【国外标准】 Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design for Marine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities

4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability.4.2 Principles of Human Behavior: 4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person’s physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel.4.2.2 These principles include:4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original.4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner.4.2.2.3 If the equipment or system is not designed to operate as the users’ cultural and stereotypical expectations lead them to think that it will operate, the chance for human error is significantly increased.4.2.2.4 If equipment or systems are perceived by operators/maintainers to be too complex or require more effort to operate or maintain than they believe is necessary, they will always look for a “shortcut.” Further, this “shortcut” may be perceived as being safe when it is not.4.2.2.5 No amount of training, company or organizational policy, threats of retaliatory action, warning notes in a technical manual or training guide, or pleading with personnel to be safe on the job can overcome poor design that encourages, leads, or even coerces personnel into unsafe acts on the job. The most efficient way to prevent unsafe design from contributing to an accident is to eliminate the unsafe design.4.2.2.6 Equipment users may not recognize latent hazards in a design. Therefore designers shall identify unsafe features that may not be recognized by users to minimize, or eliminate unsafe tasks, operations and acts. In addition, if hazards exist, the designer should clearly communicate known hazards inherent in processes and procedures to the users.4.2.2.7 Designers shall consider the possibility for human error and design equipment so that incorrect use (deliberate or accidental) will result in little or no harm to the user.4.2.2.8 Equipment operators and maintainers will be forced to infer as to what a label, instruction, or operational chart states if it is not complete, legible, readable, and positioned correctly.4.2.2.9 Designers and engineers shall never use themselves as the standard against which a particular design is evaluated. People come in many shapes, sizes, mental capacities, and capabilities. Therefore, design for the full range of potential users, physically, mentally, and socially.4.2.2.10 People shall be protected against themselves. Designers cannot create an unsafe piece of equipment or system and expect the users to assume full responsibility for its safe use.4.2.2.11 Ease of equipment maintenance affects the equipment’s reliability, that is, the harder it is to be maintained, the less it will be maintained.4.2.2.12 Equipment designed to require multiple operators working together simultaneously increases the likelihood of operator errors.4.2.2.13 Operational/maintenance procedures shall be clear, definitive, and comprehensive, otherwise, they will be misinterpreted or ignored.4.2.2.14 Structural items such as piping, cable trays, or any other item that appears strong enough to be used by a person to hold onto or stand on, and is placed in a convenient location to use for that purpose, will eventually be used for that purpose.4.2.2.15 Users expect consistency in the design and arrangement of their workplace. Therefore, if that workplace, or any part thereof, appears in more than one place in their work environment, it is expected to be located and look the same way at every location.4.2.2.16 When controls and displays associated with particular pieces of equipment are placed on a console or control panel, they shall be located on that console or panel to replicate the actual location of the equipment on the ship or structure as both are viewed by the operator. Therefore, equipment that is to the operator’s left as he or she faces the control station shall appear on the left of the control panel or console, and equipment to the right shall appear on the right side of the console or panel. This “spatial relationship” between the real world and the controls and displays that are associated with the equipment and systems of that world is extremely important in the design of ships and maritime structures.4.2.3 Users develop behavioral patterns based on their cultural experiences. Designing a ship or structure that ignores or violate those culturally derived behavior patterns will inevitably increase risks of user error.4.3 Conflicts—Where conflicts exist between the design criteria contained in this practice and other sources of ergonomic design criteria, this practice should prevail except where the conflicting criteria were produced by a regulatory authority4.4 Coverage—The design of vessels, structures, systems, subsystems, and equipment shall use the design criteria contained herein to provide the following:4.4.1 Safe atmospheric conditions including temperature and humidity;4.4.2 Limits on acoustic noise and vibration that will prevent performance degradation and physiological damage;4.4.3 Space for personnel, their equipment, and free volume for the movements and activities they are required to perform for operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions;4.4.4 Physical, visual, auditory, and other communication links between individual personnel and between personnel and their equipment under both normal and emergency conditions;4.4.5 Efficient arrangement of operation and maintenance workplaces, equipment, structural elements, controls, and displays;4.4.6 Natural or artificial illumination at levels suitable to perform all operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions;4.4.7 Safe passageways, hatches, stairs, ladders, walkways, platforms, ramps, and other provisions for ingress, egress, and passage under both normal and emergency conditions;4.4.8 Provision for protective equipment and clothing, systems, equipment, vessels, and structures that are designed to be operated and maintained by personnel wearing the equipment and clothing;4.4.9 Compatibility of control/display interfaces with human information processing capability;4.4.10 Immediate, accurate, and pertinent feedback to the operator of equipment or system performance after each control movement or action taken by the operator;4.4.11 Designs that satisfy human behavioral needs such as spatial relationships, consistency, homeostasis, and cultural and equipment expectations;4.4.12 Provision for labels, hazard signage, instructions, and procedures that are clear, concise, and understandable;4.4.13 Provision for fail-safe designs in those areas in which failure can disable a vital system or cause catastrophic damage to equipment, injury to personnel, or loss of mission capability;4.4.14 Designs that minimize potential human error incidence in the operation and maintenance of the system, particularly under conditions of stress and designs that ensure that errors, having been committed, can be corrected in time (the design is error tolerant);4.4.15 Designs that minimize training time and costs and encourage simplicity so as to reduce personnel special skills or innate abilities required to operate or maintain them;4.4.16 Designs that minimize the adverse impact of ship motion on human performance and health and safety; and4.4.17 Designs that provide for safe and efficient operation and maintenance by user populations from all geographical regions of the maritime world.4.5 Standardization—Controls, displays, markings, coding, labeling, and arrangement schemes for equipment and panel layouts shall be uniform for those items or designs that appear more than once on the vessel or structure. Human-machine interfaces shall exhibit common design approaches based on conventions and conformance to operator and maintainer expectations.4.6 Off-the-Shelf Equipment—One criterion for selecting off-the-shelf commercial or government-furnished equipment should be the degree to which the equipment conforms to the design criteria of this practice. Where off-the-shelf equipment requires modification to interface with other equipment, the modification should be designed to comply with this practice.4.7 Minimize Personnel—The design objective of the vessel or structure, equipment, systems, and subsystems shall be to reduce the number of personnel involved, especially simultaneously, in completing a particular task. Another design objective shall be to optimize ship or system manning, defined as the minimum number of personnel consistent with human performance, workload and safety requirements, reliability, affordability, and risk constraints.4.8 Completeness—It is realized that no design guide or practice can cover every design requirement that might occur through the course of a ship or maritime structure’s evolution. It is recognized that there will be occurrences in which a particular design requirement may have to be interpreted from the data that do exist. There may also be occasions in which design criteria may have to be acquired from a source other than this practice. When those occurrences arise, it is important that assistance be provided by trained human factors engineering (HFE) professionals familiar with this, and other, maritime-oriented design guidelines and standards and experienced in the application of these guidelines to the design of ships and maritime structures.FIG. 1 Control Movement Expectations1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipment, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipment on the other.1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:TABLE OF CONTENTSSectionandSubsections Title1 2 Referenced Documents3 Terminology4 5 Controls5.1 Principles of Control Design5.2 General Design Guidelines5.3 Control Movement5.4 Control Spacing5.5 Coding of Controls5.6 Control Use and Design6 Displays6.1 Visual Displays6.2 Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays6.3 Display Illumination6.4 Display Types6.5 Audible Displays7 Alarms7.1 General Alarm Requirements7.2 Visual Alarms7.3 Audible Alarms7.4 Voice Messages7.5 Alarm Initiation Stations7.6 Alarm Requirements by IMO8 Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms8.1 Principles of Design8.2 Grouping Relationships—Principles of Arrangement8.3 Separating Groupings8.4 Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms8.5 Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms8.6 Control and Display