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定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

4.1 This specification is written to provide common terminology, resistance versus temperature characteristics, accuracy classification, and inspection requirements for a specified configuration of a typical industrial platinum resistance thermometer (PRT).4.2 This specification may be used as part of the documentation to support negotiations for the purchase and discussion of such thermometers.AbstractThis specification establishes the physical, performance, and testing requirements, as well as resistance-temperature relationship and tolerances for metal-sheathed industrial platinum resistance thermometers (PRT) suitable for direct immersion temperature measurement. All materials including the sheath materials, sensing elements, insulation, connecting wire end closure materials, epoxy materials, and connecting wires shall be in accordance with specified requirements. The PRT shall be subjected to corresponding qualification tests to demonstrate conformance to the acceptance criteria of the following properties: insulation resistance; resistance versus temperature; minimum immersion length; pressure; thermal response time; vibration; self-heating; stability; thermoelectric effect; mechanical shock; and dimensions.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for metal-sheathed industrial platinum resistance thermometers (PRT's) suitable for direct immersion temperature measurement. It applies to PRT's with an average temperature coefficient of resistance between 0 and 100 °C of 0.385 %/°C and nominal resistance at 0 °C of 100 Ω or other specified value. This specification covers PRT's suitable for all or part of the temperature range −200 to 650 °C. The resistance-temperature relationship and tolerances are specified as well as physical, performance, and testing requirements.1.2 The values of temperature in this specification are based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90).21.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or SI (metric) units may be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, and each system shall be independent of the other.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides guidelines and basic test methods for the accuracy verification of infrared thermometers. It includes test set-up and calculation of uncertainties. It is intended to provide the user with a consistent method, while remaining flexible in the choice of calibration equipment. It is understood that the uncertainty obtained depends in large part upon the apparatus and instrumentation used. Therefore, since this guide is not prescriptive in approach, it provides detailed instruction in uncertainty evaluation to accommodate the variety of apparatus and instrumentation that may be employed.5.2 This test method is intended primarily for calibrating handheld infrared thermometers. However, the techniques described in this guide may also be appropriate for calibrating other classes of radiation thermometers. It may also be of help to those calibrating thermal imagers.5.3 This test method specifies the necessary elements of the report of calibration for an infrared thermometer. The required elements are intended as a communication tool to help the end user of these instruments make accurate measurements. The elements also provide enough information, so that the results of the calibration can be reproduced in a separate laboratory.1.1 This test method covers electronic instruments intended for measurement of temperature by detecting the intensity of thermal radiation exchanged between the subject of measurement and the sensor.1.2 The devices covered by this test method are referred to as infrared thermometers in this document.1.3 The infrared thermometers covered in this test method are instruments that are intended to measure temperatures below 1000°C, measure thermal radiation over a wide bandwidth in the infrared region, and are direct-reading in temperature.1.4 This test method covers best practice in calibrating infrared thermometers. It addresses concerns that will help the user perform more accurate calibrations. It also provides a structure for calculation of uncertainties and reporting of calibration results to include uncertainty.1.5 Details on the design and construction of infrared thermometers are not covered in this test method.1.6 This test method does not cover infrared thermometry above 1000°C. It does not address the use of narrowband infrared thermometers or infrared thermometers that do not indicate temperature directly.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Digital thermometers are used for measuring temperature in many laboratories and industrial applications.4.2 For many applications, digital thermometers using external probes are considered environmentally-safe alternatives to mercury-in-glass thermometers. (1)34.3 Some digital thermometers are also used as reference or working temperature standards in verification and calibration of thermometers and also in determining the conditions necessary for evaluating the performance of other measuring instruments used in legal metrology and industry.1.1 This Guide describes general-purpose, digital contact thermometers (hereafter simply called “digital thermometers”) that provide temperature readings in units of degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit, or both. The different types of temperature sensors for these thermometers are described, and their relative merits are discussed. Nine accuracy classes are introduced for digital thermometers; these classes consider the accuracy of the sensor/measuring-instrument unit.1.2 