This test method is used to measure the relative bond strength of roller-compacted concrete to other roller-compacted concrete by using a point load test at the joint (See Note 1). Relative bond strength is determined using drilled cores or cast cylindrical specimens in which the bond surface is essentially normal to the longitudinal axis at approximately the mid-length of the specimen. A splitting tensile stress normal to the bond surface is produced by applying a point load at the joint. The test results in a value that can be compared to that obtained by testing other specimens which are made from the same materials and by the same process. Results can be used for the purpose of comparing the relative bond strength of various joint conditions, joint treatments, or bonding materials applied to the joint. The test results are not to be taken as a true bond strength. Values of cohesion or tensile strength shall be determined by methods other than this test method. This test method may be used either for laboratory investigation by casting individual composite cylinders or by coring prototype structures or assemblies (Test Method C42/C42M). Note 1—This test may be used for testing the relative bond of other hardened hydraulic cement-based materials other than RCC. 1.1 This test method is intended for testing roller-compacted concrete specimens and covers determination of the relative bond between layers of roller-compacted concrete or other hardened concrete in multiple-lift forms of construction. It is applicable to all types of layered roller-compacted concrete where the total depth is sufficient to meet the minimum specimen length and diameter requirements of this test method. This test method is not intended to provide tensile strength results of the material tested. 1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method is based upon the stereological principle that a grid with a number of regularly arrayed points, when systematically placed over an image of a two-dimensional section through the microstructure, can provide, after a representative number of placements on different fields, an unbiased statistical estimation of the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase (1, 2, 3).35.2 This test method has been described (4) as being superior to other manual methods with regard to effort, bias, and simplicity.5.3 Any number of clearly distinguishable constituents or phases within a microstructure (or macrostructure) can be counted using the method. Thus, the method can be applied to any type of solid material from which adequate two-dimensional sections can be prepared and observed.5.4 A condensed step-by-step guide for using the method is given in Annex A1.1.1 This test method describes a systematic manual point counting procedure for statistically estimating the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase from sections through the microstructure by means of a point grid.1.2 The use of automatic image analysis to determine the volume fraction of constituents is described in Practice E1245.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The test results represent the afterflame and afterglow times, in seconds, for a material under the conditions of the test.5.2 The afterflame and afterglow times and other burning phenomena will vary with thickness. Test data shall only be compared with data for material of the same comparable thickness.5.3 The effect of material thickness, colors, additives, deterioration, and possible loss of volatile components is measurable.5.4 The results serve as a reference for comparing the relative performance of materials and can be an aid in material selection.5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it will not always be possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test exposure conditions described in this test method.1.1 This fire-test-response test methods describe small-scale laboratory procedures for determining the comparative burning characteristics of solid plastic materials that, due to specimen thinness and nonrigidity, distort, shrink, and/or are consumed up to holding clamp when tested using Test Method D3801. A flame is applied to the base of specimens held in a vertical position and the extinguishing times are determined upon removal of the test flame.1.2 The classification system described in Appendix X1 is intended for quality assurance and the preselection of component materials for products.1.3 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.NOTE 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 9773, IEC 60695-11-10, and UL 94 (Section 11).NOTE 2: For rate of burning of nonrigid solid plastics in a horizontal position, formerly Test Method B of this test method, see Test Method D635.1.4 This test method is not intended to cover plastics when used as materials for building construction or finishing.1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 6.1.1.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the traction of footwear on painted walkway surfaces under both dry and wet conditions in the laboratory and the field.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.3 This test method does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Bulk relative density (specific gravity) is the characteristic generally used for calculation of the volume occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing aggregate including Portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute volume basis. Bulk relative density (specific gravity) is used in the computation of voids in aggregate in C1252 and C29/C29M. Bulk relative density (specific gravity) determined on the saturated surface dry (SSD) basis is used if the aggregate is wet, that is, if its absorption has been satisfied. Conversely, the bulk relative density (specific gravity) determined on the oven-dry basis is used for computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed to be dry.4.2 Apparent relative density (specific gravity) pertains to the relative density of the