This specification covers steel studs, runners (tracks), and bracing or bridging for screw application of gypsum panel products and metal plaster bases in load-bearing construction assemblies. Steel of lesser thickness shall be permitted in additional engineered products. Members shall be manufactured from steel meeting the requirements specified. The properties and strength of members shall be computed in accordance with the given specification. The steel members shall be free of defects that interfere with the purpose for which they are intended. Penetration test method provides a procedure for evaluating the member's ability to pull the head of a screw below the surface of the gypsum panel product. Five specimens of members shall be tested. If more than one test specimen fails to meet the requirements, two more test specimens shall be chosen for retesting. Report shall indicate all specimens meeting the requirements of this specification if the screw penetrated the steel and the screw spin out; or shall indicate all specimens failing if the screw did not penetrate the steel, or the screw spun out.1.1 This specification covers cold-formed steel structural framing members (with a base steel thickness of not less than 0.0329 in. (0.836 mm)) in load-bearing (transverse and axial) construction assemblies. Steel of lesser thickness shall be permitted in additional engineered products.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification describes the required properties and test methods for high-solids content, cold liquid-applied elastomeric membrane with integral wearing surface for waterproofing building decks not subject to hydrostatic pressure. This specification does not include specific requirements for skid resistance or fire retardance, although both may be important in specific uses. The properties to which the materials will be tested upon for conformance are as follows: weight loss of base coat; low temperature crack bridging; adhesion-in-peel to cement mortar and plywood substrates after water immersion; chemical resistance after water, ethylene glycol, and mineral spirits exposure; weathering resistance, recovery from elongation, tensile retention, and elongation retention; abrasion resistance; and stability.1.1 This specification describes the required properties and test methods for a cold liquid-applied elastomeric membrane for waterproofing building decks not subject to hydrostatic pressure. The specification applies only to a membrane system that has an integral wearing surface. This specification does not include specific requirements for skid resistance or fire retardance, although both may be important in specific uses.1.2 The type of membrane system described in this specification is used for pedestrian and vehicular traffic and in high-abrasion applications. The membrane may be single- or multi-component, and may consist of one or more coats (for example base coat, top coat, etc.). The coat(s) may be built to the desired thickness in one or more applications. One coat (base coat) provides the primary waterproofing function and normally comprises the major amount of organic material in the membrane. The function of the top coat(s) is to resist wear and weather. Aggregate may be used as a component of the membrane system, as all or part of a course, to increase wear and skid resistance.1.3 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations.1.4 Test methods in this specification require a minimum 0.5-mm [0.020-in.] base coat dry film thickness. Actual thickness required for a particular application and the use of aggregate in topcoats shall be established by the membrane manufacturer.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 5, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers round, uncoated, cold-drawn spring wire in coils intended for the manufacture of upholstery springs such as zig-zag, square-formed, and sinuous. The steel shall be made by open-heart, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace processes. Heat analysis shall be made to determine the percentage of elements, such as carbon and manganese, present in the spring wire. Tension and wrap tests shall be done for one test specimen for each ten coils. Workmanship, inspection, packaging, product marking, and loading are also covered.1.1 This specification covers round, uncoated, cold-drawn spring wire in coils having properties and quality intended for the manufacture of the following upholstery springs:1.1.1 Type A—Zig-zag (U-formed),1.1.2 Type B—Square-formed, and1.1.3 Type C—Sinuous for furniture spring units.1.2 These types of upholstery springs are used in the manufacture of automotive seat springs and furniture springs. The wire is not intended for the manufacture of mechanical springs.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification covers the manufacturing requirements and test methods for nominal and minimum wall-thickness welded tubes and welded and cold worked tubes 1/8 to 6 in. (3.2 to 152.4 mm) in outside diameter and 0.015 to 0.148 in. (0.41 to 3.7 mm) inclusive in wall thickness. The tubes are made from the following nickel alloys: aluminum, boron, carbon, chromium, cobalt, columbium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorous, silicon, sulphur, titanium, tungsten, and vanadium. Anticipated uses cover applications where strength and strength at elevated temperatures are desired attributes. Some examples are hydraulic control lines, boilers, heat exchangers, and solar absorbers. The tubes shall be supplied in one of the following conditions: cold worked, cold worked and precipitation hardened, solution annealed plus precipitation hardened, or solution annealed and descaled conditions. When atmosphere control is used, descaling is not necessary.This specification also covers ordering information, chemical and mechanical requirements, heat treatments, conditions representing different levels of mechanical properties, hydrostatic or nondestructive electric test, surface condition, weight, and workmanship, finish, and appearance.1.1 This specification covers nominal and minimum wall-thickness welded tubes and welded and cold worked tubes made from the nickel alloys listed in Table 1. Anticipated uses cover applications where strength and strength at elevated temperatures are desired attributes. Some examples are hydraulic control lines, boilers, heat exchangers, and solar absorbers.1.2 Tube shall be supplied in one of the following conditions; cold worked, cold worked and precipitation hardened, solution annealed plus precipitation hardened, or solution annealed and descaled conditions. When atmosphere control is used, descaling is not necessary.1.3 This specification covers tube 1/8 to 6 in. (3.2 to 152.4 mm) in outside diameter and 0.015 to 0.148 in. (0.41 to 3.7 mm) inclusive in wall thickness.