The proposed accuracy classes for digital thermometers pertain to the temperature interval of –200 °C to 500 °C, an interval of special interest for many applications in thermometry. All of the temperature sensor types for the digital thermometers discussed are able to measure temperature over at least some range within this interval. Some types are also able to measure beyond this interval. To qualify for an accuracy class, the thermometer must measure correctly to within a specified value (in units of °C) over this interval or over the subinterval in which it is capable of making measurements. Those thermometers that can measure temperature in ranges beyond this interval generally have larger measurement uncertainty in these ranges.1.3 The digital thermometer sensors discussed are platinum resistance sensors, thermistors, and thermocouples. The range of use for these types of sensors is provided. The measurement uncertainty of a sensor is determined by its tolerance class or grade and whether the sensor has been calibrated.1.4 This Guide provides a number of recommendations for the manufacture and selection of a digital thermometer. First, it recommends that the thermometer’s sensor conform to applicable ASTM specifications. Also, it recommends minimum standards for documentation on the thermometer and informational markings on the probe and measuring instrument.1.5 The derived SI units (degrees Celsius) found in this Guide are to be considered standard. However, thermometers displaying degrees Fahrenheit are compliant with this guide as long as all other guidance is followed.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide is intended to be used for verifying the resistance-temperature relationship of industrial platinum resistance thermometers that are intended to satisfy the requirements of Specification E1137/E1137M. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration and uncertainty evaluation while still allowing the user some flexibility in the choice of apparatus and instrumentation. It is understood that the limits of uncertainty obtained depend in large part upon the apparatus and instrumentation used. Therefore, since this guide is not prescriptive in approach, it provides detailed instruction in uncertainty evaluation to accommodate the variety of apparatus and instrumentation that may be employed.5.2 This guide is intended primarily to satisfy applications requiring compliance to Specification E1137/E1137M. However, the techniques described may be appropriate for applications where more accurate calibrations are needed.5.3 Many applications require tolerances to be verified using a minimum test uncertainty ratio (TUR). This standard provides guidelines for evaluating uncertainties used to support TUR calculations.1.1 This guide describes the techniques and apparatus required for the accuracy verification of industrial platinum resistance thermometers constructed in accordance with Specification E1137/E1137M and the evaluation of calibration uncertainties. The procedures described apply over the range of -200 °C to 650 °C.1.2 This guide does not intend to describe procedures necessary for the calibration of platinum resistance thermometers used as calibration standards or Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers. Consequently, calibration of these types of instruments is outside the scope of this guide.1.3 Industrial platinum resistance thermometers are available in many styles and configurations. This guide does not purport to determine the suitability of any particular design, style, or configuration for calibration over a desired temperature range.1.4 The evaluation of uncertainties is based upon current international practices as described in JCGM 100:2008 “Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” and ANSI/NCSL Z540.2-1997 “U.S. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement.”1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The information in the examples of this guide are intended to be a starting point for determining the appropriate DCT criteria for a test method that measures a temperature-dependent property of a product within the scope of Committee D02. The criteria examples noted in this guide are based on the liquid-in-glass (LiG) thermometer design components, which are the bulb length, immersion depth, precision of measurement, thermometer position, and so forth. The parameters such as sensor length, immersion depth, and sheath diameter are especially critical when measuring the temperature of small static samples. This is due in part to the difference in thermal conductivity of a LiG vs. a DCT, however other aspects of the devices can contribute to unequal results. For example a DCT that is suitable for use in a stirred constant temperature bath will likely result in measurement errors when used to measure the temperature of a small static sample. This difference can be a degree or more when the sample temperature differs from room temperature by 40 °C or more using a 7 mm probe. This error is due to the difference in thermal conductivity and specific heat value of a DCT and LiG thermometer, however other aspects of the two different devices can contribute unequal results. One way to counter this is by reducing DCT sheath diameter, insulating the sheath above the immersion level, and using a probe that has a small immersion depth as determined by Practice D7962. For more guidance on selecting an appropriate DCT, see Guide E2877.5.2 When replacing a LiG thermometer with a DCT noted in this guide and the test method does not list any DCT criteria, it is incumbent on the user to verify the suitability of the DCT they have selected. This can be done by comparing