1 Scope 1.1 This International Standard specifies methods for measuring and reporting the whole body vibration to which the operator of an agricultural wheeled tractor or other field machine is exposed when operating on a standard test track. 1.2 T

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1.1 This specification covers minimum slip resistance requirements for the performance of protective (safety) footwear and is intended to help reduce potential injuries. Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with this performance specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which individuals may be exposed to.1.2 The cited Test Method F2913 allows for testing of alternative flooring or contaminates, or both. It is suggested that testing those alternatives be considered should specific workplace hazards exist.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 While federal criteria and state standards exist that define acute and chronic “safe” levels in the water column, effects levels in the sediment are poorly defined and may be dependent upon numerous modifying factors. Even where USEPA recommended Water Quality Criteria (WQC, (49)) are not exceeded by water-borne concentrations, organisms that live in or near the sediment may still be adversely affected (50). Therefore, simply measuring the concentration of a chemical in the sediment or in the water is often insufficient to evaluate its actual environmental toxicity. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment may be much higher than concentrations in overlying water; this is especially true of hydrophobic organic compounds as well as inorganic ions that have a strong affinity for organic ligands and negatively-charged surfaces. Higher chemical concentrations in sediment do not, however, always translate to greater toxicity or bioaccumulation (51), although research also suggests that amending sediment with organic matter actually increases the bioaccumulation of contaminant particles (52, 53). Other factors that can potentially influence sediment bioaccumulation and toxicity include pH mineralogical composition, acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) grain size, and temperature (54-56). Laboratory toxicity tests provide a direct and effective way to evaluate the impacts of sediment contamination on environmental receptors while providing empirical consideration of all of the physical, chemical and biological parameters that may influence toxicity.5.2 Amphibians are often a major ecosystem component of wetlands around the world, however limited data are available regarding the effects of sediment-bound contaminants to amphibians (39, 41, 43, 55, 57, 58). Laboratory studies such as the procedure described in this standard are one means of directly assessing sediment toxicity to amphibians in order to evaluate potential ecological risks in wetlands.5.3 Results from sediment testing with this procedure may be useful in developing chemical-specific sediment screening values for amphibians.5.4 Sediment toxicity test can be used to demonstrate the reaction of test organisms to the specific combination of physical and chemical characteristics in an environmental medium. The bioavailability of chemicals is dependent on a number of factors, which are both site-specific and medium-specific. Although many of these factors can be estimated using equilibrium partitioning techniques, it is difficult to account for all the physical and chemical properties which could potentially affect bioavailability. Sediment toxicity tests may be particularly applicable to evaluating hydrophobic compounds which may not readily partition into the water column. See Table 1 for a summary of advantages and disadvantages associated with sediment toxicity tests.1.1 This standard covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the toxicity of test material (for example, sediment or hydric soil (that is, a soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic (oxygen-lacking) conditions that favor the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation)) to amphibians. This test procedure uses larvae of the northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens). Other anuran species (for example, the green frog (Lithobates clamitans), the wood frog (Lithobates sylvatica), the American toad (Bufo americanus)) may be used if sufficient data on handling, feeding, and sensitivity are available. Test material may be sediments or hydric soil collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory.1.2 The test procedure describes a 10-d whole sediment toxicity test with an assessment of mortality and selected sublethal endpoints (that is, body width, body length). The toxicity tests are conducted in 300 to 500-mL chambers containing 100 mL of sediment and 175 mL of overlying water. Overlying water is renewed daily and larval amphibians are fed during the toxicity test once they reach Gosner stage 25 (operculum closure over gills). The test procedure is designed to assess freshwater sediments, however, R. pipiens can tolerate mildly saline water (not exceeding about 2500 mg Cl-/L, equivalent to a salinity of about 4.1 when Na+ is the cation) in 10-d tests, although such tests should always include a concurrent freshwater control. Alternative test durations and sublethal endpoints may be considered based on site-specific needs. Statistical evaluations are conducted to determine whether test materials are significantly more toxic than the laboratory control sediment or a field-collected reference sample(s).1.3 Where appropriate, this standard has been designed to be consistent with previously developed methods for assessing sediment toxicity to invertebrates (for example, Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus toxicity tests) described in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, (1))2 freshwater sediment testing guidance, Test Methods E1367 and E1706, and Guides E1391, E1525, E1611, and E1688. Tests extending to 10 d or beyond, and including sublethal measurements such as growth, are considered more effective in identifying chronic toxicity and thus delineating areas of moderate contamination (1-3).1.4 Many historical amphibian studies, both water and sediment exposure, have used tests of shorter duration (5 days or less) (for example, 