties of specimens that are either too thin or have insufficient mechanical stability to allow placement of temperature sensors in the specimen as in Test Method E1225.5.2 This standard imposes an idealized heat flow pattern and specifies an average specimen test temperature. The thermal impedances thus measured cannot be directly applied to most practical applications where these required uniform, parallel heat conduction conditions do not exist.5.3 This standard is useful for measuring the thermal impedance of the following material types.5.3.1 Type I—Viscous liquids that exhibit unlimited deformation when a stress is applied. These include liquid compounds such as greases, pastes, and phase change materials. These materials exhibit no evidence of elastic behavior or the tendency to return to initial shape after deflection stresses are removed.5.3.2 Type II—Viscoelastic solids where stresses of deformation are ultimately balanced by internal material stresses thus limiting further deformation. Examples include gels, soft, and hard rubbers. These materials exhibit linear elastic properties with significant deflection relative to material thickness.5.3.3 Type III—Elastic solids which exhibit negligible deflection. Examples include ceramics, metals, and some types of plastics.5.4 The apparent thermal conductivity of a specimen is able to be calculated from the measured thermal impedance and measured specimen thickness if the interfacial thermal resistance is insignificantly small (nominally less than 1 %) compared to the thermal resistance of the specimen.5.4.1 The apparent thermal conductivity of a sample material is able to be accurately determined by excluding the interfacial thermal resistance. This is accomplished by measuring the thermal impedance of different thicknesses of the material under test and plotting thermal impedance versus thickness. The inverse of the slope of the resulting straight line is the apparent thermal conductivity. The intercept at zero thickness is the sum of the contact resistances at the two surfaces.5.4.2 The contact resistance is able to be reduced by applying thermal grease or oil to the test surfaces of rigid test specimens (Type III).1.1 This standard covers a test method for measurement of thermal impedance and calculation of an apparent thermal conductivity for thermally conductive electrical insulation materials ranging from liquid compounds to hard solid materials.1.2 The term “thermal conductivity” applies only to homogeneous materials. Thermally conductive electrical insulating materials are usually heterogeneous and to avoid confusion this test method uses “apparent thermal conductivity” for determining thermal transmission properties of both homogeneous and heterogeneous materials.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 With the increased use of geomembranes as a barrier material to restrict liquid migration from one location to another, a need has been created for standardized tests by which the continuity of the installed geomembrane, including the seams, can be evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need whenever the subgrade soil is nonconductive, or a geomembrane is installed on a nonconductive material.5.2 The use of a suitably conductive geotextile installed between a nonconductive soil or material and the geomembrane will permit electrical leak location survey to be conducted.5.3 The compatibility of a conductive geotextile and leak location equipment shall be assessed for each leak location technique considered (covered or exposed, when applicable). A realistic small-scale test shall have been conducted by the supplier of geotextile and/or leak detection equipment to demonstrate their mutual compatibility for a given leak detection technique.1.1 This standard practice describes standard procedures for using a conductive geotextile with electrical methods to locate leaks in exposed geomembranes and geomembranes covered with water or earth materials containing moisture.1.2 This standard practice provides guidance for the use of appropriate conductive geotextile used in leak location surveys on geomembranes. This guide includes all types of conductive geotextiles with sufficient conductivity for the particular electrical leak location method. A conductive geotextile is applicable to all types of geoelectric surveys when there is otherwise not a conductive layer under the geomembrane.1.3 This standard practice is intended to ensure that leak location surveys can always be performed with a reasonable level of certainty. This standard practice provides guidance for the use of appropriate conductive geotextiles used in leak location surveys on geomembranes.1.4 Leak location surveys can be used on nonconductive geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, other containment facilities, and building applications such as in parking garages, decks, and green roofs. The procedures are applicable for geomembranes made of nonconductive materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous material, and other electrically insulating materials. Leak location surveys involving conductive or partially conductive geomembranes are not within the scope of this document.1.5 Warning—The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location could use high voltages, resulting in the potential for electrical shock or electrocution. This hazard might be increased because operations might be conducted in or near water. In particular, a high voltage could exist between the water or earth material and earth ground, or any grounded conductor. These procedures are potentially VERY DANGEROUS, and can result in personal injury or death. Because of the high voltage that could be involved, and the shock or electrocution hazard, do not come in electrical contact with any leak unless the excitation power supply is turned off. The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location should be attempted only by qualified and experienced personnel. Appropriate safety measures must be taken to protect the leak location operators as well as other people at the site.