measurements made with the selected DCT to those of a LiG thermometer and following the test procedure. Comparative measurements are especially important when measuring the temperature of a small static sample where there is a large difference between sample and room temperature. Covering the DCT probe sheath except for the sensing portion with a glass, plastic, or tubing with a lower thermal conductivity can improve the agreement between LiG and DCT measurements.1.1 The intent of this guide is to suggest an initial configuration and provide guidance when establishing the appropriate criteria needed for a DCT to correctly measure the temperature in a laboratory test method for products within the scope of this committee. This guide includes examples of the approximate digital contact thermometer (DCT) criteria that was found suitable for measuring temperature in the test methods utilized by Committee D02.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification establishes criteria for digital contact thermometers (DCT) for use in test methods that measure flow properties of materials within the scope of Committee D02. The DCT criteria are based on the design and sensing characteristics of the liquid-in-glass thermometers that are used successfully in Committee D02 test methods.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of these test methods is to establish consensus test methods by which both manufacturers and end users may perform tests to establish the validity of the readings of their radiation thermometers. The test results can also serve as standard performance criteria for instrument evaluation or selection, or both.4.2 The goal is to provide test methods that are reliable and can be performed by a sufficiently skilled end user or manufacturer. It is hoped that it will result in a better understanding of the operation of radiation thermometers and also promote improved communication between the manufacturers and the end users. A user without sufficient knowledge and experience should seek assistance from the equipment makers or other expert sources, such as those found at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland.4.3 These test methods should be used with the awareness that there are other parameters, particularly spectral range limits and temperature resolution, which impact the use and characterization of radiation thermometers and for which test methods have not yet been developed.4.3.1 Temperature resolution is the minimum simulated or actual change in target temperature that results in a usable change in output or indication, or both. It is usually expressed as a temperature differential or a percent of full-scale value, or both, and usually applies to value measured. The magnitude of the temperature resolution depends upon a combination of four factors: detector noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD), electronic signal processing, signal-to-noise characteristics (including amplification noise), and analog-to-digital conversion “granularity.”4.3.2 Spectral range limits are the upper and lower limits to the wavelength band of radiant energy to which the instrument responds. These limits are generally expressed in micrometers (μm) and include the effects of all elements in the measuring optical path. At the spectral response limits, the transmission of the measuring optics is 5 % of peak transmission. (See Fig. 1.)FIG. 1 Spectral Range Limits1.1 The test methods described in these test methods can be utilized to evaluate the following six basic operational parameters of a radiation thermometer (single waveband type):  SectionCalibration Accuracy 8Repeatability 9Field-of-View 10Response Time 11Warm-Up Time 12Long-Term Stability 13   1.2 The term single waveband refers to radiation thermometers that operate in a single band of spectral radiation. This term is used to differentiate single waveband radiation thermometers from those termed as ratio radiation thermometers, two channel radiation thermometers, two color radiation thermometers, multiwavelength radiation thermometers, multichannel radiation thermometers, or multicolor radiation thermometers. The term single waveband does not preclude wideband radiation thermometers such as those operating in the 8–14 μm band.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide provides guidelines and basic test methods for the use of infrared thermometers. The purpose of this guide is to provide a basis for users of IR thermometers to make more accurate measurements, to understand the error in measurements, and reduce the error in measurements.1.1 This guide covers electronic instruments intended for measurement of temperature by detecting intensity of thermal radiation exchanged between the subject of measurement and the sensor.1.2 The devices covered by this guide are referred to as IR thermometers.1.3 The IR thermometers covered in this guide are instruments that are intended to measure temperatures below 2700 °C and measure a narrow to wide band of thermal radiation in the infrared region.1.4 This guide covers best practice in using IR thermometers. It addresses concerns that will help the user make better measurements. It also provides graphical tables to help determine the accuracy of measurements.1.5 Details on the design and construction of IR thermometers are not covered in this guide.1.6 This guide addresses general information on emissivity and how to deal with emissivity when making measurements with an IR thermometer.1.7 This guide contains basic information on the classification of different types of IR thermometers.1.8 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These test methods provide uniform methods for testing industrial