This specification covers standard requirements for electric-fusion-welded steel pipe with filler metal added, for atmospheric and lower temperatures. The steel pipe shall be fabricated from a pressure vessel quality plate of several analysis and strength levels. Several grades and classes of pipe shall be provided. Grade shall designate the type of plate used while class shall designate the type of heat treatment performed during pipe manufacture. Class shall be designated as to whether the weld is radiographically examined, and as to whether the pipe is pressure tested. Steel samples shall undergo tension and transverse guided weld bend tests and conform to the specified mechanical requirements.1.1 This specification2 covers electric-fusion-welded steel pipe with filler metal added, fabricated from pressure vessel quality plate of several analyses and strength levels and suitable for high-pressure service at atmospheric and lower temperatures. Heat treatment may or may not be required to attain the desired properties or to comply with applicable code requirements. Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing or examination is desired.1.2 The specification nominally covers pipe 16 in. [400 mm] in outside diameter or larger and of 1/4  in. [6 mm] wall thickness or greater. Pipe having other dimensions may be furnished provided it complies with all other requirements of this specification.1.3 Several grades and classes of pipe are provided.1.3.1 Grade designates the type of plate used as listed in 5.1.1.3.2 Class designates the type of heat treatment performed during manufacture of the pipe, whether the weld is radiographically examined, and whether the pipe has been pressure tested as listed in 1.3.3.1.3.3 Class designations are as follows (Note 1):Class Heat Treatment on Pipe Radiography, see Section Pressure Test, see: 10 none none none11 none 9 none12 none 9 8.313 none none 8.320 stress relieved, see 5.3.1 none none21 stress relieved, see 5.3.1 9 none22 stress relieved, see 5.3.1 9 8.323 stress relieved, see 5.3.1 none 8.330 normalized, see 5.3.2 none none31 normalized, see 5.3.2 9 none32 normalized, see 5.3.2 9 8.333 normalized, see 5.3.2 none 8.340 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3 none none41 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3 9 none42 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3 9 8.343 normalized and tempered, see 5.3.3 none 8.350 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4 none none51 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4 9 none52 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4 9 8.353 quenched and tempered, see 5.3.4 none 8.370 quenched and precipitation heat  treated none none71 quenched and precipitation heat  treated 9 none72 quenched and precipitation heat  treated 9 8.373 quenched and precipitation heat  treated none 8.3NOTE 1: Selection of materials should be made with attention to temperature of service. For such guidance, Specification A20/A20M may be consulted.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These test methods are useful for locating and estimating the size of pressurized gas leaks, either as quality control tests or as field inspection procedures. Also, they are valuable as pretests before other more time consuming and more sensitive leak tests are employed. These test methods are semi-quantitative techniques used to locate leaks but cannot be used to quantify except for approximation. These test methods may be used in an accept-reject test mode.1.1 This practice covers procedures for detecting the sources of gas leaking at the rate of 1 × 10 –5 Pa m3/s (1 × 10–4 standard cm3/s) or greater. The tests may be conducted on any object that can be pressurized with a tracer gas that is detectable by a thermal conductivity detector. The test sensitivity will vary widely depending on the tracer gas used.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI or std-cc/sec units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents: therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This practice provides a methodology for measuring the duration of wetness on a sensing element mounted on a surface in a location of interest. Experience has shown that the sensing element reacts to factors that cause wetness in the same manner as the surface on which it is mounted.3.2 Surface moisture plays a critical role in the corrosion of metals and the deterioration of nonmetallics. The deposition of moisture on a surface can be caused by atmospheric or climatic phenomena such as direct precipitation of rain or snow, condensation, the deliquescence (or at least the hygroscopic nature) of corrosion products or salt deposits on the surface, and others. A measure of atmospheric or climatic factors responsible for moisture deposition does not necessarily give an accurate indication of the TOW. For example, the surface temperature of an object may be above or below both the ambient and the dew point temperatures. As a result condensation will occur without an ambient meteorological indication that a surface has been subjected to a condensation cycle.3.3 Structural design factors and orientation can be responsible for temperature differences and the consequent effect on TOW as discussed in 4.2. As a result, some surfaces may be shielded from rain or snow fall; drainage may be facilitated or prevented from given areas, and so forth. Therefore various components of a structure can be expected to perform differently depending on mass, orientation, air flow patterns, and so forth. A knowledge of TOW at different points on large structures can be useful in the interpretation of corrosion