5.1 This guide is intended to provide instructions for the selection of horizontal positioning equipment under a wide range of conditions encountered in measurement of water depth in surface water bodies. These conditions, that include physical conditions at the measuring site, the quality of data required, the availability of appropriate measuring equipment, and the distances over which the measurements are to be made (including cost considerations), that govern the selection process. A step-by-step procedure for obtaining horizontal position is not discussed. This guide is to be used in conjunction with standard guide on measurement of surface water depth (such as standard Practice D5173.)1.1 This guide covers the selection of procedures commonly used to establish a measurement of horizontal position during investigations of surface water bodies that are as follows:  Sections Procedure A—Manual Measurement  7 to 12 Procedure B—Optical Measurement 13 to 17 Procedure C—Electronic Measurement 18 to 271.1.1 The narrative specifies horizontal positioning terminology and describes manual, optical, and electronic measuring equipment and techniques.1.2 The references cited contain information that may help in the design of a high quality measurement program.1.3 The information provided on horizontal positioning is descriptive in nature and not intended to endorse any particular item of manufactured equipment or procedure.1.4 This guide pertains to determining horizontal position of a depth measurement in quiescent or low velocity flow.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The method described in this standard is based on the concept that the total free energy at a surface is the sum of contributions from different intermolecular forces, such as dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding. There are other techniques that employ three components (dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding). These methods are further complicated by needing three to five test liquids and are not practical for routine testing. This method uses contact angles of two liquids to provide data for the calculation of two components, dispersion, γsd, and polar, γsp.5.2 Dispersion and polar component data, along with the total solid surface tension, are useful for explaining or predicting wetting or adhesion, or both, of coatings on pretreatments, substrates and other coatings. Low solid surface tension values often are a sign of contamination and portend potential wetting problems. High polar components may signal polar contamination. There is evidence in the literature that matching of polar components of topcoats and primers gives better adhesion.45.3 Solid surface tensions of pigments, particularly the polar components, may be useful in understanding dispersion problems or to provide signals for the composition of dispersants and mill bases. However, comparison of pigments may be difficult if there are differences in the roughness or porosity, or both, of the disks prepared from them.5.4 Although this technique is very useful in characterizing surfaces, evaluating surface active additives and explaining problems, it is not designed to be a quality control or specification test.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the measurement of contact angles of two liquids, one polar and the other nonpolar, of known surface tension on a substrate, pigment (in the form of a disk), or cured or air dried coating in order to calculate the surface properties (surface tension and its dispersion and polar components) of the solid.1.2 The total solid surface tension range that can be determined using this method is approximately 20 to 60 dyn/cm.1.3 The values stated in CGS units (dyn/cm) are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This standard is useful to establish the relative surface burning characteristics of materials or products under laboratory conditions for a 30 min test period.5.2 The performance characteristics in the conditions of classification are intended to be used in specific applications as required by building codes or other regulatory requirements or specifications.5.3 This test method does not provide the measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface.5.4 This test method does not provide the classification or definition of a material or product as noncombustible, by means of the results from this standard test or flame spread index by itself.1.1 The purpose of this fire-test-response standard is to evaluate the ability of a product to limit the surface spread of flame when evaluated for 30 min. This fire-test-response standard uses the apparatus and procedure of Test Method E84 with the total test period extended to 30 min.1.2 Building applications affecting fire and life safety often require products with specific criteria for surface spread of flame and flame spread index. The resulting performance characteristics included in the conditions of classification for this fire-test-response standard are intended to be used for regulatory purposes to determine the suitability of materials or products for use in buildings under specified conditions where significantly reduced surface burning characteristics are required.1.3 Materials and products that are beyond the scope of Test Method E84 are beyond the scope of this standard.1.4 Materials or products which melt, drip or delaminate to the extent that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed are beyond the scope of this standard.NOTE 1: Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the flame-front is destroyed, results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place. Materials or products that melt, drip, or delaminate, or that cannot support their own weight, have the potential for demonstrating reduced flame spread results as compared to the flame spread results where the materials or products remain in place during testing.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide is intended to provide information concerning the ability of formed catalysts or catalyst carriers to resist particle size reduction during use. It can be used by itself or in conjunction with other methods to assess catalytic material integrity, such as Test Methods D4058 and D7084.5.2 There are no known restrictions on sample geometry, as spheres, pellets, and hollow cylinders are suitable for testing.5.3 This guide, as written, is suitable for use for catalytic materials from about 1/8 in. to about 3/4 in. It can also be used for larger parts, but this requires using a larger diameter pipe.5.4 This guide is suitable for specification acceptance, manufacturing control, and research and development processes.1.1 The resistance to breakage of formed catalysts, catalyst carriers, or catalyst pieces is determined by dropping a quantity of sample through a 25 ft length of 1 in. internal diameter pipe onto a steel plate.