Movement Relationships8.7 Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment8.8 Alternative Approach to Grouping Design8.9 Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges9 Anthropometry9.1 General Design Requirements9.2 Static Anthropometric Data10 Workplace Arrangements10.1 Basic Principles of Workplace Design10.2 Seated Workstation10.3 Standing Workstation10.4 Kneeling Workstation10.5 Squatting Workstation10.6 Shelving10.7 Status Boards and File Cabinets10.8 Work Benches10.9 Vertical Strainers and Filters10.10 Reach Limitations at Workstations10.11 Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers10.12 Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays10.13 Hand Cranks and Pumps10.14 Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment10.15 Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing10.16 Consoles and Control Panels10.17 Bridge Design11 Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passageways and Walkways, and Work Platforms)11.1 Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps11.2 Stairs11.3 Ramps11.4 Vertical Ladders11.5 Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages11.6 Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices11.7 Special Ladder Requirements11.8 Handle/Hand Grab11.9 Individual Rung Ladders11.10 D-Ring Ladders11.11 Handrails11.12 Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of Personnel Movement11.13 Elevated Work Platforms11.14 Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels11.15 Doors and Arches11.16 Permanent Means of Access (PMA)12 Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location12.1 General Design Requirements12.2 Valve Criticality and Location12.3 Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated12.4 Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves12.5 Alternative Valve Orientations12.6 Valve Manifolds13 Human-Computer Interface13.1 General Design Requirements13.2 System Operations13.3 Computer Displays13.4 Display Content13.5 Display Coding13.6 Dynamic Displays13.7 Display Format13.8 Textual Data Displays13.9 Graphic Displays13.10 Audio Displays13.11 Data Entry13.12 Interactive Control13.13 Graphic Controls13.14 Windows13.15 Menus13.16 Forms13.17 Alarms13.18 Language13.19 Feedback13.20 Prompts13.21 Defaults13.22 Error Management/Data Protection13.23 Data Security13.24 Help13.25 Software13.26 Data Transmission/Messaging13.27 Input Devices13.28 Cursors13.29 Printing14 Habitability14.1 Noise14.2 Indoor Climate14.3 Lighting14.4 Whole-body Vibration and Shock15 Labeling15.1 Design Criteria of Labels15.2 Abbreviations15.3 Symbols15.4 Component Labels on Consoles and Panels15.5 Equipment Identification Labels15.6 Electrical System Labels15.7 Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels15.8 Pipe Marker Labels15.9 Safe Working Load Identification Labels15.10 Load Weight Identification Labels15.11 Hazard Identification Signs15.12 Information Signs15.13 Instruction Labels15.14 Graphical Schematics or Diagrams15.15 Orientation Plans15.16 Emergency Instructions16 Material Handling16.1 Design to Support Manual Material Lifting and Carrying16.2 Weight Lifting16.3 Weight Carrying16.4 Design of Handles and Grasp Areas16.5 Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices16.6 Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies16.7 Crane Design17 Design for Maintenance17.1 General Design Requirements17.2 Maintenance Accessibility17.3 Maintenance Environments17.4 Lubrication17.5 Cases17.6 Covers17.7 Fasteners17.8 Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes for Maintenance Access17.9 Diagnostics and Troubleshooting17.10 Equipment Modularization17.11 Equipment Mounting and Installation17.12 Standardization17.13 Electrical Wires and Cables17.14 Conductors17.15 Connectors17.16 Test Equipment17.17 Fuses and Circuit Breakers17.18 Hydraulic Systems17.19 Stored Energy Devices17.20 Pipe Flanges, Spools, and Blinds17.21 Test and Sample Points18 Hazards and Safety18.1 Hierarchy of Controls18.2 Safety Labels, Signs, and Excluded Area Markings18.3 General Workplace Hazards18.4 General Equipment-Related Hazards18.5 Electrical Hazards18.6 Mechanical Hazards18.7 Fluid Hazards18.8 Safety Barriers18.9 Fall Protection18.10 Emergency Egress19 Communications19.1 Communication System Requirements19.2 Microphones19.3 Headsets19.4 Loudspeakers19.5 Telephone Systems20 Keywords21 AcknowledgementAppendix X1 Small Boat and High Speed Craft (HSC) AppendixAppendix X2 Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Design ChecklistAppendix X3 Guidance for the Selection and Testing of Slip Resistant Walking SurfacesLIST OF FIGURESFigure Title1 Control Movement Expectations2 Foot-Operated Switches Design Requirements3 Pedal Location and Design Requirements4 Lateral Spacing for Pedals5 Design Criteria for Discrete Rotary Controls6 Separation Requirements for Discrete Rotary Controls7 Dimension, Resistance, and Separation of Continuous Rotary Controls8 Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks9 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separations Required for Cranks10 Design Criteria for Pushbuttons11 Two Types of Legend Switches (Backlit Pushbuttons)12 Size, Displacement, and Resistance for Legend