or other testing results.3.4 In order to improve comparison of data obtained from test locations separated on a macrogeographical basis, a uniform orientation of sensor elements boldly exposed in the direction of the prevailing wind, at an angle of 30° above the horizontal is recommended. Elevation of the sensor above ground level should be recorded.3.5 Although this method does not develop relationships between TOW and levels of ambient relative humidity (RH), long term studies have been carried out to show that the TOW experienced annually by panels exposed under standard conditions is equivalent to the cumulative time the RH is above a given threshold value.2 This time value varies with location and with other factors. Probability curves have been developed for top and bottom surfaces of a standard panel at one location which show the probable times that a surface will be wet as a percentage of the cumulative time the relative humidity is at specific levels.3 If needed, it should be possible to develop similar relationships to deal with other exposure conditions.1.1 This practice covers a technique for monitoring time-of-wetness (TOW) on surfaces exposed to cyclic atmospheric conditions which produce depositions of moisture.1.2 The practice is also applicable for detecting and monitoring condensation within a wall or roof assembly and in test apparatus.1.3 Exposure site calibration or characterization can be significantly enhanced if TOW is measured for comparison with other sites, particularly if this data is used in conjunction with other site-specific instrumentation techniques.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Atmospheric corrosion of metallic materials is a function of many weather and atmospheric variables. The effect of specific corrodants, such as sulfur dioxide, can accelerate the atmospheric corrosion of metals significantly. It is important to have information available for the level of atmospheric SO2 when many metals are exposed to the atmosphere in order to determine their susceptibility to corrosion damage during their life time in the atmosphere.5.2 Volumetric analysis of atmospheric SO2 concentration carried out on a continuous basis is considered by some investigators as the most reliable method of estimating the effects caused by this gas. However, these methods require sophisticated monitoring devices together with power supplies and other equipment that make them unsuitable for many exposure sites. These methods are beyond the scope of this practice.5.3 The sulfation plate method provides a simple technique to independently monitor the level of SO2 in the atmosphere to yield a weighted average result. The lead peroxide cylinder is similar technique that produces comparable results, and the results are more sensitive to low levels of SO2.5.4 Sulfation plate or lead peroxide cylinder results may be used to characterize atmospheric corrosion test sites regarding the effective average level of SO2 in the atmosphere at these locations.5.5 Either sulfation plate or lead peroxide cylinder testing is useful in determining microclimate, seasonal, and long term variations in the effective average level of SO2.5.6 The results of these sulfur dioxide deposition rate tests may be used in correlations of atmospheric corrosion rates with atmospheric data to determine the sensitivity of the corrosion rate to SO2 level.5.7 The sulfur dioxide monitoring methods may also be used with other methods, such as Practice G84 for measuring time of wetness and Test Method G140 for atmospheric chloride deposition, to characterize the atmosphere at sites where buildings or other construction is planned in order to determine the extent of protective measures required for metallic materials.1.1 This practice covers two methods of monitoring atmospheric sulfur dioxide, SO2 deposition rates with specific application for estimating or evaluating atmospheric corrosivity as it applies to metals commonly used in buildings, structures, vehicles and devices used in outdoor locations.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice gives suggested procedures for characterization of atmospheric test sites. It can be useful to researchers, manufacturers, engineering firms, architects, and construction contractors to provide corrosion and environmental data, materials selection information, and a materials storage practice.4.2 This practice does not give specific parameters for classifying the type of test site.1.1 This practice covers procedures for the characterization of atmospheric test sites. Continuous characterization can provide corrosion data, environmental data, or both which will signal changes in corrosivity of the atmospheric environment. This practice can also provide guidance for classification of future test sites.1.2 Two methods are defined in this practice for the characterization of atmospheric test sites. The methods are identified as characterization Methods A and B. The preferred characterization technique would require using both Method A and B for concurrent data collection.1.2.1 Method A is to be used when atmospheric corrosion is monitored on a continuing basis at a test site using specified materials and exposure configurations.1.2.2 Method B is specified when atmospheric factors are monitored on a continuing basis.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Vapor pressure is an important physical property of volatile liquids.5.2 Vapor pressure is critically important for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock with high operating temperatures or high altitudes. Maximum vapor pressure limits for gasoline are legally mandated in some areas as a measure of air pollution control.