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At this time none of these practices have been demonstrated to correlate with field service. Because these procedures do not restrict the selection of either the containment material or the fluid for testing, it is essential that consideration be given to the appropriate pairing of metal and fluid. Likewise, knowledge of the corrosion protection mechanism and the probable mode of failure of a particular metal is helpful in the selection of test conditions and the observation, interpretation, and reporting of test results. It is important that consideration be given to each of the permitted variables in test procedure so that the results will be meaningfully related to field performance. It is especially important that the time of testing selected be adequate to correctly measure the rate of corrosion of the containment material. Note 1—Corrosion, whether general or localized, is a time-dependent phenomenon. This time dependence can show substantial nonlinearity. For example, formation of a protective oxide will diminish corrosion with time, while certain forms of localized attack accelerate corrosion with time. The minimum time required for a test to provide a corrosion rate that can be extrapolated for the prediction of long-term performance varies widely, depending on the selection of metal and fluid, and on the form of corrosion attack. Therefore, it is not possible to establish a single minimum length of test applicable to all materials and conditions. However, it is recommended that for the tests described in these practices, a test period of no less than 6 months be used. Furthermore, it is recommended that the effect of time of testing be evaluated to detect any significant time dependence of corrosion attack. It is essential for the meaningful application of these procedures that the length of test be adequate to detect changes in the nature of the fluid that might significantly alter the corrosivity of the fluid. For example, exhaustion of chemical inhibitor or chemical breakdown of the fluid may occur after periods of months in selected cycles of operation. Note 2—Many fluids that may be considered for solar applications contain additives to minimize the corrosivity of the fluid. Many such additives are useful only within a specific concentration range, and some additives may actually accelerate corrosion if the concentration falls below a critical level. Depletion kinetics can be a strong function of the exposed metal surface area. Therefore, for tests involving fluids with such additives, consideration must be given to the ratio of metal surface area to fluid volume as it may relate to an operating system.1.1 These practices cover test procedures simulating field service for evaluating the performance under corrosive conditions of metallic containment materials in solar heating and cooling systems. All test results relate to the performance of the metallic containment material only as a part of a metal/fluid pair. Performance in these test procedures, taken by itself, does not necessarily constitute an adequate basis for acceptance or rejection of a particular metal/fluid pair in solar heating and cooling systems, either in general or in a particular design. 1.2 These practices describe test procedures used to evaluate the resistance to deterioration of metallic containment materials in the several conditions that may occur in operation of solar heating and cooling systems. These conditions include: (1) operating full flow; (2) stagnant empty vented; (3) stagnant, closed to atmosphere, non-draindown; and (4) stagnant, closed to atmosphere, draindown. 1.3 The recommended practices cover the following three tests: 1.3.1 Practice A—Laboratory Exposure Test for Coupon Specimens. 1.3.2 Practice B—Laboratory Exposure Test of Components or Subcomponents. 1.3.3 Practice C—Field Exposure Test of Components or Subcomponents. 1.4 Practice A provides a laboratory simulation of various operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems. It utilizes coupon test specimens and does not provide for heating of the fluid by the containment material. Practice B provides a laboratory simulation of various operating conditions of a solar heating and cooling system utilizing a component or a simulated subcomponent construction, and does provide for heating of the fluid by the containment material. Practice C provides a field simulation of various operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems utilizing a component or a simulated subcomponent construction. It utilizes controlled schedules of operation in a field test. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific safety precaution statement see Section 6.

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5.1 Workers who have the potential to be exposed to molten metal contact shall be permitted to wear protective clothing using materials that have been evaluated for heat transfer using this test method.5.2 This test method rates materials that are intended for primary protective clothing against potential molten substance contact for their thermal insulating properties and their reaction to the test exposure.5.3 The protective performance, as determined by this test method, will relate to the actual end-use performance only to the degree that the end-use exposure is identical to the exposure used in the test method.5.4 Visual inspection of the specimen subjectively notes the material's resistance to molten substance contact.1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of materials' thermal resistance to heat transfer when exposed to a molten substance pour.1.1.1 This test method was validated using molten substances of aluminum, brass, and iron. The test shall be permitted to be adapted for use with other substances.1.2 This test method is applicable to materials from which finished primary protective apparel articles are made.1.3 This test method does not measure the flammability of materials, nor is it intended for use in evaluating materials exposed to any other thermal exposure.1.4 Use this test method to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to molten substance pour under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the thermal hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual conditions. However, it is acceptable to use results of this test as elements of a thermal risk assessment which takes into account all the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the thermal hazard of a particular end use.