The procedure described in this practice is designed to provide guidance for evaluating the effects of outdoor exposure on varnishes applied to wooden substrates. For many products, fixed angle exposures will produce higher degradation rates than the normal end use of the material.The degradation rate produced by this procedure depends on the season of the exposure and geographical location. Because outdoor weather conditions vary from season to season and year to year, this practice is not reliable for establishing absolute performance ratings for varnishes. The practice should be used only for comparing the relative performance of varnishes exposed at the same time and same location.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for evaluating durability of varnishes applied to a wooden substrate.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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2.1 These test methods are applicable to varnish and are useful to producers and users in determining nonvolatile content and are sometimes an appropriate measure of the film-forming matter in varnish.1.1 These test methods determine the fraction of a varnish that is nonvolatile at the temperature of the test while volatile solvents are driven off. It is sometimes an approximate measure of the film-forming matter in a varnish.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific statement, see Section 3.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the resistance of dried varnish films to immersion in water and dilute alkali at room temperature.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Different combinations of varnishes and film-insulated magnet wire behave differently when exposed to elevated temperatures. This includes different varnishes tested with the same film-insulated magnet wire and a single varnish tested with different film-insulated magnet wire.5.2 This test method is used to determine the effect on the electrical properties of a varnish applied to film-insulated magnet wire when the combination is exposed to prescribed elevated temperatures.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal endurance characteristics of electrical insulating varnishes and film-insulated magnet wire in combination.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This test method is equivalent to IEC 60172.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Values obtained by flexural tests can provide information with regard to the bond strength of the particular varnish, in combination with a particular wire, when measured under conditions described in this test method.1.1 This test method covers determination of the bond strength of an electrical insulating varnish when applied to a helical coil. The helical coil can be made from bare aluminum or copper wire or from film or fiber-insulated magnet wire. Helical coils made from bare aluminum or bare copper wire will yield values of bond strength for the varnish when applied to bare metal conductors. The use of film or fiber-insulated magnet wire will show values for that particular combination of insulation and varnish.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers shellac varnish consisting of a solution or “cut” of a specified type and grade of dry lac resin in specially denatured alcohol. Ninety-five percent (190 proof) ethyl alcohol, specially denatured according to Formula No. 1 of the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms of the Treasury Dept., is the solvent most commonly used. However, other specially denatured alcohols and proprietary solvents are also used for this purpose.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The test methods referenced in these test methods are useful for control purposes during the manufacture and use of solventless varnishes.1.1 These test methods cover solventless varnishes used primarily as electrical, mechanical, and environmental protection for electrical equipment.1.2 These test methods are used on solventless varnishes that are applied by dipping (at atmospheric pressure conditions or under vacuum or other certain pressure), spraying, or brushing for the purpose of impregnating or sealing electrical equipment. The following test methods are included:          Property Tests (Uncured): Section               Density  7               Flash Point  8               Gel Time  9               Monomer Content 10               Rheological Properties (Non-Newtonian) 11               Rotational Viscosity 12               Performance Property Tests (cured):                 Bond Strength 13               Coating Thickness 14               Dielectric Strength 15               Dielectric Strength-Using Metal Panels 16               Permittivity and Dissipation Factor 17               Build 181.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.3, 15.5.1, and 15.5.2.NOTE 1: This test method is related to IEC 60455. Since both methods contain multiple test procedures, many procedures are technically equivalent while others differ significantly.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method determines the volatile organic content of an electrical insulating varnish. It utilizes a procedure where dishes containing a known amount of varnish are baked and the amount of volatile organic compound is measured. Calculations are performed to express this in g/L or lb/gal. This test method is applicable to all types of varnishes. However, waterborne varnishes while baked under the same conditions need to have water content determined and calculations performed in accordance with Practice D3960.4.1.1 During the cure of electrical insulating varnishes some organic material is volatilized. A determination of the amount that is volatilized is useful for estimating the amount of cured varnish on electrical units and volatile organic emissions from a manufacturing facility.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of volatile organic compounds emitted during cure of electrical insulating varnishes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for specific precautions.