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of total vapor pressure of petroleum products and liquid fuels using automatic vapor pressure instruments. The test method is suitable for testing samples with boiling points above 0 °C (32 °F) that exert a vapor pressure between 7 kPa and 110 kPa (1.0 psi and 16 psi) at 37.8 °C (100 °F) at a vapor-to-liquid ratio of 4:1. The test method is applicable to gasolines containing oxygenates. No account is made of dissolved water in the sample.NOTE 1: Because the external atmospheric pressure does not influence the resultant vapor pressure, this vapor pressure is an absolute pressure at 37.8 °C (100 °F) in kPa (psi). This vapor pressure differs from the true vapor pressure of the sample due to some small vaporization of the sample and dissolved air into the air of the confined space.1.1.1 Some gasoline-oxygenate blends may show a haze when cooled to 0 °C to 1 °C. If a haze is observed in 8.5, it shall be indicated in the reporting of results. The precision and bias statements for hazy samples have not been determined (see Note 6).1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method D5191 (Mini Method) in which the test chamber is at atmospheric pressure prior to sample injection.1.3 This test method covers the use of automated vapor pressure instruments that perform measurements on liquid sample sizes in the range from 1 mL to 10 mL.1.4 This test method is suitable for the determination of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends by means of a correlation equation (see 13.2). The calculated DVPE is considered equivalent to the result obtained on the same material when tested by Test Method D4953.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For specific warning statements, see 7.2 through 7.7.)1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The atmospheric exposure tests described in this practice will evaluate the stability of the adhesive bond only in terms of a particular natural atmosphere. Since the atmospheric conditions vary greatly from year to year, these results will not be as reproducible as those derived from laboratory aging procedures. Considerable research has shown that laboratory artificial weathering tests will not give consistently good correlation with outdoor test exposures (2, 3, 4).1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the direct exposure of adhesive bonded joints and structures to natural atmospheric environments.1.2 The procedure for sheltered atmospheric exposure, such as a Stevenson screen (1),2 of adhesive-bonded joints and specimens is the same except for the requirements of facing south and measurement of solar radiation.1.3 This practice is limited to the procedure by which samples are exposed and does not cover the tests that may be used to evaluate the effects of atmospheric exposure on these adhesive-bonded joints and structures. These samples could be any one of several varieties.1.3.1 A complete structure for test,1.3.2 A section of a structure for test,1.3.3 A complete structure or section with strength observations on specimens cut therefrom,1.3.4 Test specimens themselves, or1.3.5 Any of the above, mounted under stress.1.4 Suitable test methods for evaluation of the effects of exposure include nondestructive qualitative or quantitative observations on the same sample at prescribed intervals, or destructive tests on separate sets of specimens in accordance with such tests as Test Method D1002.NOTE 1: See Test Methods D896 and D897.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of atmospheric galvanic corrosion of any materials that can be made into washers. 1.2 The washer, or disk, test was used by H. O. teeple in 1949 for a series of exposures for ASTM Committee B03.08 on Corrosion of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys. Since that time, ASTM has refined the test and conducted other investigations using this practice. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Sodars have found wide applications for the remote measurement of wind and turbulence profiles in the atmosphere, particularly in the gap between meteorological towers and the lower range gates of wind profiling radars. The sodar’s far field acoustic power is also used for refractive index calculations and to estimate atmospheric stability, heat flux, and mixed layer depth (1-5).3 Sodars are useful for these purposes because of strong interaction between sound waves and the atmosphere’s thermal and velocity micro-structure that produce acoustic returns with substantial signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The returned echoes are Doppler-shifted in frequency. This frequency shift, proportional to the radial velocity of the scattering surface, provides the basis for wind measurement. Advantages offered by sodar wind sounding technology include reasonably low procurement, operating, and maintenance costs, no emissions of eye-damaging light beams or electromagnetic radiation requiring frequency clearances, and adjustable frequencies and pulse lengths that can be used to optimize data quality at desired ranges and range resolutions. When properly sited and used with adequate sampling methods, sodars can provide continuous wind and turbulence profile information at height ranges from a few tens of meters to over a kilometer for typical averaging periods of 1 to 60 minutes.1.1 This guide describes the application of acoustic remote sensing for measuring atmospheric wind and turbulence profiles. It includes a summary of the fundamentals of atmospheric sound detection and ranging (sodar), a description of the methodology and equipment used for sodar applications, factors to consider during site selection and equipment installation, and recommended procedures for acquiring valid and relevant data.1.2 This guide applies principally to pulsed monostatic sodar techniques as applied to wind and turbulence measurement in the open atmosphere, although many of the definitions and principles are also applicable to bistatic configurations. This guide is not directly applicable to radio-acoustic sounding systems (RASS), or tomographic methods.