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Bleed resistance is considered to be an important characteristic in leather used to make lined and unlined items that may come in contact with water.1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of whether leather bleeds (exudes coloring matter) when in intimate contact with wet surfaces, as indicated by staining produced on wet cloth in contact with the leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Heat transfer fluids degrade when exposed to sufficiently high temperatures. The amount of degradation increases as the temperature increases or the length of exposure increases, or both. Due to reactions and rearrangement, degradation products can be formed. Degradation products include high and low boiling components, gaseous decomposition products, and products that cannot be evaporated. The type and content of degradation products produced will change the performance characteristics of a heat transfer fluid. In order to evaluate thermal stability, it is necessary to quantitatively determine the mass percentages of high and low boiling components, as well as gaseous decomposition products and those that cannot be vaporized, in the thermally stressed heat transfer fluid.5.2 This test method differentiates the relative stability of organic heat transfer fluids at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen and water under the conditions of the test.5.3 The user shall determine to his own satisfaction whether the results of this test method correlate to field performance. Heat transfer fluids in industrial plants are exposed to a variety of additional influencing variables. Interaction with the plant's materials, impurities, heat build-up during impaired flow conditions, the temperature distribution in the heat transfer fluid circuit, and other factors can also lead to changes in the heat transfer fluid. The test method provides an indication of the relative thermal stability of a heat transfer fluid, and can be considered as one factor in the decision-making process for selection of a fluid.5.4 The accuracy of the results depends very strongly on how closely the test conditions are followed.5.5 This test method does not possess the capability to quantify or otherwise assess the formation and nature of thermal decomposition products within the unstressed fluid boiling range. Decomposition products within the unstressed fluid boiling range may represent a significant portion of the total thermal degradation.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal stability of unused organic heat transfer fluids. The procedure is applicable to fluids used for the transfer of heat at temperatures both above and below their boiling point (refers to normal boiling point throughout the text unless otherwise stated). It is applicable to fluids with maximum bulk operating temperature between 260 °C (500 °F) and 454 °C (850 °F). The procedure shall not be used to test a fluid above its critical temperature. In this test method, the volatile decomposition products are in continuous contact with the fluid during the test. This test method will not measure the thermal stability threshold (the temperature at which volatile oil fragments begin to form), but instead will indicate bulk fragmentation occurring for a specified temperature and testing period. Because potential decomposition and generation of high pressure gas may occur at temperatures above 260 °C (500 °F), do not use this test method for aqueous fluids or other fluids which generate high-pressure gas at these temperatures.1.2 DIN Norm 51528 and GB/T 23800 cover other test methods that are similar to this test method.1.3 The applicability of this test method to siloxane-based heat transfer fluids has not been determined.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 RADT Object Model as a Basis for Communication—The RADT object model is the first model used to create a common library of consistent entities (objects) and their attributes in the terminology of object analytical models as applied to the healthcare domain. These object models can be used to construct and refine standards relating to healt care information and its management. Since the RADT object model underpins the design and implementation of specific systems, it provides the framework for establishing the systematics of managing observations made during health care. The observations recorded during health care not only become the basis for managing an individual's health care by practitioners but are also used for research and resource management. They define the common language for abstracting and codifying observations. The inconsistency and incompleteness of the data recorded in paper records is well known and has been noted by the Institute of Medicine's study (4). The ability to build the recommended EHR begins with RADT, as noted in Practice E1239. A more detailed specification of the RADT process and its specific functional domain shall begin with a formal model. Furthermore, following agreement on the initial model, that model shall evolve as knowledge accumulates and the initial view of the healthcare domain extends to other social and psychologic processes that link healthcare with other functional domains of society. The management of lifelong cases of care, such as those of birth defects in newborns, will involve interactions with social work and educational functional domains of experience. It has been recognized for some time (5) that a “healthcare team,” in the broader sense, is involved in dealing with these complex cases. The RADT model is the core to linking these functional domains together in a transparent way. For that reason, the object terminology is used to enable the most global view and vernacular that will facilitate communication among technical specialties that participate in managing some aspect of health care or that build systems to manage the required information.5.2 Common Terminology as a Basis for Education—The use of models and their associated terminology implies that education of the healthcare practitioners shall incorporate this view to a significant extent. While a detailed specification of systems requires extensive lexicons of carefully defined