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is useful for the comparison of materials, as a quality control test, and for specification purposes.5.2 This test method is useful in the selection and use of materials in wires, cables, bushings, high-voltage rotating machinery, and other electrical apparatus in which shielding or the distribution of voltage stress is of value.5.3 Commercially available “moderately conductive” materials frequently are comprised of both conductive and resistive components (that is, cellulose fibers with colloidal carbon black particles attached to portions of the surfaces of those fibers, or discrete conductive particles adhered to the surfaces of electrical insulating polymers). Such commercially available materials are often manufactured in a manner that results in anisotropy of electrical conduction. Hence, the significance of tests using this test method depends upon the orientation of the specimen tested to the direction of the electric field and the relationship between this orientation and the orientation of the material in the electrical apparatus, which uses these materials.1.1 This test method covers the determination of electrical resistance and electrical resistivity of materials that are generally categorized as moderately conductive and are neither good electrical insulators nor good conductors.1.2 This test method applies to the materials that exhibit volume resistivity in the range of 100 to 107 Ω-cm or surface resistivity in the range of 103 to 107 Ω (per square).1.3 This test method is designed for measurements at standard conditions of 23 °C and 50 % relative humidity, but its principles of operation can be applied to specimens measured at lower or higher temperatures and relative humidities.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 8.3.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These test methods are useful to determine compliance of thermally conductive sheet electrical insulation with specification requirements established jointly by a producer and a user.4.2 These test methods have been found useful for quality assessment. Results of the test methods can be useful in apparatus design.1.1 This standard is a compilation of test methods for evaluating properties of thermally conductive electrical insulation sheet materials to be used for dielectric applications.1.2 Such materials are thin, compliant sheets, typically produced by mixing thermally conductive particulate fillers with organic or silicone binders. For added physical strength these materials are often reinforced with a woven or nonwoven fabric or a dielectric film.1.3 These test methods apply to thermally conductive sheet material ranging from about 0.02 to 6-mm thickness.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.NOTE 1: There is no IEC publication or ISO standard equivalent to this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also 18.1.2 and 19.1.2.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Conductive and static dissipative floors (static control flooring) serve as a convenient means of electrically connecting persons and objects together to prevent the accumulation of electrostatic charges. A static control floor is specified on the basis of controlled resistance values. The surface of the floor provides a path of moderate electrical conductivity between all persons and equipment making contact with the floor to prevent the accumulation of dangerous electrostatic charges. Static control footwear will need to be used in conjunction with the floor for the floor to perform effectively with personnel.4.2 The resistance of some flooring materials change with age. Floors of such materials should have an initial resistance low enough or high enough to permit increase or decrease in resistance with age without exceeding the limits prescribed in the product specifications.1.1 This test method covers the determination of electrical conductance or resistance of resilient flooring either in tile or sheet form, for applications such as hospitals, computer rooms, clean rooms, access flooring, munition plants, or any other environment concerning personnel-generated static electricity.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification prescribes the general requirements for cleaning, coating, or surface modification, or combinations thereof, of metals and other conductive materials treated or processed by the electrolytic plasma process (EPP). These materials include products designated as long products, such as wire and fine wire, flat-rolled materials, fasteners, connectors, bolts, assemblies, structural materials, hardware items, and medical items.The testing methods and requirements for cleaning and coating of materials are covered by this specification, along with coating properties; surface modification/cleaning characteristics; coating weight and thickness; retests and disposition of nonconforming material; dimensions; preparation and sampling of test specimens; certification; and packaging.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for cleaning, coating, or surface modification, or combinations thereof, of conductive materials, primarily metals.1.2 This specification covers any conductive material treated or processed by the electrolytic plasma process (EPP) including: products designated as long products, including wire and fine wire; flat-rolled materials; fasteners; connectors; bolts; assemblies; structural materials; hardware items; and medical items.1.3 Products created under this process shall specifically specify requirements for the specific product being processed using the EPP process.1.4 This specification is applicable for orders in either inch-pound or SI units.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The electrical behavior of rubber products used in particular applications is important for a variety of reasons such as safety, static changes, current transmission, etc. This test method is useful in predicting the behavior of such rubber products.1.1 This test method covers the determination of volume resistivity of rubbers used in electrically conductive and antistatic products.1.2 This test method assumes that the surface conductivity is negligible compared with the conductivity through the specimen.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers general requirements and corresponding test methods for electrodeposited coatings of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys on conductive (metallic) and non-conductive substrates (plastics, fibers, carbon foam, etc.) for engineering (functional) uses. The coatings of titanium-zirconium alloys range in zirconium between 10wt% and 14wt% zirconium and are known as ”terne” metallic electrodeposits.This specification also covers the coating classification system and service condition based on thickness; ordering information to be supplied by the purchaser in either the purchase order or on the engineering drawing, or the part to be plated; material and manufacturing process requirements; sampling; and inspection.