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The nonvolatile content of raw materials may be used to determine the total nonvolatile content (solids) of paint and related coatings. Such information may be useful to coatings producers and users for the determination of the total solids available for film formation and for the estimation of the volatile organic content.1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide to the selection of the proper ASTM test method for determining the volatile and nonvolatile content of cellulosics, emulsions, resin solutions, shellac, and varnishes.NOTE 1: Standards for determining the composition of the volatile fraction are not covered by this practice.1.2 The standards referenced in the practice are as follows:Classification Section ASTM StandardCellulosics 5.1 D871    D914    D1347Emulsions 5.2 D2369Resin Solutions 5.3 D1259    D1490Shellac 5.4 D29    D1650Varnishes 5.5 D115    D16441.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The percent of reactive monomer in solventless varnishes will affect the viscosity, the handling, and the processing properties of the uncured resin. The percent of reactive monomer will possibly affect the degree of hardness and shrinkage which in turn will affect the physical and electrical properties of the cured resin.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent of volatile reactive monomer having a vapor pressure exceeding 13.3 Pa (0.1 Torr) at 25°C in an uncatalyzed solventless varnish. Experience has shown this method does not accurately determine percent reactive monomer when the vapor pressure is less than 13.3 Pa (0.1 Torr).1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precaution, see Section 5.NOTE 1: There is no similar or equivalent ISO/IEC standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Actual direct measurements of apparent viscosity and stress at shear rates of interest can be useful in the practical control of ink viscosity during production and the specification acceptance between supplier and purchaser.5.2 Use of the Duke automated viscometer provides direct measurements for viscosity and yield value versus extrapolating data points that may be far from the desired shear rates.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the viscosity of varnishes, ink vehicles, and similar liquids that are essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room conditions using the Duke Automated high-shear rod and collar viscometer.21.2 The instrument in this test method is similar in principle to the falling-rod viscometer described in Test Method D4040 except that the collar is motor driven and the range of available shear stresses is considerably greater. This instrument is capable of measured and extrapolated viscosity and yield values provided the proper model is chosen for the given application. See Section 6 for the ranges of specified models.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, that may be associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish any appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This specification covers the tests and values for electrical insulating varnishes, as supplied, which are suitable for the impregnation and treatment of electrical coils and windings applied by dip process. The varnishes are classified according to grades: Grade DA; Grade DO; Grade DM; Grade DS; Grade DW; and Grade DT. This specification covers both flexible and rigid, solvent and solventless insulating varnishes. The insulating varnishes are classified according to thermal classes: Class 130; Class 155; Class 180; Class 200; and Class 220. Quality conformance tests shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.1.1 This specification covers the tests and values for electrical insulating varnishes, as supplied, which are suitable for the impregnation and treatment of electrical coils and windings applied by dip process.1.2 Varnishes, flexible or rigid, included in this specification are:Grade DA—Air-dryGrade DO—Organic solvent containing, baking,Grade DM—Reactive diluent containing,Grade DS—Silicone,Grade DW—Water containing, andGrade DT—Thixotropic.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.NOTE 1: This specification resembles IEC 60455 in title only. The content is significantly different.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 When formulating printing inks and overprint varnishes that dry primarily by oxidation it is important to know the stay open time so that premature drying does not occur on the printing press rollers and other components.3.2 The applied ink or OPV film used for testing is thicker than the film printed on the substrate and nominally represents the film on the printing press rollers.1.1 This test method covers a manual procedure for determining the stay open time of oxidative drying printing inks and overprint varnishes by a finger transfer method. Open is defined as a wet ink/varnish film.1.2 The amount of time required to reach the endpoint is recorded in hours.1.3 Typical inks and overprint varnishes that dry by oxidation are oil based sheetfed offset, letterpress, and screen inks.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Gel time is important in determining batch uniformity and some processing characteristics. It is indicative of pot life and shelf life.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gel time of a solventless varnish mixed with a catalyst, if required, and exposed to elevated temperature. There are two methods presented here. New equipment for Method A is no longer available.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precaution statement, see Section 6.NOTE 1: Although this standard and IEC 60455–2 differ in approach or detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The amount and composition of by-products produced by exposure of insulating varnishes to elevated temperatures can possibly:4.1.1 Deteriorate other insulations in the system,4.1.2 Cause cracking of insulation due to pressure, buildup in thick cross sections, or4.1.3 Corrode other parts in the assembly.4.2 Amount and rate of weight loss will possibly affect the thermal rating of a varnish.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent weight loss of cured solventless electrical varnishes when exposed to elevated temperatures for prescribed periods of time.1.2 Results of this test method are based on 6-mm (1/4-in.) thick specimens and will not be applicable to specimens appreciably thinner or thicker than 6 mm.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This standard resembles IEC 60216–2 “Guide for the determination of thermal endurance properties of electrical insulating materials. Part 2: Choice of test criteria” in a number of ways, but is not consistently similar throughout. The data obtained using either standard will possibly be technically equivalent.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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