terms, a more understandable terminology shall evolve for the process of educating practitioners during their formal education as well as continuing to educate current practioners concerning how this new technology can be integrated with their existing practices. This challenge has yet to be met, but the objects and modeling concepts presented here are intended to be named with the most intuitive titles in order to promote clear understanding during their use in instruction. Nevertheless, relating these objects and their properties to everyday practice remains a significant challenge, for both the implementors of systems and educators. The perspectives cataloged here can be used in the creation of system documentation and curricula represented in a variety of media.1.1 This practice is intended to amplify Practice E1239 and to complement Practice E1384 by detailing the objects that make up the reservation, registration, admitting, discharge, and transfer (RADT) functional domain of the computer-based record of care (CPR). As identified in Practice E1239, this domain is seminal to all patient record and ancillary system functions, including messaging functions used in telecommunications. For example, it is applicable to clinical laboratory information management systems, pharmacy information management systems, and radiology, or other image management, information management systems. The object model terminology is used to be compatible with other national and international standards for healthcare data and information systems engineering or telecommunications standards applied to healthcare data or systems. This practice is intended for those familiar with modeling concepts, system design, and implementation. It is not intended for the general computer user or as an initial introduction to the concepts.

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4.1 The procedure is intended, primarily to evaluate the ability of a leather specimen to withstand fixed, and rather strenuous, laundering conditions. This test is not intended as a recommended washing procedure, neither household nor commercial. Although this test concerns itself with colorfastness and transfer of color during washing, the washed leather specimens are available also for comparing other properties (that is, tensile strength, area change, change in outline, etc.) with those of unwashed samples.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the colorfastness of colored leathers, with or without a surface coating. The leathers to be tested are of the type normally expected to withstand frequent laundering. This test method also covers the simultaneous staining of adjacent textile materials when the leather specimens are washed. This test method does not apply to wet blue. Two procedures are covered depending on the apparatus used:1.1.1 Procedure A, using the Launder-Ometer,2 and1.1.2 Procedure B, using an alternative washing machine.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Vapor intrusion testing has been performed traditionally using multiple canister samples or thermal desorption tube samples. These discontinuous measurements have been shown to be snapshots and provide averages of exposure. In many cases a higher temporal resolution is desirable to identify peaks of emissions due to specific occupancy or environmental changes. For these cases, a continuous real-time monitoring solution is desirable. These continuous monitoring setups can be either short-term or be part of a long-term monitoring plan as described in ASTM guide “Standard Guide for the development of LongTerm Monitoring Plans for Vapor Mitigation Systems” (E2600).5.2 The PTR-MS provides real-time measurement of multiple VOCs at ultra-trace levels, that is, in the µL/L (ppm) to less than pL/L (ppt) range. Its strengths lie with the ability to measure VOCs in real-time and continuously (that is, ~1 Hz or faster, using time-of-flight analyzers), and with limited sample pre-treatment, compared to a gas chromatograph (GC) system, which is commonly the method of choice to measure VOCs using a variety of detectors. In case of PTR-MS with quadrupole analyzers, the terms would be nearreal-time and semi-continuous. The high temporal resolution of the PTR-MS measurement in the range of second(s) is often desired when studying the atmospheric chemistry or source emissions that result in unpredictable, sudden, and short-term fluctuations. For a detailed description on the design and theory and practical aspects of operation for the different types of PTR-MS, please refer to Yuan et al. (2017)(1).5.3 For ambient air measurements, such as vapor intrusion (VI) related emission testing, the PTR-MS can be used in three different modes of operation: (1) in scanning mode to identify sources and VI entry points within buildings; (2) in variation identification mode, as a continuous monitoring instrument with seconds to minutes of temporal resolution covering a large number of VOCs; (3) in source tracking mode, as a scanner of indoor and outdoor sources and as a rapid tracking device for external emissions; this requires the instrument to be mounted on a moveable platform, such as on an (autonomous) vehicle or trolley. The same operation can be used to identify various other constituents in air, depending on the application—be it fugitive emissions from toxic materials or illicit materials, or metabolic reactions to infections expressed in different breath emissions.5.4 Spatial and temporal variability are two common challenges with ambient air measurements and source assessments. Within a given building, the sources for vapors can be few or many and are generally irregularly spaced; they may be obscured from view by floor coverings, furniture or walls, which in itself can be a large source of VOC. The current methods of choice require the use of time-discreet monitoring or time-averaged monitoring of a specific sampling spot. Real-time monitoring provides a method to assess the spatial distribution of vapor concentrations, which may help to rapidly and efficiently identify the location of vapor entry points.5.5 Real time assessment is valuable as a component of a program of assessment with two or more supporting lines of evidence and can be used to:5.5.1 Provide support for real-time decisions such as where and when to collect long-term samples for fixed laboratory analysis using canisters or sorbent tubes;5.5.2 Verify data quality (for example, monitoring the efficacy of soil gas probe purging prior to sampling, providing leak checks; and5.5.3 Measure changes in VOC vapor concentrations in response to changes in building pressure, temperature, solar irradiation, or other weather conditions and factors affecting vapor fate and transport, including secondary chemistry occurring within the building.5.5.4 Identify alternative pathways based on prior identified intrusion compounds or based on emissions within such pathways, such as stormwater drains.5.6 Screening of a property prior to a real estate transaction based on site specific potential sources of concern. The option for voluntary investigative assessments of potential VI in the real estate business is described in ASTM method E2600-15.