4-7) and, although both survival and sublethal endpoints were often assessed, there is substantive evidence that tests of longer duration are likely to be more sensitive to some contaminants (8-10). Research performed to develop and validate this test protocol included long-term (through metamorphosis) investigations and other researchers have also conducted long-duration tests with anurans (7-20). Interestingly, some studies with anurans have shown significantly reduced growth (for example, whole body mass, snout-vent length) can be detected earlier in a longer-term test (for example, at 14-20 d), but cannot be statistically distinguished in older organisms later in the test (11, 14). In the development of these procedures, an attempt was made to balance the needs of a practical assessment with the importance of assessing longer-term effects so that the results will demonstrate the needed accuracy and precision. The most recent sediment toxicity testing protocols for invertebrates have encompassed longer duration studies which allow the measurement of reproductive endpoints (1, 21). Such tests, because of increased sensitivity of the sublethal endpoints, may also be helpful in evaluating toxicity. Full life-cycle studies with anurans (including reproduction) are usually not feasible from either a technical or monetary standpoint. However, if site-specific information indicates that the contaminants present are likely to affect other endpoints (including teratogenicity), then the duration of the toxicity test may be increased through metamorphosis or additional sublethal endpoints may be measured (for example, impaired behavior, deformities, time-to-metamorphosis). The possible inclusion of these endpoints and extension of test length should be considered during development of the project or study plan (see 8.1.1).1.5 The methodology presented in this standard was developed under a Department of Defense (DoD) research program and presented in a guidance manual for risk assessment staff and state/federal regulators involved in the review and approval of risk assessment work plans and reports (22). To develop this method, a number of tests with spiked sediment tests were conducted (22, 23). Since development of the methodology it has been used operationally to evaluate field-collected sediments from several state and federal environmental sites (24, 25). For most of these studies the preferred test organisms, Lithobates pipiens, was used. At a lead-contaminated state-led site, operated by the Massachusetts Highway Department, Xenopus laevis(African clawed frog) was used in the sediment test system because of availability problems with Lithobates pipiens (26), The test method was also used to evaluate sediment toxicity at a cadmium-contaminated USEPA Region 4-led site in Tennessee (27). The methodology was used to help characterize potential effects of contaminants on amphibians and to help develop preliminary remedial goals, if warranted. All tests evaluated survival and growth effects after 10 d of exposure in accordance with the methods presented in this standard.1.6 The use of larval amphibians to assess environmental toxicity is not novel. Researchers have used tadpoles to examine toxicity of metals and organic compounds. Most of these studies have been through water exposure, usually in a manner similar to fish or invertebrate exposure as described in Guide E729 (28-40). Fewer studies have focused on exposure of anuran larvae to sediments, and the methods employed vary widely, from in situ enclosures (15, 41) to laboratory tests using variable exposure conditions and organism ages (4, 8, 14, 39, 42-44). No studies were identified that used the same test conditions as described in this standard. However, several laboratory-based evaluations of sediment effects on amphibians are described in the following subsections.1.6.1 Sediment toxicity tests conducted in the laboratory with amphibians were performed over a range of test durations from 4 d (4, 39, 42, Guide E1439-98 Appendix X2) to 12 d (44) and through metamorphosis (8, 14, 43). Sediment toxicity tests with anurans native to North America were started with larval tadpoles between Gosner stages 23 and 25 (8, 43, 44). Test temperatures were between 21 °C and 23 °C and feeding began after tadpoles reached Gosner stage 25. Food sources were TetraMin3(8), boiled romaine lettuce (43), boiled romaine lettuce and flaked fish food (14), or boiled romaine lettuce and dissipated rabbit food pellets (44). Tests were conducted in static renewal mode with water replacements conducted at varying rates (daily (42, 44), weekly (8), every 3 to 5 d (43)). Test design (number of replicates, test vessel size, number of organisms per replicate) varied depending on the objective of the study with several tests conducted in aquaria (14, 43) , large bins (8), or swimming pools (44). Endpoints evaluated at test termination included survival (4, 8, 14, 42-44), growth (8, 14, 42-44), bioaccumulation of metals (8), developmental rates (8, 14, 43), deformities (14, 42, 43), swimming speed (44) and foraging activity levels (43).1.6.2 To assess the effect of direct contact with the sediments containing PCBs, Savage et al. (43) exposed larval tadpoles (Gosner stage 23 to 25; wood frogs (R. sylvatica)) to field-collected sediments under conditions that allowed both direct contact with the sediment and separation from the sediment with a 500 μm mesh barrier. The study found that lethal and sublethal effects on tadpoles observed through metamorphosis were more pronounced when direct contact with the sediment was allowed. Fuentes et al. (39) evaluated the acute toxicity of two Roundup4 (a widely used herbicide with the active ingredient glyphosate) formulations to six anuran species, including Lithobates pipiens, under both water-only and water-+sediment conditions. The study found that toxicity of the glyphosate-based herbicides was reduced in the presence of sediment, likely due to sorption to sediment particles and associated organic matter. The test conditions described in this standard allow tadpoles to maintain direct contact with the sediment.1.6.3 Sediment toxicity testing with Xenopus laevis has focused on evaluating the developmental effects of sediment extracts, as opposed to whole sediments, on frog embryos. Methods have