5.1 This is a quick method used for the determination of the approximate yarn number of short-length specimens taken from packages or fabrics.5.2 Because any error present in the reported length of the specimen is multiplied many times when calculating the theoretical yarn number using Eq 2 or Eq 3, it is extremely important that the length be measured as precisely as practicable.5.3 For the analysis of fabrics, this test method is adequate for estimating the approximate yarn number of the yarn used to weave or knit the fabric, but the results obtained by this test method may not agree with the nominal yarn number of the yarns actually used to make the fabric because of the changes in the yarn number produced by the weaving or knitting operations, the finishing treatments, and the dissecting operations. This test method is suitable for the evaluation of yarns as they occur in the finished fabric, when that information is needed.5.4 The yarn number obtained from the lengths taken from packages should not be expected to agree exactly with the values obtained by the use of the more precise methods of determining the yarn number included in Test Method D1907. If a sufficient number of consecutive specimens were tested, however, a close agreement with Option 1 of Test Method D1907 can be expected.5.5 This test method is designed to measure the yarn number of the single yarns present as a component of a plied yarn and the yarn number of the original single yarns used to produce a high twist yarn for a crepe fabric.5.6 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing because of the short lengths used. In some cases, the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.5.6.1 In such a case, if there is disagreement arising from the differences in values reported by the purchaser and supplier when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with each comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the yarn number of all types of cotton, woolen, worsted, and man-made fiber yarns taken from packages; or from any textile fabrics in which the yarns are intact and can be removed in measurable lengths. The test method is not applicable to yarns taken from napped or cut pile fabrics. Because this test method is based on short-length specimens, the results should only be considered as approximations of yarn number.NOTE 1: For a more precise procedure for the determination of yarn number, refer to Test Method D1907.NOTE 2: The following additional methods for the determination of yarn number have been approved for yarns made from specific fibers: Specification D541, D578, and D681.1.2 This test method is applicable to yarns which stretch less than 5 % when tension on yarn is increased from 0.25 to 0.75 cN/tex (0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex). By mutual agreement it may be adapted to yarns which stretch more than 5 % by use of tension lower than that specified in the method for elastomers or use of tension higher than that specified in the method to pull the crimp out of textured yarns.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method gives the rubber technologist two means to evaluate the effect of liquids on rubber vulcanizates or rubbery materials. Volatile, nonvolatile, and other liquids that require pressure to maintain a liquid state may be used. Data obtained on rubbery materials exposed to liquids by this method may be used to predict their behavior in applications involving similar exposure. These changes in length have been found to be useful for specifications but do not necessarily indicate changes for design purposes.1.1 This test method covers a technique to measure the effect of immersion liquids on rubber vulcanizates or rubbery materials. Change in specimen geometry and dimensions are observed through the transparent walls of the tube containing the specimen immersed in the liquid. Although it may be employed with any liquid, it is especially applicable to liquids that are so volatile that they must be maintained under pressure during the period of immersion.1.2 This test method differs from Test Method D471 in that volume changes are approximated from observed dimensional changes rather than being calculated directly.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method can be used to determine the fiber length and length distribution of staple fibers of 100 mm (4 in.) or less, using the Fiber Length Measuring Unit AL-101. It includes determination of the fiber length parameters for loose fibers, carded slivers, drawn slivers, finisher slivers, combed slivers, and roving. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.1.