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method describes a technique of quantifying the results from measuring various volatile organic compound contents using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer resulting in the production of positively charged target compound ions. Depending on the nature of production of so-called primary ions, the associated instruments having the capability to perform such analyses are either named Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometers (PTR-MS), Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometers (SIFT-MS) or, in the most generic term, Mid-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometers (MPCI-MS). Within this standard, the term PTR-MS is used to represent any of these instrumentations.1.2 Either of the instrument types can be used with the two main mass analyzers on the market, that is, with either quadrupole (QMS) or time-of-flight (TOFMS) mass analyzer. This method relates only to the quantification portion of the analysis. Due to large differences in user interfaces and operating procedures for the instruments of the main instrument providers, the specifics on instrument operation are not described in this method.1.3 Details on the theoretical aspects concerning ion production and chemical reactions are included in this standard as far as required to understand the quantification aspects and practical operation of the instrument in the field of vapor intrusion analyses. Specifics on the operation and/or calibration of the instrument need to be identified by using the user’s manual of the individual instrument vendor. A comprehensive discussion on the technique including individual mass-line interferences and in-depth comparison with alternate methods are given in multiple publications, such as Yuan et al. (2017) (1) and Dunne et al. (2018) (2)2.1.4 Units—Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The reported values of convective heat transfer coefficients are somewhat dependent upon measurement technique and it is therefore the purpose of this guide to focus on methods to provide accurate measures of heat transfer and precise methods of reporting. The benefit of developing such a guide is to provide a well-understood basis by which heat transfer performance of fluids may be accurately compared and reported.5.2 For comparison of heat transfer performance of heat transfer fluids, measurement methods and test apparatus should be identical, but in reality heat transfer rigs show differences from rig to rig. Therefore, methods discussed in the guide are generally restricted to the use of heated tubes that have wall temperatures higher than the bulk fluid temperature and with turbulent flow conditions.5.3 Similar test methods are found in the technical literature, however it is generally left to the user to report results in a format of their choosing and therefore direct comparisons of results can be challenging.1.1 This guide covers general information, without specific limits, for selecting methods for evaluating the heating and cooling performance of liquids used to transfer heat where forced convection is the primary mode for heat transfer. Further, methods of comparison are presented to effectively and easily distinguish performance characteristics of the heat transfer fluids.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The primary use of this guide is to provide a standardized approach for the data file to be used for the transfer of digital ultrasonic data from one user to another where the two users are working with dissimilar ultrasonic systems. This guide describes the contents, both required and optional, for an intermediate data file that can be created from the native format of the ultrasonic system on which the data was collected and that can be converted into the native format of the receiving ultrasonic or data analysis system. The development of translator software to accomplish these data format conversions is being addressed under a separate effort; this will include specific items needed for the data transfer, for example, language used, memory requirements and intermediate specification, including detailed data formats and structures. Ths guide will also be useful in the archival storage and retrieval of ultrasonic data as either a data format specifier or as a guide to the data elements that should be included in the archival file.Although the recommended field listing includes more than 120 items, only about one third of those are regarded as essential and marked with Footnote C in Table 1. Fields so marked must be addressed in the data base. The other recommended fields provide additional information that a user will find helpful in understanding the ultrasonic examination result. These header field items will, in most cases, make up only a very small part of an ultrasonic examination file. The actual stream of ultrasonic data that make up the image will take up the largest part of the data base. Since an ultrasonic image file will normally be large, the concept of data compression will be considered in many cases. Compressed data should be noted, along with a description of the compression method, as indicated in Field No. 122.This guide describes the structure of a data file for all of the ultrasonic information collected in a single scan. Some systems record multiple inspection results during a single scan. For example, through transmission attenuation data as well as pulse echo thickness data may be recorded at the same time. These data may be stored in separate image planes; see Field No. 102. In