been developed which expose blastula stage embryos to sediment by enclosing the embryos in a Teflon mesh insert that rests over the top of the sediment in the sediment–water interface region ((42), Guide E1439-98 Appendix X2). These studies are conducted evaluate survival, growth, and physical malformations of the embryos after a 4-d exposure period. The test conditions described in this standard allow more direct contact with the sediment, using older test organisms, and a longer exposure duration.1.7 Amphibian species may be key receptors of potential chemicals of concern at contaminated sites. Although historically not often included in risk assessments, the importance of amphibians as both sensitive and keystone species is increasingly recognized, particularly considering the decline in amphibian worldwide populations, which may be driven by multiple localized stress agents rather than a single, dominating cause (45). The lack of amphibian representation as surrogate species is likely due to multiple factors including scant knowledge of local amphibian populations and life histories, the paucity of applicable toxicity data, and inconsistency in standardized assessment protocols. A review of ecological risk assessment methods for amphibians and gaps in existing amphibian toxicity data and methods is provided by Johnson et al. (46). The importance of amphibians in the ecological risk assessment process is recognized by Environment and Climate Change Canada in the Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance under the Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan (47). Sediment toxicity tests are an effective means for evaluating the impact of sediment contamination on amphibians in a multiple lines of evidence paradigm. The evaluation is most powerful when toxicity testing sampling stations are co-located with sediment analytical chemistry samples and ecological surveys, allowing for a detailed evaluation of the co-occurring data in the ecological risk assessment. The spatial and temporal co-location of toxicity testing and analytical samples is particularly important for establishing contaminant-specific effects and assessing contaminant bioavailability.1.8 In order for a sediment toxicity test to be sensitive it must be of sufficient duration to measure potential toxicity and it must be conducted during the appropriate developmental stage of the test organism’s life cycle. Using recently hatched tadpoles and conducting the sediment exposure test for 10 d to allow the evaluation of growth endpoints meets both of these sensitivity requirements.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Inappropriate activation of complement by blood-contacting medical devices may have serious acute or chronic effects on the host. This practice is useful as a simple, inexpensive screening method for determining functional whole complement activation by solid materials in vitro.5.2 This practice is composed of two parts. In Part A (Section 11), human serum is exposed to a solid material. Complement may be depleted by the classical or alternative pathways. In principle, nonspecific binding of certain complement components also may occur. The alternative pathway can deplete later acting components common to both pathways, that is components other than C1, C4, and C3 (1) .4 In Part B (Section 12), complement activity remaining in the serum after exposure to the test material is assayed by classical pathway-mediated lysis of sensitized RBC.5.3 Assessment of in vitro whole complement activation, as described here, provides one method for predicting potential complement activation by medical materials intended for clinical application in humans when the material contacts the blood. Other test methods for complement activation are available, including assays for specific complement components and their split products (see X1.3 and X1.4).5.4 This in vitro test method is suitable for adoption in specifications and standards for screening solid materials for use in the construction of medical devices intended to be implanted in the human body or placed in contact with human blood.1.1 This practice provides a protocol for rapid, in vitro screening for whole complement activating properties of solid materials used in the fabrication of medical devices that will contact blood.1.2 This practice is intended to evaluate the acute in vitro whole complement activating properties of solid materials intended for use in contact with blood. For this practice, the words “serum” and “complement” are used interchangeably (most biological supply houses use these words synonymously in reference to serum used as a source of complement).1.3 This practice consists of two procedural parts. Procedure A describes exposure of solid materials to a standard lot of human serum, using a 0.1-mL serum/13 x 100-mm disposable test tube. Cellulose acetate powders and fibers are used as examples of test materials. Procedure B describes assaying the exposed serum for significant functional whole complement depletion as compared to control samples.1.4 This practice does not address function, elaboration, or depletion of individual complement components, nor does it address the use of plasma as a source of complement.1.5 This practice is one of several developed for the assessment of the biocompatibility of materials. Practice F748 may provide guidance for the selection of appropriate methods for testing materials for other aspects of biocompatibility.