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers requirements, test methods, and methods of marking for polybutylene plastic system components. These components comprise pipe and tubing, socket-fusion fittings, compression fittings, mechanical fittings, and plastic-to-metal transition fittings. The components covered by this specification are intended for use in hot- and cold-water potable water service and distribution systems and such non-potable water applications. The components are classified as follows: pipe, tubing, and socket-fusion fittings; plastic-to-metal transition fittings; and compression and mechanical plastic fittings. The following tests shall be performed: sustained hydrostatic pressure; thermocycling; hydrostatic burst strength; assembly; excessive temperature and pressure capability of tubing and pipe; and elongation value at break.1.1 This specification covers requirements, test methods, and methods of marking for polybutylene plastic system components made in one standard dimension ratio and intended for 0.69 MPa (100 psi) water service up to and including 82°C (180°F). These components comprise pipe and tubing, socket-fusion fittings, compression fittings, mechanical fittings, and plastic-to-metal transition fittings. Requirements and test methods are included for sustained, hydrostatic pressure strength, thermocycling resistance, joint strength, and dimensions and tolerances for pipe and socket fusion fittings. The components covered by this specification are intended for use in hot- and cold-water potable water service and distribution systems and such non-potable water applications as building services piping, water heating and cooling systems, fire sprinkler applications, and other miscellaneous applications involving the transport of water, ethylene glycol solutions, or other aqueous liquids shown not to adversely affect PB performance.1.2 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.1.3 The values in SI units are the standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.Note 1—Suggested hydrostatic design stresses and hydrostatic pressure ratings for pipe, tubing, and fittings are listed in Appendix X1. Design, assembly, and installation considerations are discussed in . An optional performance qualification and an in-plant quality control program are recommended in Appendix X3.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification deals with carbon and alloy steel forgings (including gas bottles) for use in thin-walled pressure vessels. Covered here are the following grades of steel forgings: Grade A; Grade B; Grade C; Grade D; Grade E, Classes 55, 65, and 70; Grade F, Classes 55, 65, and 70; Grade G, Classes 55, 65, and 70; Grade H, Classes 55, 65, and 70; Grade J, Classes 55, 65, and 70; Grade K; Grade L; Grade J, Class 110; and Grade M, Classes 85 and 100. Materials shall be manufactured by melting procedures, and optionally heat treated by normalization, normalization and tempering, or liquid-quenching and tempering. Heat and product analyses shall be performed wherein steel specimens shall conform to required chemical compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. Steel materials shall also undergo bending, flattening and hardness tests and shall conform to required values of tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and hardness. Forgings shall be subjected to magnetic particle examination as well.1.1 This specification covers homogeneous wrought hardened alloy steel rolls for use in cold or hot reduction of flat rolled ferrous and nonferrous products.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification covers hot-wrought and cold-finished quenched and tempered alloy steel bars. The steel materials shall be melt processed by using open-heart, basic oxygen, or electric furnace and shall conform to the austenitic grain size requirement. Tension tests shall be performed wherein the steel specimens shall conform to the required values of yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation.1.1 This specification covers hot-wrought and cold-finished quenched and tempered alloy steel bars.1.2 Hot-wrought bars are available in three strength level classes designated BB, BC, and BD, and cold-finished bars in two strength level classes designated BB and BC. The bars are available in the conditions specified in 4.4 subject to the size limitations shown.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 When applied in the case in which there is no test item in the vacuum chamber (such as during bake-out operations), this procedure may be used to evaluate the performance of the vacuum chamber in relation to other data from the same or other chambers given that critical parameters (for example, length of exposure, temperature of the chamber and cold finger, anisotropy, and so forth) can be related.5.2 The procedure can be used to evaluate the effects of materials found in the residue on items placed in the vacuum chamber.5.3 The procedure can be used to describe the effect of a prior test on the residual gases within a vacuum chamber.5.4 By selecting the time at which the coolant is introduced into the cold finger, the environment present during a selected portion of a test can be characterized. This can be used to determine the relative efficacy of certain vacuum chamber procedures such as