other systems, complete digitized waveforms may be recorded at each inspection point. It is recognized that the complete examination record may contain several files, for example, for the same examination method in different object areas, with or without image processing, for different examination methods (through-transmission, pulse-echo, radiologic, infrared, etc.) collected during the same or during different scan sessions, and for variations within a single method (frequency change, etc.). Information about the existence of other images/examination records for the examined object should be noted in the appropriate fields. A single image plane may be one created by overlaying or processing results for multiple examination approaches, for example data fusion. For such images, the notes sections must clearly state how the image for this file was created.TABLE 1 Field ListingField NumberA Field Name and Description Data Type/UnitsBHeader Information: 1C Intermediate file name Alphanumeric stringD 2C Format revision code Alphanumeric string 3C Format revision date yyyy/mm/ddD 4C Source file name Alphanumeric string 5 Examination file description notes Alphanumeric string 6C Examining company and location Alphanumeric stringD 7C Examination date yyyy/mm/dd 8C Examination time hh:mm:ss 9C Type of examination Alphanumeric stringD 10C Other examinations performed Alphanumeric stringD 11 Operator Name Alphanumeric string 12C Operator identification code Alphanumeric string 13C ASTM, ISO, or other applicable standard inspection specification Alphanumeric string 14 Date of applicable standard yyyy/mm/dd 15C Acceptance criteria Alphanumeric string 16C System of units Alphanumeric stringD 17 Notes Alphanumeric stringExamination System Description: 18 Examination system manufacturer(s) Alphanumeric stringD 19C Examination system model Alphanumeric string 20 Examination system serial number Alphanumeric stringPulser Description: 21 Pulser electronics manufacturer Alphanumeric string 22 Pulser electronics model number Alphanumeric string 23 Pulser type Alphanumeric stringD 24 Pulse repetition frequency Real number, kiloHertz 25 Pulse height Alphanumeric stringD 26 Pulse width Real number, nsec 27 Last calibration date yyyy/mm/dd 28 Notes on pulser section Alphanumeric stringReceiver Description: 29 Receiver electronics manufacturer Alphanumeric string 30 Receiver electronics model Alphanumeric string 31 Receiver electronics response center frequency Real number, MHzD 32 Receiver bandwidth Real number, MHzD 33 Fixed receiver gain Real number, dB 34 User selected receiver gain Real number, dB 35 Last calibration date yyyy/mm/dd Notes on receiver section Alphanumeric stringGate Description: 37 Number of gates Integer 38 Gate type Alphanumeric stringD 39 Gate synchronization Alphanumeric string 40 Gate start delay Alphanumeric string 41 Gate width Alphanumeric string 42 Gate threshold level Alphanumeric string 43 Notes on gate section Alphanumeric stringSearch Unit Description: 44 Transmit search unit manufacturer Alphanumeric string 45 Transmit search unit model Alphanumeric string 46 Transmit search unit serial number Alphanumeric string 47 Transmit search unit element diameter Real number 48 Measured beam diameter of the Transmit search unit at the examination surface Real number 49 Location of measurement of beam diameter of the transmit search unit Alphanumeric stringD 50 Transmit search unit focal length Real numberD 51 Transmit search unit nominal frequency Real number, MHz 52 Transmit search unit response center frequency Real number, MHz 53 Transmit search unit response bandwidth Real number, MHz 54 Transmit search unit cable type Alphanumeric string 55 Transmit search unit cable length Real number 56 Number of values for Transmit search unit digitized waveform IntegerD 57 Transmit search unit waveform values Real number 58 Notes on Transmit search unit waveform Alphanumeric string 59 Transmit search unit coupling technique and medium Alphanumeric string 60 Receive search unit manufacturer Alphanumeric string 61 Receive search unit model number Alphanumeric string 62 Receive search unit serial number Alphanumeric string 63 Receive search unit element diameter Real number 64 Measured beam diameter of the “receive” search unit at the examination surface Real number 65 Location of measurement of beam diameter of the receive search unit Alphanumeric stringD 66 Receive search unit focal length Real numberD 67 Receive search unit nominal frequency Real number, MHz 68 Receive search unit response center frequency Real number, MHz 69 Receive search unit response bandwidth Real number, MHz 70 Receive search unit cable type Alphanumeric string 71 Receive search unit cable length Real number 72 Number of values for “receive” search unit digitized waveform IntegerD 73 Receive search unit waveform values Real number 74 Notes on Receive search unit waveform Alphanumeric string 75 Receive search unit coupling technique and medium Alphanumeric stringExamined Sample Description: 76C Examined sample identification Alphanumeric string 77C Examined sample name Alphanumeric string 78 Examined sample description Alphanumeric string 79C Examined sample material Alphanumeric string 80 Examined sample notes (history, use, etc.) Alphanumeric stringD 81C Number of scan segments for this part Integer 82 Reference sample identification Alphanumeric string 83 Reference sample description Alphanumeric string 84 Reference sample file name/location Alphanumeric string 85 Reference sample notes (use, etc.) Alphanumeric stringDCoordinate System and Scan Description Machine Coordinate System: 86 Machine scan axis Alphanumeric stringD 87 Machine index axis Alphanumeric string 88 Machine third axis Alphanumeric string 89 Reference for machine coordinate system Alphanumeric stringPart Coordinate System: 90 First part axis Alphanumeric stringD 91 Second part axis Alphanumeric string 92 Third part axis Alphanumeric string 93 Reference for part coordinate system Alphanumeric stringObject Target Points: 94C Number of target points Integer 95C Description of target point Alphanumeric string 96C Coordinate of target point in first part axis Real number 97C Coordinate of target point in second part axis Real number 98 Coordinate of target point in third part axis Real numberData Plane: 99 Description of the plane onto which data will be projected Alphanumeric string 100 Coordinate