solid material making up the constituent particles not including the pore space within the particles that is accessible to water. This value is not widely used in construction aggregate technology.4.3 Water absorption values are used to calculate the change in the mass of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore spaces within the constituent particles, compared to the dry condition, when it is deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with water long enough to satisfy most of the absorption potential. The laboratory standard for absorption is that obtained after submerging dry aggregate for approximately 24 hours in water. Aggregates mined from below the water table may have a higher absorption when used, if not allowed to dry. Conversely, some aggregates when used may contain an amount of absorbed moisture less than the 24 hours soaked condition: For an aggregate that has been in contact with water and that had free moisture on the particle surface, the percentage of free moisture can be determined by deducting the absorption from the total moisture content determined according to C566 by drying.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of fine aggregates.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 It has been industry practice to claim the capacity of a skimmer based on the rate of the discharge pump (which are typically rated using water as a test fluid) or other arbitrary methods.4.2 End users need a test methodology that evaluates optimum performance data for planning and selection of equipment.4.3 This test method will assist producers and other stakeholders to verify and accurately report skimmer system performance.4.4 This test method is specifically designed to quantify two key skimmer performance values, to reduce testing costs, and to encourage industry wide performance standardization.4.5 This test method establishes test conditions that will result in a measured nameplate recovery rate and an indication of the combination of test parameters (oil type, viscosity, operating speed) that result in the highest average performance for the tested skimmer system.4.6 This test method will validate the performance of the discharge pump in the skimmer system, under conditions that are typical of a recovery operation. Specifically, this will include a modest imposed head pressure composed of static head and dynamic friction losses due to a specified length of discharge hose.4.7 This test method encourages performance testing using two or more oils for comparison purposes.4.8 Tests shall be conducted under well-documented conditions and generate repeatable results. More detailed testing and collection of skimmer performance is covered under existing standards (for example, Guide F631).4.9 Testing (SL Ross 2007)3 has shown that, when water is present, recovery performance in slick thicknesses ranging from 50 mm to 75 mm results in values comparable to significantly thicker slicks. This may not be the case with high-rate skimmers in viscous oil, where the rate of oil recovery exceeds the rate at which the slick will flow to the skimmer mechanism.4.10 For skimming systems that include various options for the discharge pump, the test described in this test method may be used to measure the performance of the skimming component of the system. Performance of the pumping component can be measured independently using the same viscosity of oil and the discharge head conditions noted in this test method. The measured nameplate recovery rate of any specified skimming component and pump combination would be the lesser of the skimming component and the pump.1.1 This test method defines a method and measurement criteria to quantify the performance of a stationary skimmer in ideal conditions in support of a device’s nameplate recovery rate (capacity). If a determination of a skimmer’s capabilities in realistic conditions (that is, advancing or waves) is required, testing should be performed according to Guide F631 or equivalent.1.2 This test method includes the option of testing to determine recovery efficiency.1.3 This test method and parameters are intended to provide ideal recovery conditions allowing the skimmer system to operate and collect oil at its maximum possible recovery rate. Given ideal conditions, inherent mechanical and physical attributes of the system become the limiting factors.1.4 This test method is intended to identify limitations of the skimmer system, such as performance of the skimming mechanism, the flow of oil within the skimmer and sump, the pump characteristics, and typical discharge head conditions.1.5 It is accepted that the measured nameplate recovery rate as determined by this test method will not likely be achievable under actual conditions of a spill. The measured nameplate recovery rate should be used in conjunction with a de-rating factor to account for such issues as changing encounter rate, changes in other recovery conditions, changes in oil properties and slick thickness, number of daylight hours, operator downtime, less than ideal control of skimmer settings, and inclement weather.1.6 This test method involves the use of specific test oils that may be considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility of the user of this test method to procure and abide by necessary permits and regulations for the use and disposal of test oil.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Purchasers of polymer-modified asphalt need guidelines on proper storage and handling procedures to maintain the integrity of material they have purchased. This practice provides a significant tool for understanding the characteristics of these materials as well as comparing various sources of supply.NOTE 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This practice describes a laboratory procedure for determining the tendency of polymer to separate from polymer-modified asphalt under static heated storage conditions. The results of testing on material prepared according to this practice may be used as a guideline when formulating products or to establish field handling procedures. Large differences in test results between top and bottom specimens indicate that there is a degree of incompatibility between the polymer and the base asphalt.