bake-out.5.5 The procedure may be used to define the outgassed products of a test item that condense on the cold finger.5.6 The procedure may be used in defining the relative cleanliness of a vacuum chamber.5.7 In applying the results of the procedure to the vacuum chamber in general, consideration must be given to the anisotropy of the molecular fluxes within the chamber.5.8 The procedure is sensitive to both the partial pressures of the gases that form the condensibles and the time of exposure of the cold finger at coolant temperatures.5.9 The procedure is sensitive to any losses of sample that may occur during the various transfer operations and during that procedure wherein the solvent is evaporated by heating it on a steam bath.NOTE 1: Reactions between solvent and condensate can occur and would affect the analysis.1.1 This practice covers a technique for collecting samples of materials that are part of the residual gas environment of an evacuated vacuum chamber. The practice uses a device designated as a “cold finger” that is placed within the environment to be sampled and is cooled so that constituents of the environment are retained on the cold-finger surface.1.2 The practice covers a method for obtaining a sample from the cold finger and determining the weight of the material removed from the cold finger.1.3 The practice contains recommendations as to ways in which the sample may be analyzed to identify the constituents that comprise the sample.1.4 By determining the species that constitute the sample, the practice may be used to assist in defining the source of the constituents and whether the sample is generally representative of samples similarly obtained from the vacuum chamber itself.1.5 This practice covers alternative approaches and usages to which the practice can be put.1.6 The degree of molecular flux anisotropy significantly affects the assurance with which one can attribute characteristics determined by this procedure to the vacuum chamber environment in general.1.7 The temperature of the cold finger significantly affects the quantity and species of materials collected.1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the standard requirements for semi-processed cold-rolled magnetic lamination quality steels. These steels shall be made by the basic-oxygen or electric-furnace method and shall be processed by hot rolling, pickling, cold rolling, annealing, and temper rolling. Magnetic lamination steels shall have low-carbon contents and may have manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and aluminum additions to enhance punchability and to improve magnetic characteristics by increasing the electrical resistivity. There are no fixed chemical requirements for these steels only the requirement to meet the specified magnetic properties. These steels must be heat treated by the user to develop the specified magnetic properties. This specification covered steels with thicknesses of 0.0185 in. ( 0.47 mm), 0.022 in. (0.56 mm), 0.025 in. (0.64 mm), 0.028 in. (0.71 mm) and 0.031 in. (0.79 mm). For a given thickness there are three or more core loss types distinguished by maximum allowable core loss after a specified quality development anneal. Magnetic testing shall be done after the specified quality development anneal and shall use the Epstein test method. Magnetic testing shall be done at a test frequency of 60 Hz and a maximum flux density of 15 kG (1.5 T). Test methods to determine the magnetic and mechanical properties are listed. Other typical magnetic and physical properties are listed for reference. 1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled carbon sheet steel used for magnetic applications. These products, commonly called “cold-rolled magnetic lamination steel” (CRML) are usually intended for applications in which the stamped laminations or assembled core structures for electrical equipment are annealed to develop the desired core loss and permeability characteristics. 1.2 This steel is produced to maximum specific core-loss values and is intended primarily for commercial power frequency (50- and 60-Hz) applications in magnetic devices. Specific core-loss and permeability characteristics in conformance with this specification are developed through heat treatment by the user. 1.3 Non-guaranteed core-loss types, usually made to controlled chemical compositions, are available but are not covered by this specification. 1.4 Higher quality core-loss types are low carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys containing up to about 2.5 % silicon and less than 1 % aluminum. These steels are usually given a critical reduction on a temper-mill to yield specified magnetic properties after a suitable lamination anneal. These products, typically called semiprocessed magnetic lamination steel, are classified by the ASTM Code Letter D in accordance with Practice A664. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers round, cold-drawn, steel spring wire having properties and quality intended for the manufacture of the following types of upholstery springs:1.1.1 Type A—Coiled (Marshall pack),1.1.2 Type B—Coiled and knotted,1.1.3 Type C—Coiled and knotted (offset style),1.1.4 Type D—Coiled and hooked (single and cross helicals),1.1.5 Type E—Coiled and hooked (short tension—regular tensile strength),1.1.6 Type F—Coiled and hooked (short tension—high tensile strength),1.1.7 Type G—Regular lacing,1.1.8 Type H—Automatic lacing,1.1.9 Type I—Zig-zag (U-formed),1.1.10 Type J—Square-formed, and1.1.11 Type K—Sinuous for furniture spring units.1.2 These types of upholstery springs are used in the manufacture of automotive seat springs, furniture springs, bed spring units, mattresses, furniture cushions, and automobile seats. This wire is not intended for the manufacture of mechanical springs.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