Switches13 Design Requirements for Various Types of Toggle Switches14 Design Requirements for Rocker Switches15 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Discrete Slide Switch Controls16 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Continuous Slide Controls17 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Levers18 Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Slide Levers19 Dimensions, Displacement, and Separation of Push-Pull Controls20 Visual Lines of Sight21 Primary and Secondary Fields-of-view22 Design Criteria for Major, Intermediate, and Minor Scale Markings23 Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives24 Scale Number Placement25 Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display26 Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays27 Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings28 Digital Display Design Requirements29 Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Function30 Grouping Controls and Displays by Individual Equipment31 Mirror-Imaged Arrangement of Individual Equipment Control and Display Groupings (Not Recommended)32 Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Equipment33 Grouping Controls and Displays by Sequence of Use34 Grouping with Physical Separation35 Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders36 Grouping with Colored and Shaded Pads37 Grouping with Sub-panels38 Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays for Right-handed Operator39 Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Controls and Displays40 Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Displays and a Single Row of Controls41 Positional Relationship between Alarm, Display, and Control42 Positional Relationship between Control Pointer and Status Indicator43 Control and Display Movement Relationship44 Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment45 Spatial Relationships Between Equipment and Control Panels46 Spatial Relationships for Redundant Controls and Displays47 Panel Layout That Replicates Location of Equipment in Remote Space48 Mimic of Physical Equipment Functional Layout49 Mimic of Functional Groups Irrespective of Equipment Layout50 Standing Body Dimensions51 Seated Body Dimensions52 Depth and Breadth Dimensions53 Hand and Foot Dimensions54 Gloved Hand Dimensions55 Head Dimensions56 Changes in Levels up to a Maximum of 6 mm (1/4 in.)57 Seated Workspace Dimensions58 Dimensions for a Computer Workstation59 Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk60 Seating at CRT-Type Workstations61 Clearance Behind a Seated Workstation62 Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel63 Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel64 Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel65 Display Mounting Height for Standing Personnel66 Control Mounting Height for a Kneeling Person67 Display Mounting Height for Kneeling Personnel68 Required Dimensions for a Kneeling Worker69 Control Mounting Height for Squatting Personnel70 Display Mounting Heights for Squatting Personnel71 Required Dimensions for a Squatting Worker72 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves with Full Access73 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Located Above a Cabinet74 Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Requiring Vision Over the Top75 Front Clearance Requirement for Lower Shelves76 Mounting Height of Status Boards77 Clearance in Front of Filing Cabinets78 Workbench Dimensions79 Safe Reach Distances Over an Obstacle or Barrier80 Mounting Heights for Bulkhead-mounted Equipment in Passageways81 Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures82 Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls and Equipment83 Spatial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controls and Displays on a Console Located Athwartship84 Seated Single-operator Console Dimensions85 Wraparound Seated Console86 Special Width Console87 Multi-tiered Standing Console88 Multi-tiered Seated Console89 Dimensions for Desktop Standing Console90 Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles91 Stair Dimensions92 Straight Run Ramp Dimensions93 Ramp with Turning Platform94 Ramp with Switchback Turning Platform95 Vertical Ladder Dimensions96 Dimensions for a Vertical Ladder Arrangement97 Platform/Landing Dimensions for Vertical Ladder Penetration98 Caged Ladder Dimensions99 Cage Shape and Size100 Ladder and Climber Safety Device Dimensions101 Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)102 Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)103 Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)104 Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)105 Handles or Hand Grabs for Use as Ladder Extensions106 Handle for Transition from a Ladder to an Intermediate Platform107 Recommended Design Criteria for Individual Rung Ladders108 Dimensions for D-Ring Ladders109 Fixed Handrail Design110 Removable Handrail Dimensions111 Special Handrail Design Dimensions112 Transition Handrail Dimensions113 Additional Personnel Movement-related Design Features114 Dimensions for Rectangular Access Openings Installed in a Vertical Orientation Requiring a Step to Reach the Opening115 Dimensions