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetric measurements provide a rapid, simple method for determining specific heat capacities of materials, even under quasi-isothermal conditions.5.2 Specific heat capacities are important for design purposes, quality control, and research and development.5.3 The use of a stepped quasi-isothermal program may be used to follow structure changes in materials.1.1 This test method describes the determination of specific heat capacity by modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry. For the determination of specific heat capacity by a step-isothermal or multiple step-isothermal temperature program, the reader is referred to Test Method E1269.1.2 This test method is generally applicable to thermally stable solids and liquids.1.3 The normal operating range of the test is from (–100 to 600) °C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and specimen holders used.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The ATL value is used to set the break-away strength of a weak-link device, or to set other equipment used to limit pulling force during pull-in installation of polyethylene gas pipe, or to determine if pulling equipment can exert pulling force greater than the ATL value for the polyethylene gas pipe being installed.4.2 The ATL value is determined before gas pipe installation.1.1 This practice provides a means to determine an allowable tensile load (ATL) value for a polyethylene gas pipe that is to be installed underground using methods that pull the pipe into a trench (cut or plowed), bore hole, casing pipe, or the like. The ATL value takes into account pipe size, tensile yield strength, pipe temperature, and pulling load duration.1.2 The ATL is used to set the break-away strength for a “weak-link” device, or as a limit setting for other devices that control the maximum pulling force exerted by equipment used to pull polyethylene gas pipe into an underground location, or to determine if pulling equipment can exert pulling force greater than the ATL value for the gas pipe being installed. A weak-link device is installed where the pipe pulling equipment is connected to the polyethylene gas pipe. If pulling load exceeds the ATL limit, the device de-couples the pipe from the pulling equipment. Other measures or equipment that limit the pulling force on the pipe are also used. When the ATL value is compared to the pulling force developed by the pull-in installation equipment and equipment cannot exert pulling force greater than the ATL value, a weak-link or other device for limiting the pulling force is not necessary.1.3 This practice does not address weak-link device design or requirements, nor does it address the design or requirements for other equipment or procedures used to limit the pulling force applied to polyethylene gas pipe during pull-in installation.1.4 This practice does not address installation methods or procedures employed for pull-in of polyethylene gas pipe. The appropriate design (safety) factor for calculation of the ATL) is indicated in “Note 3”.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice uses clinical radiographs of the hip joint of a patient that has received a total hip replacement to measure the combined effect of plastic deformation and wear at the articular interface which results in three-dimensional displacements of the femoral head into the acetabular component.4.2 This practice addresses the validation of the various computational methods available for measuring the magnitude of creep/wear accruing at the articular surface of THRs.4.3 This practice addresses the type of radiographic projections needed for an analysis as well as general radiographic parameters needed for obtaining high quality films.4.4 This practice addresses the criterion for evaluating clinical radiographs for inclusion in a study.4.5 This practice addresses the conversion of radiographic images to the appropriate digital format needed for the various computer-assisted computational methods.1.1 This practice provides guidance for the measurement of the relative displacement of the femoral head and acetabular component that result from wear and deformation occurring at the articular interface of a total hip replacement from sequential clinical radiographs.1.2 This practice is primarily intended for use in evaluating patients receiving THRs composed of a polyethylene acetabular component articulating against a metal or ceramic femoral head.1.3 So-called hard-on-hard articulations such as metal-on-metal and ceramic-on-ceramic THRs are not intended to be directly addressed.1.4 This practice will focus on computer-assisted computational methodologies for measuring relative displacements over time but not to the exclusion of other methodologies.1.5 This practice describes methods for conducting a radiographic wear/creep study utilizing various computational methods and is not intended to promote or endorse a particular method.1.6 It is not the intent of this practice to provide detailed instructions in the use of the various computational methods, which is contained in the respective user manuals.1.7 It is the intent of this practice to enable comparisons of relative displacements occurring in groups of patients receiving different formulations of bearing materials. It must be recognized, however, that there are many possible variations in the in vivo conditions. A single clinical study may not be universally representative.1.8 This practice is not intended to be a performance standard. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to characterize the safety and effectiveness of the prosthesis under evaluation.