resistance thermometers so that a given tester may expect to obtain the same value of a test result from making successive measurements on the same test article within the limits of repeatability given in Appendix X4. Independent testers may also expect to obtain the same result from the testing of the same article within the limits of reproducibility given in Appendix X4.4.2 These tests may be used to qualify platinum resistance thermometers for use in specific applications to meet a particular specification such as Specification E1137/E1137M, or to evaluate relative merits of equivalent test articles supplied by one or more manufacturers, or to determine the limits of the application of a particular design of thermometer.4.3 The expected repeatability and reproducibility of selected test methods are included in Appendix X4.4.4 Some non-destructive tests described in these test methods may be applied to thermometers that can be subsequently sold or used; other destructive tests may preclude the sale or use of the test article because of damage that the test may produce.1.1 These test methods cover the principles, apparatus, and procedures for calibration and testing of industrial resistance thermometers.1.2 These test methods cover the tests for insulation resistance, calibration, immersion error, pressure effects, thermal response time, vibration effect, mechanical shock, self-heating effect, stability, thermoelectric effect, humidity, thermal hysteresis, thermal shock, and end seal integrity.1.3 These test methods are not necessarily intended for, recommended to be performed on, or appropriate for every type of thermometer. The expected repeatability and reproducibility of the results are tabulated in Appendix X4.1.4 These test methods, when specified in a procurement document, shall govern the method of testing the resistance thermometer.1.5 Thermometer performance specifications, acceptance limits, and sampling methods are not covered in these test methods; they should be specified separately in the procurement document.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 5, 6, 8, 16, and 171.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the requirements for magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powders and crushable insulators used to manufacture metal-sheathed platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs), noble metal thermocouples, base metal thermocouples, and their respective cables. The following test shall be performed to meet the requirements specified: breaking force test; wet chemical analysis; fusion calorimetric analysis; quantitative analysis; and density determination.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powders and crushable insulators used to manufacture base metal thermocouples, metal-sheathed platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs), noble metal thermocouples, and their respective cables.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 General guidance is provided for electronic thermometers for general temperature measurements typically needed for D04 practices and test methods which need to monitor oven, water and oil bath, and material temperatures during drying, heating, aging, and mixing.4.2 All ASTM standards under the management of the D04 Main Committee were individually reviewed, and a list of all Specification E1 mercury thermometers was prepared along with the required temperature range and information about the thermometer placement in each method.4.2.1 This specific information was used to identify the most appropriate type(s) of electronic thermometers which can be used to replace mercury thermometers in the current D04 road and paving standards.1.1 The Interstate Mercury Education and Reduction Clearinghouse (IMERC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are phasing out the use of mercury thermometers because of safety and environmental concerns. This guide was developed to support replacing mercury thermometers in D04 standards with appropriate electronic thermometers.1.2 This guide provides assistance for the D04 subcommittees when selecting electronic thermometers for general use in water or oil baths and ovens and as possible replacements for Specification E1 mercury thermometers currently used in D04 road and paving standards. Guidance for using non-mercury liquid thermometers in place of mercury thermometers can be found in Specification E2251.1.3 Some guidance is also provided for selecting a handheld infrared thermometer for use in field applications.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Need for Heat Flux Measurements: 5.1.1 Independent measurements of temperature and heat flux support the development and validation of engineering models of fires and other high environments, such as furnaces. For tests of fire protection materials and structural assemblies, temperature and heat flux are necessary to fully specify the boundary conditions, also known as the thermal exposure. Temperature measurements alone cannot provide a complete set of boundary conditions.5.1.2 Temperature is a scalar variable and a primary variable. Heat Flux is a vector quantity, and it is a derived variable. As a result, they should be measured separately just as current and voltage are in electrical systems. For steady-state or quasi-steady state conditions, analysis basically uses a thermal analog of Ohm's Law. The thermal circuit uses the temperature difference instead of voltage drop, the heat flux in place of the current and thermal resistance in place of electrical resistance. As with electrical systems, the thermal performance is not fully specified without knowing at least two of these three parameters (temperature