3.1 These tests are useful in sampling and testing combinations of modified bitumen sheet materials used with cold-applied adhesives.1.1 These test methods cover the procedure for sampling and testing the strength of laps formed with adhesive used with polymer-modified bituminous sheet materials.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This guide describes the use of a high solids content, cold liquid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membrane subject to intermittent hydrostatic pressure in a waterproofing system intended for installation on cast-in-place concrete vertical surfaces. Typical uses for these systems include planters and foundation walls with drainage system and others. The major components to be considered for a below grade building wall waterproofing system are the structural wall or substrate to be waterproofed, waterproofing membrane, membrane protection, and drainage system. The following considerations are detailed: (1) compatibility; (2) continuity; (3) substrate: strength, density and moisture content, admixtures, release and curing agents, finish, dryness, and joints; (4) waterproofing membrane: adhesion to substrate, terminations, and penetrations; (5) treatment and design of reinforced, unreinforced, and expansion joints; (6) protection course: impact resistance, compatibility, ancillary provisions, thermal insulation, and drainage composites; and (7) drainage system: drainage course, backfill, and drainage pipes. Illustrations of footing, treatment of vertical corners, and pipe penetration for the waterproofing system and treatment of reinforced and unreinforced joints are given.1.1 This guide describes the use of a high solids content, cold liquid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membrane that meets the performance criteria specified in Specification C836/C836M, subject to intermittent hydrostatic pressure in a waterproofing system intended for installation on vertical cast-in-place concrete surfaces.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers cold-mixed, cold-laid and recycled cold-mixed, cold-laid bituminous paving mixtures for base, binder, leveling, and surface courses. The following shall conform to the specified requirements: coarse and fine aggregates, mineral filler, bitumen, and composition of bituminous paving mixtures. The equipment for mixing shall be one of the following: central plant, travel plant, and grand or drag. The mixing operations are detailed and includes: (1) aggregate storage, (2) old bituminous pavement, (3) preparation of bitumen, (4) preparation and handling of mineral aggregates, (5) preparation and handling of bitumen aggregates for recycling, (6) preparation of mixture, and (7) mixing plant inspection. The tests methods that shall be used to determine the properties are sieve analysis of aggregates, sieve analysis of mineral filler, determination of bitumen content, specific gravity of coarse aggregate, specific gravity of coarse aggregate, plasticity index, and percentage of coated particles.1.1 This specification covers cold-mixed, cold-laid and recycled cold-mixed, cold-laid asphalt paving mixtures for base, binder, leveling, and surface courses.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers cold-formed electric resistance or electric induction welded carbon structural steel tubing in round, square, rectangular, or special shapes that are zinc-coated (galvanized) on the exterior surface only, in continuous coating lines by the hot-dip process. The tubing can be manufactured from hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel. This product is intended for applications where corrosion resistance and mechanical properties are required. This product is available in several zinc coating weights [masses], strengths, and chemical compositions.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system is to be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oils correlates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS apparent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flow to the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Engine cranking data were measured by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) L-495 test with reference oils that had viscosities between 600 mPa·s and 8400 mPa·s (cP) at –17.8 °C and between 2000 mPa·s and 20 000 mPa·s (cP) at –28.9 °C. The detailed relationship between this engine cranking data and CCS apparent viscosities is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the 1967 T edition of Test Method D26026 and CRC Report 409.5 Because the CRC L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than the CCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accurately predict the engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specific engine. However, the correlation of CCS apparent viscosity with average CRC L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.5.2 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosity and engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between –1 °C and –40 °C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (SAE grades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineral oil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.75.3 A correlation was established in a low temperature engine performance study between light duty engine startability and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten 1990s engines at temperatures ranging from –5 °C down to –40 °C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, and 25W).85.4 The measurement of the cranking viscosity of base stocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use in engine oil formulations. A significant number of the calibration oils for this method are base stocks that could be used in engine oil formulations.1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –10 °C and –35 °C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 Pa to 100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 105 to 104 s–1 for viscosities of approximately 900 mPa·s to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by this method are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix X2.1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the cold-cranking simulator.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车