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, with the exception of angular measurements, which may be reported in either degrees or radians. Additionally, pixel density may also be reported in imperial units.1.10 The use of this standard may involve the operation of potentially hazardous radiographic equipment and does not purport to address the safety precautions associated with radiography. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to define and establish appropriate safety practices. The standard does not determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to operating radiographic equipment.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Defacement of paint and coating films by algal growth is a common phenomenon under certain conditions. It is generally known that differences in the environment, lighting, temperature, substrate, and other factors in addition to the coating composition affect the susceptibility of a given painted surface. This test method attempts to provide a means to comparatively evaluate different coating formulations for their relative performance under a given set of conditions. It does not imply that a coating that resists growth under these conditions will necessarily resist growth in the actual application.4.2 Familiarity with microbiological techniques is required. This test method should not be used by persons without at least basic microbiological training.1.1 This test method covers an accelerated method for determining the relative resistance of a paint or coating film to algal growth.NOTE 1: It is hoped that a ranking of relative performance would be similar to that ranked from outdoor exposures. However, this test method should not be used as a replacement for exterior exposure since many other factors, only a few of which are listed will affect those results.NOTE 2: ASTM weathering standards are no longer referenced in this document, but Practices D822, D4141, D4587, D5031, and D6695 are commonly used.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The complex shear modulus is an indicator of the stiffness or resistance of asphalt binder to deformation under load. The phase angle is a measure of the relative portion of the response to an applied load that is elastic (recoverable) or viscous (nonrecoverable).5.2 The test procedure is applicable to measurements in the linear region where the measured modulus and phase angle are independent of the amplitude of the strain.5.3 The complex modulus and the phase angle are used to calculate performance-related criteria in accordance with Specification D6373 or D8239.NOTE 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the complex shear modulus and phase angle of asphalt binders when tested in dynamic (oscillatory) shear using parallel plate geometry.1.2 This test method is intended for determining the linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt binders as required for specification testing and is not intended as a comprehensive procedure for the full characterization of the viscoelastic properties of asphalt binder.1.3 This standard is appropriate for unaged asphalt binder, conditioned asphalt binder, and asphalt binder recovered from either asphalt mixtures or asphalt emulsions. To keep the language in this standard precise, the term “asphalt binder” is used to refer to the material being tested.1.4 This procedure is limited to asphalt binders that contain particles with largest dimension less than 250 μm.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and EPA’s website— www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, into your state may be prohibited by state law.1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The activation spectrum identifies the spectral region(s) of the specific exposure source used that may be primarily responsible for changes in appearance and/or physical properties of the material.4.2 The spectrographic technique uses a prism or grating spectrograph to determine the effect on the material of isolated narrow spectral bands of the light source, each in the absence of other wavelengths.4.3 The sharp cut-on filter technique uses a specially designed set of sharp cut-on UV/visible transmitting glass filters to determine the relative actinic effects of individual spectral bands of the light source during simultaneous exposure to wavelengths longer than the spectral band of interest.4.4 Both the spectrographic and filter techniques provide activation spectra, but they differ in several respects:4.4.1 The spectrographic technique generally provides better resolution since it determines the effects of narrower spectral portions of the light source than the filter technique.4.4.2 The filter technique is more representative of the polychromatic radiation to which samples are normally exposed with different, and sometimes antagonistic, photochemical processes often occurring simultaneously. However, since the filters only transmit wavelengths longer than the cut-on wavelength of each filter, antagonistic processes by wavelengths shorter than the cut-on are eliminated.4.4.3 In the filter technique, separate specimens are used to determine the effect of the spectral bands and the specimens are sufficiently large for measurement of both mechanical and optical changes. In the spectrographic technique, except in the case of spectrographs as large as the Okazaki type (1),4 a single small specimen is used to determine the relative effects of all the spectral bands. Thus, property changes are limited to those that can be measured on very small sections of the specimen.4.5 The information provided by activation spectra on the spectral region of the light source responsible for the degradation in theory has application to stabilization as well as to stability testing of polymeric materials (2).4.5.1 Activation spectra based on exposure of the unstabilized material to solar radiation identify the light screening requirements and thus the type of ultraviolet absorber to use for optimum screening protection. The closer the match of the absorption spectrum of a UV absorber to the activation spectrum of the material, the more effective the screening. However, a