system notes Alphanumeric stringExamination Parameters: 101C Coordinate location number Integer 102C Number of data values per coordinate location IntegerD 103C Minimum value of test data range or resolution IntegerD 104C Maximum value of test data range or resolution IntegerD 105C Engineering units for minimum legal data value Alphanumeric stringD 106C Engineering units for maximum legal data value Alphanumeric stringD 107C Number of bits to which the original data was digitized Integer 108C Type of data scale Alphanumeric stringD 109C Size of data step Real numberD 110C Format of data recording Alphanumeric stringD 111C Number of colors or gray levels used Integer 112C Distribution of colors or gray levels Alphanumeric stringExamination Results: 113C Scan segment number IntegerD 114C Scan segment description Alphanumeric string 115 Scan segment location on part Alphanumeric string 116 Scan segment orientation Alphanumeric string 117C Scan pattern description Alphanumeric string 118 Annotation Alphanumeric stringD 119C Distance between data sample points Real number 120C Interval between data locations in index direction Real number 121 Notes on data intervals Alphanumeric string 122 Notes on data format including notes on any compression techniques used Alphanumeric string 123C Total number of data points IntegerD 124C Actual stream of ultrasonic data Real numbersDA Field numbers are for reference only. They do not imply a necessity to include all those fields in any specific database nor do they imply a requirement that fields be used in this particular order.B Units listed first are SI; secondary units are inch-pound (English); see Field No. 16.C Denotes essential field for computerization of test results.D See Section 5 for further explanation.1.1 This guide provides a listing and description of the fields that are recommended for inclusion in a digital ultrasonic examination data base to facilitate the transfer of such data. This guide is prepared for use particularly with digital image data obtained from ultrasonic scanning systems. The field listing includes those fields regarded as necessary for inclusion in the data base (as indicated by Footnote C in Table 1); these fields, so marked, are regarded as the minimum information necessary for a transfer recipient to understand the data. In addition, other optional fields are listed as a remainder of the types of information that may be useful for additional understanding of the data, or applicable to a limited number of applications.1.2 It is recognized that organizations may have in place an internal format for the storage and retrieval of ultrasonic examination data. This guide should not impede the use of such formats since it is probable that the necessary fields are already included in such internal data bases, or that the few additions can be made. The numerical listing indicated in this guide is only for convenience; the specific numbers carry no inherent significance and are not a part of the data file.1.3 The types of ultrasonic examination systems that appear useful in relation to this guide include those described in Practices E 114, E 214 and E 1001. Many of the terms used are defined in Terminology E 1013 and E 1316. The search unit parameters used in this guide follow from those used in Guide E 1065.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 All commercial reflectometers measure relative reflectance. The instrument reading is the reflectance factor, the ratio of the light reflected by a reference specimen to that reflected by a test specimen. That ratio is dependent on specific instrument parameters.5.2 National standardizing laboratories and some research laboratories measure reflectance on instruments calibrated from basic principles, thereby establishing a scale of absolute reflectance as described in CIE Publication No. 44 (2). These measurements are sufficiently difficult that they are usually left to laboratories that specialize in them.5.3 A standard that has been measured on an absolute scale could be used to transfer that scale to a reflectometer. While such procedures exist, the constraints placed on the mechanical properties restrict the suitability of some optical properties, especially those properties related to the geometric distribution of the reflected light. Thus, reflectance factor standards which are sufficiently rugged and able to be cleaned, depart considerably from the perfect diffuser in the geometric distribution of reflected radiance.5.4 The geometric distribution of reflected radiance from a pressed powder plaque is sufficiently diffuse to provide a dependable calibration of a directional-hemispherical reflectometer. Although pressed powder standards are subject to contamination and breakage, the directional-hemispherical reflectance factor of pressed powder standards can be sufficiently reproducible from specimen to specimen made from a given lot of powder, so as to allow one to assign absolute reflectance factor values to all the powder in a lot.5.5 This practice describes how to prepare white reflectance factor standards from a powder in a manner that allows a standardizing laboratory to assign the absolute scale of reflectance to the plaque.NOTE 1: The collar and receptacle should be securely held in place before pressing the powder.1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing pressed powder transfer standards. These standards can be used in the near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Procedures for calibrating the reflectance factor of materials on an absolute basis are contained in CIE Publication No. 44 (2). Pressed powder standards are used as transfer standards for such calibrations because they have a high reflectance factor that is nearly constant with wavelength, and because the geometric distribution of reflected flux resembles that from the perfect reflecting diffuser.