for Rectangular, Square, and Round Hatches, Manways, and Lightening Holes116 Dimensions for Lightening Holes117 Access to Vertical Escape Hatches118 Access to Overhead Hatch119 Access into a Cargo Hold Through a Raised Hatch120 Door Placement121 Desirable Upper Limits for Handwheel Torque122 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Vertical Stems123 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Horizontal Stems124 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Angled Stems125 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Vertical Stems126 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Horizontal Stems127 Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible From One Side Only128 Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position129 Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface130 Orientation and Reach from Ladder Parallel to Valves131 Orientation and Reach from Ladder Perpendicular to Valves132 Operating Valves from a Ladder133 Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship134 Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft135 Valve Manifold for Fill, High-suction, and Low-suction Valves136 Default Push Button137 Push Button States138 Radio Buttons139 Check Boxes140 Slider Control141 Message Window Design142 Finger-Operated Displacement Joystick Specifications143 Trackball Dimensions, Resistance, and Clearance144 Permissible Noise Exposure Limits145 Large Enclosure Ventilation Requirements146 Surface Reflectance Values147 Health Guidance Zones for Limited Exposures148 Independent Symbols149 Guidelines for Labels on Consoles and Panels150 Control and Control Setting Labels151 Control and Display Group Labels152 Control Setting Labels for Multiple Controls153 Equipment Label Format154 Sensor Label155 Pipe Marker Labels156 Pipe Marker Labels with Two Colors157 Hazard Signal Word Headers158 Examples of Text and Symbol on Signs159 Example of Information Sign160 Handle Dimensions161 Use of Hand Trucks162 Use of Dollies163 Case Orientation164 Access Opening Covers165 Example of Alignment Pins166 Cable Arrangements167 Suggested Cable Arrangement in a Junction Box168 Fluid Line Connection Recommendations169 Areas To Place Items on Bulkhead170 Safety BarriersX1.1 Primary and Secondary Fields of ViewLIST OF TABLESTable Title1 Recommended Manual Controls2 Control Movement Expectations3 Minimum Spacing Between Two Controls4 Comparison of Displacement and Isometric Controls5 Typical Status Display and Alarm Color Codes for North American Industry6 Character Sizes for Digital Displays7 Functional Evaluation of Types of Audio Signals8 Guidelines for Color Coding of Visual Alarms9 General Recommendations for Sound Loudness and Frequency10 Guidelines for Selecting Audible Alarm Sounds11 Clothing and Postural Effects12 International Geographical Regions for Which Anthropometric Data Are Available13 Standing Height Dimensions—International Population14 Seated Eye Height Dimensions—International Population15 Forward Reach Dimensions—International Population16 Male Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World17 Female Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World18 Weights for American Adult Females and Males19 Seated Workspace Dimensions20 Dimensions for a Seated Computer Workstation21 Selection of Access Type22 Stair Dimensions23 Stair Widths24 Handrail Arrangements25 Recommended Ramp Angle Inclinations26 Walkway and Passageway Dimensions27 Dimensions for Additional Personnel Movement-related Features28 Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers and Handwheels Mounted Below the Standing Surface29 System Response Time Limits30 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonkeyboard Input Devices31 Keyboard Push-button Characteristics32 Pointer Shapes and Associated Functions33 Pointing Device Button Actions34 Limiting Dimensions for Mouse35 Maximum Permissible Noise Levels36 Noise Attenuation from Hearing Protectors37 Lighting Levels for Ships and Maritime Structures38 Maximum Brightness Ratios39 Operational Environment Types40 Examples of Equipment Labels41 Pipe Label Format42 Example Color-Coding Scheme for Vessel/structure Piping43 Chromaticity Coordinates for Color Coding44 Message Text Character Heights45 Design Weight Limits for Lifting46 Design Weight Limits for Carrying47 Limiting Factors48 Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)49 Cross-Legged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)50 Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms)51 Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm)52 Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm)53 Opening Dimensions for Single-hand Access with Tools54 Opening Dimensions for Single-hand Access without Tools55 Opening Dimensions for Arm Access without Tools56 Opening Dimensions for Two-hand Access57 Thermal Temperature Limits58 Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Consequences59 Minimum Speech Intelligibility ScoresX1.1 Visibility Standards for HSC and Small Boat ApplicationX1.2 Forward Functional Reach Measurements for North American PopulationX2.1 Human Factors Checklist for Design1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.