good match of the UV absorption spectrum of the UV absorber to the activation spectrum does not necessarily assure adequate protection since it is not the only criteria for selecting an effective UV absorber. Factors such as dispersion, compatibility, migration and others can have a significant influence on the effectiveness of a UV absorber (see Note 3). The activation spectrum must be determined using a light source that simulates the spectral power distribution of the one to which the material will be exposed under use conditions.NOTE 3: In a study by ASTM G03.01, the activation spectrum of a copolyester based on exposure to borosilicate glass-filtered xenon arc radiation predicted that UV absorber A would be superior to UV absorber B in outdoor use because of stronger absorption of the harmful wavelengths of solar simulated radiation. However, both additives protected the copolyester to the same extent when exposed either to xenon arc radiation or outdoors.4.5.2 Comparison of the activation spectrum of the stabilized with that of the unstabilized material provides information on the completeness of screening and identifies any spectral regions that are not adequately screened.4.5.3 Comparison of the activation spectrum of a material based on solar radiation with those based on exposure to other types of light sources provides information useful in selection of the appropriate artificial test source. An adequate match of the harmful wavelengths of solar radiation by the latter is required to simulate the effects of outdoor exposure. Differences between the natural and artificial source in the wavelengths that cause degradation can result in different mechanisms and type of degradation.4.5.4 Published data have shown that better correlations can be obtained between natural weathering tests under different seasonal conditions when exposures are timed in terms of solar UV radiant exposure only rather than total solar radiant exposure. Timing exposures based on only the portion of the UV identified by the activation spectrum to be harmful to the material can further improve correlations. However, while it is an improvement over the way exposures are currently timed, it does not take into consideration the effect of moisture and temperature.4.6 Over a long test period, the activation spectrum will register the effect of the different spectral power distributions caused by lamp or filter aging or daily or seasonal variation in solar radiation.4.7 In theory, activation spectra may vary with differences in sample temperature. However, similar activation spectra have been obtained at ambient temperature (by the spectrographic technique) and at about 65 °C (by the filter technique) using the same type of radiation source.1.1 This practice describes the determination of the relative actinic effects of individual spectral bands of an exposure source on a material. The activation spectrum is specific to the light source to which the material is exposed to obtain the activation spectrum. A light source with a different spectral power distribution will produce a different activation spectrum.1.2 This practice describes two procedures for determining an activation spectrum. One uses sharp cut-on UV/visible transmitting filters and the other uses a spectrograph to determine the relative degradation caused by individual spectral regions.NOTE 1: Other techniques can be used to isolate the effects of individual spectral bands of a light source, for example, interference filters.1.3 The techniques are applicable to determination of the spectral effects of solar radiation and laboratory accelerated test devices on a material. They are described for the UV region, but can be extended into the visible region using different cut-on filters and appropriate spectrographs.1.4 The techniques are applicable to a variety of materials, both transparent and opaque, including plastics, paints, inks, textiles and others.1.5 The optical and/or physical property changes in a material can be determined by various appropriate methods. The methods of evaluation are beyond the scope of this practice.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 2: There is no ISO standard that is equivalent to this standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The purpose of an interlaboratory evaluation, as defined in this guide, is to determine the variability of results obtained in different laboratories on equivalent equipment using a prescribed test method.3.2 The definitions of statistical terms used in this guide are contained in Terminology E456.1.1 This guide covers a simplified statistical procedure for planning and conducting interlaboratory evaluations of test methods.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The primary function of a hydraulic fluid is to transmit power. This practice provides uniform guidelines for comparing fluids in terms of their power-transmitting abilities as reflected in their effect on hydraulic system or component efficiency and productivity.5.2 Practical advantages of enhanced hydraulic system efficiency may include increased productivity (faster machine cycle time), reduced power consumption (electricity or fuel), and reduced environmental impact (lower emissions).5.3 Differences in fluid performance may be relatively small. Consequently, it is essential that the necessary experimental controls are implemented to ensure consistency in operating conditions and duty cycle when comparing the energy efficiency of different hydraulic fluid formulations.5.4 This practice implies no evaluation of hydraulic fluid quality other than its effect on hydraulic system efficiency.1.1 This practice covers all types and grades of hydraulic fluids.1.2 This practice is applicable to both laboratory and field evaluations.1.3 This practice provides guidelines for conducting hydraulic fluid evaluations. It does not prescribe a specific efficiency test methodology.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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