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This specification covers seamless and welded titanium and titanium alloy tubing on which the external or internal surface, or both, has been modified by a cold forming process to produce an integral enhanced surface for improved heat transfer. The tubes are used in surface condensers, evaporators, heat exchangers and similar heat transfer apparatus in unfinned end diameters of a specific size. Tubes shall be furnished with unenhanced ends in the annealed condition and shall be suitable for rolling-in operations. Each tube shall be subject to a nondestructive eddy current test, and either a pneumatic or hydrostatic test.1.1 This specification covers seamless and welded titanium and titanium alloy tubing on which at least part of the external or internal surface has been enhanced by cold forming for improved heat transfer. The tubes are used in surface condensers, evaporators, heat exchangers, coils, and similar heat transfer apparatus in diameters up to and including 1 in. [25.4 mm]. The base tube wall thickness is typically at least 0.049 in. [1.245 mm] average, but lighter gauge may be negotiated with the manufacturer.1.2 Tubing purchased to this specification will typically be inserted through close-fitting holes in tubesheets, baffles, or support plates spaced along the tube length such as defined in the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer’s Association (TEMA) Standard.2 The tube ends will also be expanded, and may then be welded. Tube may also be bent to form U-tubes or be coiled or otherwise formed, although tight radii may require unenhanced length for the bends.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the order. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only: Section 8, 9, 10 and S1 of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is applicable to the measurement of airborne asbestos in a wide range of ambient air situations and for detailed evaluation of any atmosphere for asbestos structures. Most fibers in ambient atmospheres are not asbestos, and therefore, there is a requirement for fibers to be identified. Most of the airborne asbestos fibers in ambient atmospheres have diameters below the resolution limit of the light microscope. This test method is based on transmission electron microscopy, which has adequate resolution to allow detection of small thin fibers and is currently the only technique capable of unequivocal identification of the majority of individual fibers of asbestos. Asbestos is often found, not as single fibers, but as very complex, aggregated structures, which may or may not also be aggregated with other particles. The fibers found suspended in an ambient atmosphere can often be identified unequivocally if sufficient measurement effort is expended. However, if each fiber were to be identified in this way, the analysis would become prohibitively expensive. Because of instrumental deficiencies or because of the nature of the particulate matter, some fibers cannot be positively identified as asbestos even though the measurements all indicate that they could be asbestos. Therefore, subjective factors contribute to this measurement, and consequently, a very precise definition of the procedure for identification and enumeration of asbestos fibers is required. The method defined in this test method is designed to provide a description of the nature, numerical concentration, and sizes of asbestos-containing particles found in an air sample. The test method is necessarily complex because the structures observed are frequently very complex. The method of data recording specified in the test method is designed to allow reevaluation of the structure-counting data as new applications for measurements are developed. All of the feasible specimen preparation techniques result in some modification of the airborne particulate matter. Even the collection of particles from a three-dimensional airborne dispersion on to a two-dimensional filter surface can be considered a modification of the particulate matter, and some of the particles, in most samples, are modified by the specimen preparation procedures. However, the procedures specified in this test method are designed to minimize the disturbance of the collected particulate material.5.2 This test method applies to analysis of a single filter and describes the precision attributable to measurements for a single filter (see 13.1). Multiple air samples are usually necessary to characterize airborne asbestos concentrations across time and space. The number of samples necessary for this purpose is proportional to the variation in measurement across samples, which may be greater than the variation in a measurement for a single sample.1.1 This test method2 is an analytical procedure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the determination of the concentration of asbestos structures in ambient atmospheres and includes measurement of the dimension of structures and of the asbestos fibers found in the structures from which aspect ratios are calculated.1.1.1 This test method allows determination of the type(s) of asbestos fibers present.1.1.2 This test method cannot always discriminate between individual fibers of the asbestos and non-asbestos analogues of the same amphibole mineral.1.2 This test method is suitable for determination of asbestos in both ambient (outdoor) and building atmospheres.1.2.1 This test method is defined for polycarbonate capillary-pore filters or cellulose ester (either mixed esters of cellulose or cellulose nitrate) filters through which a known volume of air has been drawn and for blank filters.1.3 The upper range of concentrations that can be determined by this test method is 7000 s/mm2. The air concentration represented by this value is a function of the volume of air sampled.1.3.1 There is no lower limit to the dimensions of asbestos fibers that can be detected. In practice, microscopists vary in their ability to detect very small asbestos fibers. Therefore, a minimum length of 0.5 μm has been defined as the shortest fiber to be incorporated in the reported results.1.4 The direct analytical method cannot be used if the general particulate matter loading of the sample collection filter as analyzed exceeds approximately 10 % coverage of the collection filter by particulate matter.