drop, heat flux, or thermal resistance). For dynamic thermal experiments like fires or fire safety tests, the electrical capacitance is replaced by the volumetric heat capacity.5.1.3 The net heat flux, which is measured by a DFT, is likely different than the heat flux into the test item of interest because of different surface temperatures. An alternative measurement is the total cold wall heat flux which is measured by water-cooled Gardon or S-B gauges. The incident radiative flux can be estimated from either measurement by use of an energy balance [Keltner, 2007 and 2008 (16, 17)]. The convective flux can be estimated from gas temperatures and the convective heat transfer coefficient, h [Janssens, 2007 (18)]. Assuming the sensor is physically close to the test item of interest; one can use the incident radiative and convective fluxes from the sensor as boundary conditions into the test item of interest.5.1.4 In standardized fire resistance tests such as Test Methods E119 and E1529, or ISO 834 or IMO A754, the furnace temperature is controlled to a standard time-temperature curve. In all but Test Methods E1529, implicit assumptions have been made that the thermal exposure can be described solely by the measured furnace temperature history and that it will be repeatable from time to time and place to place. However, these tests provide very different thermal exposures due to the use of temperature sensors with very different designs for furnace control. As a result, these different thermal exposure histories produce different fire ratings for the same item. Historical variations of up to 50 % or more in the qualitative fire protection ratings (for example, 1 h) between different furnaces or laboratories indicate that the assumptions for time-temperature control are not well founded. Also, due to different sensors, thermal exposure in a vertical furnace is generally higher than in a horizontal furnace, and thermal exposure on the floor of a horizontal furnace is generally higher than on the ceiling. These reasons provide support for why both temperature and heat flux measurements are needed to provide consistent test results.5.1.5 In the mid-90’s, the U. S. Coast Guard authorized a study of the problems in marine fire resistance tests, such as large variations in the ratings obtained in different furnaces. One important conclusion was that the thermal exposure in furnaces could not be predicted solely from furnace temperature measurements without large static and dynamic uncertainties [Wittasek, N. A., 1996 (19)].5.1.6 One of the recommendations that resulted from NIST’s investigation of the World Trade Center disaster was the need to move towards performance based codes and standards. A report developed for The Fire Protection Research Foundation expanded on this recommendation [Beyler, C., et al., 2008 (20)]. Part of this effort involves making a more comprehensive set of measurements in fire resistance tests including quantitative heat flux measurements. It also involves the development and use of “design fires” and defining their relationship with standardized test methods.5.1.7 Work at Sandia National Laboratories on transportation accidents involving hazardous materials compares the Prescriptive and Performance based approaches [Tieszen, et al., 2010 (21)].5.1.8 Work by the National Research Council of Canada used four (4) different temperature sensors to control a horizontal furnace. Differences in the thermal exposure (see definition in 3.2.5) were as high as 100 % during the first 10 min [Sultan, M., 2006 and 2008 (22, 23)]. Assuming the temperature measurements from the different sensors or different installations of the same sensor are actually the furnace temperature, one can predict very different thermal exposures depending on which temperature measurement method is used.5.1.9 In another series of horizontal furnace tests, the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) studied the effect of six (6) different temperature sensor designs on fire resistance tests in a large, horizontal furnace [Sultan, 2008 (23)]. NRCC used six different temperature sensors for furnace control: Test Methods E119 Shielded Thermocouple, ISO 834 Plate Thermometer, 6 mm MIMS TC from Test Methods E1529, Directional Flame Thermometers, and 1.6 mm MIMS TCs with grounded and ungrounded junctions. Total heat flux at the ceiling was measured using a Gardon gauge. Results showed that very different thermal exposures are possible depending on the measurement method used. During the first 10 min of a fire resistance test, the integrated heat flux varies by a factor of two.5.1.10 Reports by Sultan, M., (2006 and 2008) (22, 23) and Janssens, M., (2008) (18) have shown it is difficult to measure one parameter in a fire resistance test (such as the furnace temperature) and calculate the other (heat flux or thermal exposure).5.1.11 From the discussions in 5.1, it is highly recommended that both temperature and heat flux be measured independently in fire tests.5.2 Use for DFTs: 5.2.1 Although both cooled and non-cooled sensors can be used to measure heat flux, the results are generally quite different. Water-cooled sensors are the direct reading Schmidt-Boelter or Gardon gauge designs that are used in some Committee E5 Methods (Test Methods E2683 and E511, respectively, have been developed for these sensors by Subcommittee E21.08 ).5.2.2 There are three types of passive or un-cooled sensors that can be used to measure net heat flux. One is the hybrid sensor (so-called High Temperature Heat Flux Sensor, HTHFS) developed by Diller, et al., at Virginia Tech. It is designed to measure heat transfer to a surface without water cooling [Gifford, A., Hubble, D., Pullins, C., and