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3.1 This test method provides a means of assessing the sulfate resistance of mortars made using portland cement, blends of portland cement with pozzolans or slags, and blended hydraulic cements. Test Method C452 is suitable for evaluating portland cements but not blended cements or blends of portland cement with pozzolans or slags.3.2 The standard exposure solution used in this test method, unless otherwise directed, contains 352 moles of Na2SO4 per m3 (50 g/L). Other sulfate concentrations or other sulfates such as MgSO4 may be used to simulate the environmental exposure of interest. Further discussion of these and other technical issues is given in the Appendix.1.1 This test method covers the determination of length change of mortar bars immersed in a sulfate solution. Mortar bars made using mortar described in Test Method C109/C109M are cured until they attain a compressive strength of 20.0 ± 1.0 MPa [3000 ± 150 psi], as measured using cubes made of the same mortar, before the bars are immersed.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used for research, development, quality control, product specifications, and may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fibers. However, caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision is lacking. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for upaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 This test method provides objective measurements for determining the average fiber length and length distribution in a sample of fiber.5.3 The staple length diagram of a fiber sample can be used to determine the relative number of fibers above and below a specified length. If a fiber is too long, it will not process well in spinning, and if there is a preponderance of short fibers, the yarn might have lower than normal breaking strength.1.1 This test method covers the determination of average staple length and staple length distribution of both manufactured and natural fibers by manually measuring single fiber lengths. This test method is also used to measure the length of fibers removed from a staple yarn, but such a measurement may not represent the fiber's staple length, as manufactured.1.2 Because this test method requires measuring the length of only 50 fibers, it is not suitable for use in determining the number of long fibers that occur infrequently in a sample.NOTE 1: For determination for overlength fibers, refer to Test Method D3513.NOTE 2: For methods covering the determination of the average length and length distribution of natural fibers, refer to the following methods: for cotton, Test Method D1440, and Test Method D1447, for wool, Test Method D519, Test Method D1234, and Test Method D1575.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 29 CFR 1910.1000, Subpart Z, designates that certain gases and vapors present in work place atmospheres must be controlled so that their concentrations do not exceed specified limits. Other countries have similar regulations.5.2 This practice will provide a means for the measurement of airborne concentrations of certain gases and vapors listed in 29 CFR 1910.1000 and in other countries’ regulations.5.3 A partial list of chemicals for which this practice is applicable is presented in Appendix X1 with current National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit (REL) values (2) and typical measurement ranges for the selected chemicals as obtained from various manufacturer’s specifications. This list is for guidance purposes only; the user of this practice is responsible for determining the applicability of commercially available tubes to specific exposure limits.5.4 This practice may be used for either personal or area monitoring.1.1 This practice describes the detection and measurement of time weighted average (TWA) concentrations of toxic gases or vapors using length-of-stain colorimetric dosimeter tubes. A list of some of the gases and vapors that can be detected by this practice is provided in Appendix X1. This list is given as a guide and should be considered neither absolute nor complete.1.2 Length-of-stain colorimetric dosimeters work by diffusional sampling. The results are immediately available by visual observation; thus no auxiliary sampling, test, nor analysis equipment are needed. The dosimeters, therefore, are extremely simple to use and very cost effective.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is intended to provide standard requirements for apparatus common to many test methods used in connection with cement and concrete and standardized procedures for its use. The detailed requirements as to materials, mixtures, specimens, conditioning of specimens, number of specimens, ages at which measurements are to be made, interpretation of results, and precision and bias are left to be dealt with in specific test methods.1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the apparatus and equipment used to prepare specimens for the determination of length change in hardened cement paste, mortar, and concrete, the apparatus and equipment used for the determination of these length changes, and the procedures for its use.1.2 Methods for the preparation and curing of test specimens, conditions of testing and curing, and detailed procedures for calculating and reporting test results are contained in applicable test methods.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method provides two procedures for determining the length of a core obtained in accordance with either Test Method C42/C42M or Test Method C1604/C1604M. This length is used in conjunction with condition surveys, density and voids analysis, and other applications.4.2 This procedure does not intend to include in the length measurement adhered particles not part of the concrete mixture.4.3 Test Method C174/C174M also determines the length of concrete cores using a different measuring apparatus and procedure.NOTE 1: Test Method C174/C174M uses an apparatus that establishes two parallel planes a known distance apart. The length of the core is determined by calculation using the known distance between the two parallel planes and the measured distance from the upper plane to the top of the core.1.1 This test method is used to determine the length of a core drilled from concrete.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Alkali-silica reaction is a chemical interaction between some siliceous constituents of concrete aggregates and hydroxyl ions (1).5 The concentration of hydroxyl ion within the concrete is predominantly controlled by the concentration of sodium and potassium (2).4.