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This non-proprietary laboratory test method allows for the reproducible testing of whole footwear and footwear-related soling materials for evaluating relative slip performance. Other ASTM test methods generally employ a standardized test foot primarily for evaluation of flooring materials.1.1 This test method2 determines the dynamic coefficient of friction between footwear and floorings under reproducible laboratory conditions for evaluating relative slip performance. The method is applicable to all types of footwear, outsole units, heel top lifts and sheet soling materials, also to most types of floorings, including matting and stair nosing, and surface contaminants on the flooring surface, including but not limited to liquid water, ice, oil and grease. The method may also be applied to surfaces such as block pavers, turf and gravel.1.2 Special purpose footwear or fittings containing spikes, metal studs or similar may be tested on appropriate surfaces but the method does not fully take account of the risk of tripping due to footwear/ground interlock.1.3 The values stated in the ASTM test method in metrics are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice provides criteria that building design teams shall use to compare the environmental impacts associated with a reference building design and a final building design, including additions to existing buildings where applicable.5.2 This practice deals specifically with material selection for initial construction, including associated maintenance and replacement cycles over an assumed service life, taking operating energy use into account if required or explicitly allowed under the applicable code, standard, or rating system.1.1 This practice provides criteria to be applied irrespective of the assessment (LCA) tool that is used when LCA is undertaken at the whole building level to compare a final whole building design to a reference building design.1.2 The purpose of this practice is to support the use of whole building Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in building codes, standards, and building rating systems by ensuring that comparative assessments of final whole building designs relative to reference building designs take account of the relevant building features, life cycle stages, and related activities in similar fashion for both the reference and final building designs of the same building.1.3 The criteria do not deal with building occupant behavior, possible future changes in building function, building rehabilitation or retrofit, or other matters that cannot be foreseen or reasonably estimated at the design or permitting stage, or both where this practice applies.1.4 Only environmental impacts and aspects of sustainability are addressed in this practice. The social and economic impacts and aspects of sustainability are not addressed in this practice.1.5 This practice does not deal with basic LCA methodology, calculation methods or related matters that are covered in cited international standards.1.6 This practice does not supersede or modify existing ISO standards for the application of LCA at the product level, nor does it address any of the following related applications:1.6.1 Aggregation of building products Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) at the whole building level;1.6.2 Rules for applying EPDs in a building code, standard, or rating system; and1.6.3 Comparability of building product EPDs.NOTE 1: ISO 14025 and ISO 21930 provide guidance on use and comparability of building products EPDs.1.7 This practice does not specify the impact categories or sustainability aspects to be addressed in building codes, standards, or building rating systems and users of this practice conform to the impact category requirements specified in the applicable code, standard, or rating system.1.8 The text of this standard contains notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method may be used in quality control laboratories when the repeated analysis of titanium dioxide in similar paints may be required. Reagents and time are kept to a minimum when this test method is used in place of wet chemical analysis such as in Test Methods D1394. However, reproducibility and repeatability are not as good as in Test Methods D1394.1.1 This test method covers the atomic absorption (AA) analysis of titanium dioxide content in pigments recovered from whole paint. It is applicable to quality control situations where the same type of product is repeatedly analyzed.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice provides a means for obtaining a quantitative estimate of a surface property defined as roughness using longitudinal profile measuring equipment.5.1.1 The WPRI can be obtained from instruments which can capture high-resolution (described in X1.1.2) longitudinal profiles.5.1.2 The WPRI is stable with time because true WPRI is based on the concept of a true longitudinal profile, rather than the physical properties of a particular type of instrument.5.2 When profiles are measured simultaneously for multiple traveled wheel tracks, the MWPRI is a better measure of wheelchair pathway surface roughness than the WPRI for either individual wheel track.5.3 Wheelchair pathway roughness data can be useful in determining the vibration exposure experienced by a wheelchair user. (See Fig. 1.)FIG. 1 Wheelchair Pathway Roughness Index and RatingsNOTE 1: The MWPRI scale is identical to the WPRI scale.5.3.1 Vibration exposure has been linked to pain and injuries in wheelchair users and the WPRI of traveled surfaces provides the ability to quantify the vibration exposure a wheelchair user will experience when traveling that surface.4,55.3.2 Knowledge of the vibration exposure a wheelchair user will experience on traveled surfaces will allow steps to be taken to minimize their exposure, reducing the likelihood of pain and injury.1.1 This practice covers the mathematical processing of longitudinal profile measurements to produce a wheelchair pathway roughness statistic called the Wheelchair Pathway Roughness Index (WPRI).1.2 This provides a standard practice for computing and reporting an estimate of pathway roughness for sidewalks and other pedestrian surfaces.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The materials and construction methods used in the manufacture of footwear play a significant role in the “breathability” of the footwear. This test method provides a means to measure moisture vapor permeability, expressed as MVTR, which is one aspect of comfort of the footwear.1.1 The whole boot breathability test method is designed to indicate the Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate (MVTR) through the boot upper by means of a difference in temperature and moisture vapor concentration between the interior of the boot and the exterior environment. This method is intended for a size 10 R U.S. (Regular width) boot that is at least 6 in. [15.2 cm] tall above the insole.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system is to be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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