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The primary use of this guide is to provide a standardized approach for the data file to be used for the transfer of digital radiological data from one user to another where the two users are working with dissimilar systems. This guide describes the contents, both required and optional for an intermediate data file that can be created from the native format of the radiological system on which the data was collected and that can be converted into the native format of the receiving radiological data analysis system. This guide will also be useful in the archival storage and retrieval of radiological data as either a data format specifier or as a guide to the data elements which should be included in the archival file.3.2 Although the recommended field listing includes more than 100 field numbers, only about half of those are regarded as essential and are marked Footnote C in Table 1. Fields so marked must be included in the data base. The other fields recommended provide additional information that a user will find helpful in understanding the radiological image and examination result. These header field items will, in most cases, make up only a very small part of a radiological examination file. The actual stream of radiological data that make up the image will take up the largest part of the data base. Since a radiological image file will normally be large, the concept of data compression will be considered in many cases. Compressed data should be noted, along with a description of the compression method, as indicated in Field No. 92 (see Table 1).(A) Field numbers are for reference only. They do not imply a necessity to include all these fields in any specific data base nor imply a requirement that fields used be in this particular order.(B) Units listed first are SI; those in parentheses are inch-pound (English).(C) Denotes essential field for computerization of examination results, regardless of examination method.(D) Denotes essential field for radiographic examination.(E) Denotes essential field for images with more than 8-bit gray scale.(F) Denotes essential field for radioscopic examination.3.3 This guide provides a data file for a single image. It is recognized that a complete examination record may contain several files for the same examination method in different areas, with or without image processing, for different examination methods, and for variations within a single method (for example, different X-ray energies). This file will permit the examination of a single image and will include information about the existence of other images and records for the examined object. This single image may be one created by overlaying or processing results from multiple examination approaches, for example, data fusion. For such images, the notes sections must clearly state how the image for this file was created.3.4 The Guide E1475 data fields are assigned at the TIFF group with Tag 50983, called Data fields of Guide E1475 using XML as format for the data fields. The tag may be used by any user without restrictions. The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very flexible text format derived from SGML (ISO 8879). It is used to store all required information of Guide E1475 within one TIFF Tag. Annex A1 provides more information and an example.1.1 This guide provides a listing and description of the fields that are recommended for inclusion in a digital radiological examination data base to facilitate the transfer of such data. This guide sets guidelines for the format of data fields for computerized transfer of digital image files obtained from radiographic, radioscopic, computed radiographic, or other radiological examination systems. The field listing includes those fields regarded as necessary for inclusion in the data base: (1) regardless of the radiological examination method (as indicated by Footnote C in Table 1), (2) for radioscopic examination (as indicated by Footnote F in Table 1), and (3) for radiographic examination (as indicated by Footnote D in Table 1). In addition, other optional fields are listed as a reminder of the types of information that may be useful for additional understanding of the data or applicable to a limited number of applications.1.2 It is recognized that organizations may have in place an internal format for the storage and retrieval of radiological examination data. This guide should not impede the use of such formats since it is probable that the necessary fields are already included in such internal data bases, or that the few additions can easily be made. The numerical listing and its order indicated in this guide is only for convenience; the specific numbers and their order carry no inherent significance and are not part of the data file.1.3 Current users of Guide E1475 do not have to change their software. First time users should use the XML structure of Table A1.1 for their data.1.4 The types of radiological examination systems that appear useful in relation to this guide include radioscopic systems as described in Guide E1000, Practices E1255, E1411, E2597, E2698 and E2737, and radiographic systems as described in Guide E94 and Practices E748, E1742, E2033, E2445, and E2446. Many of the terms used are defined in Terminology E1316.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Many materials that come into contact with drinking water have the potential of impacting the aesthetic quality of the water. Some of these diverse materials include: storage reservoirs, concrete or metal piping, or both, sealants, synthetic reservoir covers and liners, mending adhesives, gaskets, paints, and plastics. Though NSF Standard 61 provides testing for health effects, it does not address taste and odor implications. A Utility Quick Test (1),4 has been proposed, but has not been adopted as an official test standard. Taste and odor problems have been reported as a result of organic compounds leaching from approved materials into water. Materials only need to be tested if they come into direct contact with drinking water.1.1 This test method describes procedures for measuring odor and flavor properties of materials which may come into direct contact with municipal drinking water. For this method, “drinking water” will be considered water from the source (for example, river, lake, reservoir) through the municipal distribution system (that is, not including in-home or in-business taps). The focus of this test method is the evaluation of the materials in terms of their potential to transfer odors, flavors, or both to water.1.2 This test method provides sample preparation procedures, methods of sensory evaluation, and a process for interpretation of results.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. All materials that come into contact with drinking water are required to be approved through testing by accredited laboratories using NSF/ANSI Standard 61. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车