Diller, T., 2010 (4)]. The HTHFS requires a calibration factor that is a function of sensor temperature [Pullins and Diller, 2010 (24)]. Another is the so-called “direct write heat flux sensor” which can be used at temperatures from 25 to 860 °C [Trelewicz, Longtin, Hubble, and Greenlaw, 2015 (25)]; this gauge requires a calibration coefficient. The third is the Directional Flame Thermometer (DFT), which was developed at Sandia National Laboratories (based on work in the UK) and elsewhere for measuring heat transfer in large sooty pool fires. DFTs do not require a calibration factor, which may be viewed as a mixed benefit. The passive sensors typically have higher temperature capability, based mainly on the Type K or N TC limit of about 1250 °C. Even though they are water cooled, quite often Gardon and Schmidt-Boelter gauges do not survive in temperatures due to fouling of the sensing surface, and other effects. DFTs usually survive up to about 1100 °C. They are very rugged, require no cooling, and are not susceptible to fouling of the sensing surface. These characteristics simplify installation in a wide range of fire and other applications. This standard will only address DFTs. See 10.2.2 for a more thorough discussion of heat flux gauge calibrations.5.2.3 Early work on DFTs (and the data analysis techniques for them) focused on acquiring quantitative heat flux data to help define the thermal conditions in large, liquid hydrocarbon pool or spill fires. Large pool fires can reach quasi-steady conditions in times as short as a minute. As a result, Pool Fire DFTs were designed with 1.6 mm thick plates to provide rapid equilibration with the fire (the maximum heating rate in these fires was approximately 30 °C/s).1.1 This test method describes the continuous measurement of the hemispherical heat flux to one or both surfaces of an uncooled sensor called a “Directional Flame Thermometer” (DFT).1.2 DFTs consist of two heavily oxidized, Inconel 600 plates with mineral insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouples (TCs, type K) attached to the unexposed faces and a layer of ceramic fiber insulation placed between the plates.1.3 Post-test calculations of the net heat flux can be made using several methods. The most accurate method uses an inverse heat conduction code. Nonlinear inverse heat conduction analysis uses a thermal model of the DFT with temperature dependent thermal properties along with the two plate temperature measurement histories. The code provides transient heat flux on both exposed faces, temperature histories within the DFT as well as statistical information on the quality of the analysis.1.4 A second method uses a transient energy balance on the DFT sensing surface and insulation, which uses the same temperature measurements as in the inverse calculations to estimate the net heat flux.1.5 A third method uses Inverse Filter Functions (IFFs) to provide a near real time estimate of the net flux. The heat flux history for the “front face” (either surface exposed to the heat source) of a DFT can be calculated in real-time using a convolution type of digital filter algorithm.1.6 Although developed for use in fires and fire safety testing, this measurement method is quite broad in potential fields of application because of the size of the DFTs and their construction. It has been used to measure heat flux levels above 300 kW/m2 in high temperature environments, up to about 1250 °C, which is the generally accepted upper limit of Type K or N thermocouples.1.7 The transient response of the DFTs is limited by the response of the MIMS TCs. The larger the thermocouple the slower the transient response. Response times of approximately 1 to 2 s are typical for 1.6 mm diameter MIMS TCs attached to 1.6 mm thick plates. The response time can be improved by using a differential compensator.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers mercury-in-glass, reusable maximum self-registering clinical thermometers of the types commonly used for measuring body temperatures of humans and of animals. Clinical thermometers shall be classified as follows: basal metabolism or ovulation; multi-use with stubby bulb; oral; rectal; veterinary; and veterinary (heavy duty). The following tests shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements: retention of colorant; accuracy test; ease of resetting; temperature retention; fire cracks; and precision and bias.1.1 This specification covers mercury-in-glass, reusable maximum self-registering clinical thermometers of the types commonly used for measuring body temperatures of humans and of animals. Requirements are given for bulb and stem glasses, mercury, legibility and permanency of markings, dimensions, temperature scale ranges, and graduations, as well as for thermometer stability, ease of resetting, retention of temperature indication, and for accuracy of scale reading. Appropriate methods of testing to determine compliance are provided. Also included is a glossary of terms used in the standard and an appendix with additional information on thermometer glasses and stability.1.2 All values of temperature in this standard are with reference to the International Temperature Scale of 1990.1.3 This specification was developed to provide nationally recognized marketing classifications and quality requirements for mercury-in-glass, maximum self-registering clinical thermometers. It is also intended to provide producers, distributors, and users with a common understanding of the characteristics of this product.1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portion, Section 6 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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