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is for the determination of the anions: chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in atmospheric wet deposition.5.2 Fig. X1.1 in the appendix represents cumulative frequency percentile concentration plots of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate obtained from analyses of over 5000 wet deposition samples. These data may be used as an aid in the selection of appropriate calibration solutions (2).1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in atmospheric wet deposition samples (rain, snow, sleet, and hail) by suppressed ion chromatography. For additional applications, see to Test Method D4327.1.2 The concentration ranges for this test method are as listed below. The range tested was confirmed using the interlaboratory collaborative test (see Table 1 for statistical summary of the collaborative test).  MethodDetectionL (mg/L) (1) Range ofMethod(mg/L) RangeTested(mg/L)Chloride 0.03 0.09–2.0 0.15–1.36Nitrate 0.03 0.09–5.0 0.15–4.92Sulfate 0.03 0.09–8.0 0.15–6.521.3 The method detection limit (MDL) is based on single operator precision (1)2 and may be higher or lower for other operators and laboratories. The precision and bias data presented are insufficient to justify use at this low level; however, it has been reported that this test method is reliable at lower levels than those that were tested. The MDLs listed above were determined following the guidance in 40 CFR Part 136 Appendix B. Other approaches to the determination of MDLs may yield different MDLs.1.4 Method Detection Limits will vary depending on the type and length of column(s) used, the composition and strength of eluent used, the bore size of the instrumentation (that is, microbore or standard bore), eluent flow rate and other variables between instruments. The method detection limits listed above are those used in determining the Precision and Bias of this method as given in Table 1.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method may be used for the determination of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in atmospheric wet deposition samples.5.2 Emphasis is placed on the easily contaminated quality of atmospheric wet deposition samples due to the low concentration levels of dissolved metals commonly present.1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in atmospheric wet deposition (rain, snow, sleet, and hail) by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) (1).21.2 The concentration ranges are listed below. The range tested was confirmed using the interlaboratory collaborative test (see Table 1 for a statistical summary of the collaborative test).  MDL(mg/L) (2) Range of Method(mg/L) Range Tested(mg/L) Calcium 0.009 0.03–3.00 0.168–2.939Magnesium 0.003 0.01–1.00 0.039–0.682Potassium 0.003 0.01–1.00 0.029–0.499Sodium 0.003 0.01–2.00 0.105–1.841.3 The method detection limit (MDL) as given in 1.2 is based on single operator precision. Detection limits vary by instrumentation. Laboratories may be able to achieve lower detection limits. The method detection limit for this method as described in 1.2 was determined in 1987 (2) .1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 8.3, 8.7, 12.1.8, and Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Guidance is provided on designing model evaluation performance procedures and on the difficulties that arise in statistical evaluation of model performance caused by the stochastic nature of dispersion in the atmosphere. It is recognized there are examples in the literature where, knowingly or unknowingly, models were evaluated on their ability to describe something which they were never intended to characterize. This guide is attempting to heighten awareness, and thereby, to reduce the number of “unknowing” comparisons. A goal of this guide is to stimulate development and testing of evaluation procedures that accommodate the effects of natural variability. A technique is illustrated to provide information from which subsequent evaluation and standardization can be derived.1.1 This guide provides techniques that are useful for the comparison of modeled air concentrations with observed field data. Such comparisons provide a means for assessing a model's performance, for example, bias and precision or uncertainty, relative to other candidate models. Methodologies for such comparisons are yet evolving; hence, modifications will occur in the statistical tests and procedures and data analysis as work progresses in this area. Until the interested parties agree upon standard testing protocols, differences in approach will occur. This guide describes a framework, or philosophical context, within which one determines whether a model's performance is significantly different from other candidate models. It is suggested that the first step should be to determine which model's estimates are closest on average to the observations, and the second step would then test whether the differences seen in the performance of the other models are significantly different from the model chosen in the first step. An example procedure is provided in Appendix X1 to illustrate an