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the potential of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag to expand deleteriously due to any form of alkali-silica reactivity (3, 4).4.3 If testing an aggregate with pozzolan or slag, the results are used to establish minimum amounts of the specific pozzolan or slag needed to prevent deleterious expansion. Pozzolan or slag from a specific source can be tested individually or in combination with pozzolan or slag from other sources.4.4 When selecting a sample or deciding on the number of samples for test, it is important to recognize the variability in lithology of material from a given source, whether a deposit of sand, gravel, or a rock formation of any origin. For specific advice, see Guide C295/C295M.4.5 This test method is intended for evaluating the behavior of aggregates in concrete with an alkali (alkali metal oxide) content of 5.25 kg/m3 [8.85 lb/yd3] or in concrete containing pozzolan or slag with an alkali content proportionally reduced from 5.25 kg/m3 [8.85 lb/yd3] Na2O equivalent by the amount of pozzolan or slag replacing portland cement or portland-limestone cement. This test method assesses the potential for deleterious expansion of concrete caused by alkali-silica reaction, of either coarse or fine aggregates, from tests performed under prescribed laboratory curing conditions that will probably differ from field conditions. Thus, actual field performance will not be duplicated due to differences in concrete alkali content, wetting and drying, temperature, other factors, or combinations of these (5).4.6 Results of tests conducted on an aggregate as described herein should form a part of the basis for a decision as to whether precautions should be taken against excessive expansion due to alkali-silica reaction. For interpretation of test results, refer to Guide C1778.4.7 If the expansions in this test method are greater than the limit shown in Guide C1778, the aggregate or combination of aggregate with the tested amount of pozzolan or slag is potentially alkali-reactive. Supplemental information should be developed to confirm that the expansion is actually due to alkali-silica reaction. Petrographic examination of the concrete prisms should be conducted after the test using Practice C856/C856M to confirm that known reactive constituents are present and to identify the products of alkali-silica reactivity. Confirmation of alkali-silica reaction is also derived from the results of the test methods this procedure supplements (see Guide C1778).4.8 This test method does not address the general suitability of pozzolans or slag for use in concrete. These materials should comply with Specification C618, Specification C989/C989M, or Specification C1240.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the susceptibility of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag for participation in expansive alkali-silica reaction by measurement of length change of concrete prisms.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.NOTE 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.1.3 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Measurement of length change permits assessment of the potential for volumetric expansion or contraction of mortar or concrete due to various causes other than applied force or temperature change. This test method is particularly useful for comparative evaluation of this potential in different hydraulic-cement mortar or concrete mixtures.4.2 This test method provides useful information for experimental purposes or for products that require testing under nonstandard mixing, placing, handling, or curing conditions, such as high product workability or different demolding times. Standard conditions are described in 5.4.1.4.3 If conditions for mixing, curing, sampling, and storage other than specified in this test method are required, they shall be reported but are not to be considered as standard conditions of this test method. Nonstandard conditions and the reasons for departure from standard conditions shall be reported clearly and prominently with comparator values.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the length changes that are produced by causes other than externally applied forces and temperature changes in hardened hydraulic-cement mortar and concrete specimens made in the laboratory and exposed to controlled conditions of temperature and moisture.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. An exception is with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in which the SI values are the standard as stated in Specification E11. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing due to its poor between-laboratory precision. In some cases the purchaser and the seller may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. In such a case, if there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being tested.5.2 A knowledge of the average length and length distribution of fibers is important to fiber processors. This method is useful for inplant control testing and for research purposes.1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the average fiber length and length distribution of wool in nonparallel assemblies, such as scoured wool, and in card sliver.1.2 This test method is applicable to many fibers other than wool if in the form of a nonparallel assembly or in a card sliver.1.3 This test method is not applicable to unscoured wool or to wool top.1.4 This test method specifically requires length in inches and mass in metric units, and is not contrary to ASTM policy. The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The information in parentheses is for information only.Note 1—The determination of staple length of grease wool is covered in Method D1234, Sampling and Testing Staple Length of Grease Wool,2 and the average length of fibers in wool top is covered in Test Method D519.1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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AbstractThese test methods cover four options for measuring fabric length and are applicable to full rolls or bolts of materials. There are four approved options of measuring length as follows: option A - hand, option B - drum, option C - clock, and option D - folding. The length is measured from one end of the fabric to the other, using a suitable graduated device, or apparatus as described in the option used. The significance, use, and apparatus of the four options are presented in details.1.1 These test methods cover four options for measuring fabric length and are applicable to full rolls or bolts of materials.1.2 There are four approved options of measuring length as follows:1.2.1 Option A—Hand (Section 6).1.2.2 Option B—Drum (Section 7).1.2.3 Option C—Clock (Section 8).1.2.4 Option D—Folding (Section 9).1.3 The values stated in either SI units or in U.S. customary units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The techniques described provide for the measurement of change in length of a fastener. Such measurements are made from one end of the specimen without requiring access to the rear surface.5.2 The Ultrasonic Pulse Echo technique is used to monitor changes in length of fasteners and as a tool for industrial quality control. Applications include fasteners used in turbines, petrochemical pressure vessels, aircraft, automotive manufacturing, general bolting within the nuclear industry, structural steel connections, and laboratory testing.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for measuring changes in length of threaded bolts using the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique.1.2 This procedure is normally intended for metal bolting 6.3 mm or more in nominal diameter with effective length-to-diameter ratios of 2:1 or greater.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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