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited coatings of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys on conductive and non-conductive substrates for engineering (functional) uses. The coatings of titanium-zirconium alloys are those that range in zirconium between 10wt% and 14wt% zirconium and are known as “terne” metallic electrodeposits.1.2 This specification applies for both conductive (metallic) substrates and non-conductive (plastics, fibers, carbon foam, etc.)1.3 Electrodeposits of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys on aluminum and conductive substrate and nonconductive substrate are produced where it is desired to obtain atmospheric corrosion resistance. Deposits of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys particularly on aluminum have shown to have excellent corrosion protective qualities in atmospheric exposure, especially when under-coated by electroless nickel. Titanium and titanium-zirconium alloy deposits provide corrosion protection from dilute sulfuric acid, are used for lining of brine refrigeration tanks, chemical equipment apparatus, storage batteries, and as a wear coating for bearing surfaces.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Accurate measurement of the volume resistivity of conductive adhesives is important, particularly with respect to applications in electronic packaging techniques. This method measures the resistance of conductive adhesives used in thin films as part of a bonded assembly. This does not imply that the measured results are applicable to different configurations with different metals. This method may be used for acceptance testing and for screening materials.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume resistivity of resin-based conductive adhesives in the cured condition. The test is made on a thin adhesive layer as prepared in a bonded specimen. This test method is used for conductive adhesives that are cured either at room temperature or at elevated temperatures.1.2 The values stated in either SI or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. SI equivalents to screw threads are shown in the figures.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical resistance of conductive ceramic tile prior to installation. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Geomembranes are used as barriers to prevent liquids from leaking from landfills, ponds, and other containments. For this purpose, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little leakage as practical.4.2 The liquids may contain contaminants which, if released, can cause damage to the environment. Leaking liquids can erode the subgrade, causing further damage. Leakage can result in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from performing its intended containment purpose.4.3 Geomembranes are often assembled in the field, either by unrolling and welding panels of the geomembrane material together in the field, unfolding flexible geomembranes in the field, or a combination of both.4.4 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the geomembrane, accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing defects, and carelessness.4.5 Electrical leak location methods are an effective and proven quality assurance measure to detect and locate leaks.1.1 This practice is a performance-based standard for an electrical method for locating leaks in exposed conductive-backed geomembranes. For clarity, this practice uses the term “leak” to mean holes, punctures, tears, knife cuts, seam defects, cracks, and similar breaches in an installed geomembrane (as defined in 3.2.7).1.2 This practice can be used for conductive-backed geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, canals, and other containment facilities. It is applicable for conductive-backed geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous geomembrane, and any other electrically insulating materials. This practice is best applicable for locating conductive-backed geomembrane leaks where the proper preparations have been made during the construction of the facility.1.3 For electrical leak location of conductive-backed geomembranes using methods in lieu of or in addition to the spark testing method, the installation must be electrically isolated (as defined in 3.2.5).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 The spark test may produce an electrical spark and therefore should only be used where an electrical spark would not create a hazard. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice covers the procedure for sorting electrically conductive materials using the thermoelectric method, which is based on the seebeck effect. The procedure relates to the use of direct- and comparator-type thermoelectric instruments for distinguishing variations in materials which affect the thermoelectric properties of those materials. The two techniques that are primarily used in thermoelectric sorting are direct and comparative instrumentation. In the direct instruments, equipment is standardized by placing materials with known chemistry and metallurgical structure in the test system. In the comparative instruments, the thermoelectric response of the test piece is compared with that of a known standard(s) and the response indicates whether the piece is within the acceptance limits. The electronic apparatus shall be capable of maintaining a sufficient temperature differential across the electrodes to produce a suitable thermoelectric voltage. The different procedures for sorting electrically conductive materials are presented in details.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sorting materials using the thermoelectric method, which is based on the Seebeck effect. The procedure relates to the use of direct- and comparator-type thermoelectric instruments for distinguishing variations in materials which affect the thermoelectric properties of those materials.1.2 While the practice is most commonly applied to the sorting of metals, it may be applied to other electrically conductive materials.1.3 Thermoelectric sorting may also be applied to the sorting of materials on the basis of plating thickness, case depth, and hardness.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Resistivity is useful to suppliers and manufacturers as follows:3.1.1 when designing membrane switch interface circuitry,3.1.2 when selecting the appropriate conductive material,3.1.3 for conductive material quality verification, and3.1.4 for conductive material cure optimization and quality control.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical resistivity of a conductive material as used in the manufacture of a membrane switch.1.2 This test method is not suitable for measuring force sensitive conductive materials.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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