existing approach for a particular evaluation goal. This example is not intended to inhibit alternative approaches or techniques that will produce equivalent or superior results. As discussed in Section 6, statistical evaluation of model performance is viewed as part of a larger process that collectively is referred to as model evaluation.1.2 This guide has been designed with flexibility to allow expansion to address various characterizations of atmospheric dispersion, which might involve dose or concentration fluctuations, to allow development of application-specific evaluation schemes, and to allow use of various statistical comparison metrics. No assumptions are made regarding the manner in which the models characterize the dispersion.1.3 The focus of this guide is on end results, that is, the accuracy of model predictions and the discernment of whether differences seen between models are significant, rather than operational details such as the ease of model implementation or the time required for model calculations to be performed.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should it be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this guide means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard applies to gaussian plume models; it may not be applicable to non-point sources, heavy gas models from evaporation from pool (for example, liquid spills), as well as near-field receptors.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Erratic operation or malfunction of a membrane switch resulting from changes in the specified switch characteristics,4.2 Rupture, implosion or explosion of seals due to pressure variations,4.3 Change in physical or chemical properties due to pressure differentiations, and4.4 Delaminations of a membrane switch may occur due to pressure variations.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for exposing a membrane switch to variations in atmospheric pressure. It can be used to determine the effects of pressure variations on chemical and mechanical properties and functional characteristics of the switch.

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3.1 This test method is capable of generating quantitative values of atmospheric chloride deposition specifying milligrams of chloride ions per square metre per day (or other units derived from such values).NOTE 1: Chlorides in the atmosphere exist as a suspension of liquid droplets or solid particles. They are transported to solid surfaces by gravity, wind, or brownian motions. These transport mechanisms are direction-sensitive so that a vertical cylinder will not necessarily receive the same flux as a horizontal plate, or objects with different sizes and orientations. Therefore, the use of this approach to provide an indication of the deposition of chlorides on objects in atmospheric exposures may not be quantitatively accurate; however, this technique has been successful in classifying the severity of exposure in a variety of marine locations.3.2 The sites where samples are to be taken and the sampling time periods should be established. A continuous program of monthly or 30-day exposures is recommended for site characterization. Seasonal monitoring may be performed if there are specific periods of interest.1.1 This test method covers a wet candle device and its use in measuring atmospheric chloride deposition (amount of chloride salts deposited from the atmosphere on a given area per unit time).1.2 Data on atmospheric chloride deposition can be useful in classifying the corrosivity of a specific area, such as an atmospheric test site. Caution must be exercised, however, to take into consideration the season because airborne chlorides vary widely between seasons.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Hydrogen peroxide (formed photochemically in the atmosphere) is a primary oxidizer of dissolved sulfur dioxide in atmospheric water. Detection of H2O2 in atmospheric water is useful for inferring gas-phase H2O2 concentrations and for assessing the relative importance of various acidifying mechanisms under specific atmospheric conditions.5.2 Hydroperoxides in samples to be analyzed are unstable in water and can decay rapidly due to bacterial action or chemical reaction with other constituents. The test method includes procedures for sample derivatization and methods for estimating and correcting for hydroperoxide decay.1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydroperoxides, which include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and combined organic peroxides, in samples of atmospheric water by the method of horseradish peroxidase derivatization and fluorescence analysis of the derived dimer.2,31.2 The range of applicable hydrogen peroxide concentrations was determined to be 0.6–176.0 × 10−6 M from independent laboratory tests of the test method.1.3 The primary use of the test method is for hydrogen peroxide, but it may also be used to quantitate organic hydroperoxides. Determinations of organic hydroperoxide concentration levels up to 30 × 10−6 M may be adequately obtained by calibration with hydrogen peroxide.2,3 While organic hydroperoxides have not been detected at significant concentration levels in rain or cloud water, their presence may be tested by operation of the test method with the addition of catalase for destruction of H2O2.31.4 Because of the instability of hydroperoxides in atmospheric water samples, proper sample collection, at-collection derivatization, and stringent quality control are essential aspects of the analytical process.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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