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Historically, tires have been tested for endurance by a variety of test methods. Some typical testing protocols have been: (1) proving grounds or highway testing over a range of speeds, loads, and inflations, (2) testing on fleets of vehicles for extended periods of time, and (3) indoor (laboratory) testing of tires loaded on a rotating 1.707-m diameter roadwheel; however, the curved surface of a 1.707-m diameter roadwheel results in a significantly different tire behavior from that observed on a flat or highway surface.5.1.1 This practice addresses the need for providing equivalent test severity over a range of typical tire operating conditions between a 1.707-m diameter roadwheel surface (Practice F551) and a flat surface. There are different deformations of the tire footprint on curved versus flat surfaces resulting in different footprint mechanics, stress/strain cycles, and significantly different internal operating temperatures for the two types of contact surface. Since tire internal temperatures are key parameters influencing tire endurance or operating characteristics under typical use conditions, it is important to be able to calculate internal temperature differentials between curved and flat surfaces for a range of loads, inflation pressures and rotational velocities (speeds).5.2 Data from lab and road tire temperature measurement trials were combined, statistically analyzed, and tire temperature prediction models derived.35.2.1 The fit of the models to the data is shown as the coefficient of determination, R2, for the two critical crown area temperatures, i.e. tread centerline and belt edge, as well as the ply ending area:R2 = 0.89, 0.90, and 0.89 respectively5.2.2 These prediction models were used to develop the prediction profilers described in Section 7 and Annex A1.1.1 This practice describes the procedure to identify equivalent test severity conditions between a 1.707-m diameter laboratory roadwheel surface and a flat or highway surface for commercial radial truck-bus tires.1.1.1 Tire operational severity, as defined as the running or operational temperature for certain specified internal tire locations, is not the same for these two test conditions. It is typically higher for the laboratory roadwheel at equal load, speed and inflation pressure conditions due to the curvature effect.1.1.2 The practice applies to specific operating conditions of load range F through L for such commercial radial truck-bus tires.1.1.3 The specific operating conditions under which the procedures of the practice are valid and useful are completely outlined in Section 6 (Limitations) of this standard.1.1.4 It is important to note that this standard is composed of two distinct formats:1.1.4.1 The usual text format as published in this volume of the Book of Standards (Vol 09.02).1.1.4.2 A special interactive electronic format that uses a special software tool, designated as prediction profilers or profilers. This special profiler may be used to determine laboratory test conditions that provide equivalent tire internal temperatures for the tread centerline, belt edge, or ply ending region for the two operational conditions, that is, the curved laboratory roadwheel and flat highway test surfaces.1.2 The prediction profilers are based on empirically developed linear regression models obtained from the analysis of a large database that was obtained from a comprehensive experimental test program for roadwheel and flat surface testing of typical commercial truck and bus tires. See Section 7 and References (1, 2)2,3 for more details.1.2.1 For users viewing the standard on CD-ROM or PDF, with an active and working internet connection, the profilers can be accessed on the ASTM website by clicking on the links in 7.5 and 7.6.1.2.2 For users viewing the standard in a printed format, the profilers can be accessed by entering the links to the ASTM website in 7.5 and 7.6 into their internet browsers.1.3 For this standard, SI units shall be used, except where indicated.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This guide applies to commonly used surface geophysical methods for those applications listed in Table 1. The rating system used in Table 1 is based upon the ability of each method to produce results under average field conditions when compared to other methods applied to the same application. An “A” rating implies a preferred method and a “B” rating implies an alternate method. There may be a single method or multiple methods that can be successfully applied. There may also be a method or methods that will be successful technically at a lower cost. Selection of the most appropriate method(s) must be made based on the scale and setting of the target. The final selection must be made considering site specific conditions and project objectives; therefore, it is critical to have a qualified professional make the final decision as to the method(s) selected.5.1.1 Benson et al (1) provides one of the earlier guides to the application of geophysics to environmental problems.5.1.2 Ward (2) is a three-volume compendium that deals with geophysical methods applied to geotechnical and environmental problems.5.1.3 Butler (3) provides detailed technical explanations of near-surface geophysical methods and includes several detailed case histories.5.1.4 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual (4) provides introductory chapters for the methods of Geophysical Exploration for Engineering and Environmental Investigations. This manual can be downloaded for no charge from the Corps of Engineers website.5.1.5 Olhoeft (5) provides an expert system for helping select geophysical methods to be used at hazardous waste sites.5.1.6 The U.S. EPA (6) provides an excellent literature review of the theory and use of geophysical methods for use at contaminated sites.5.2 An Introduction to Geophysical Measurements: 5.2.1 Geophysical measurements provide a means of mapping lateral and vertical variations of one or more physical properties or monitoring temporal changes in conditions, or both. In the absence of prior information about the site, reconnaissance-level geophysical investigations may be appropriate as a precursor to refined surveys. A primary factor affecting the accuracy of site investigation results is the number of test locations. Insufficient spatial sampling to adequately characterize the conditions at a site can result if the number of samples is too small. Interpolation between these sample points may be difficult and may lead to an inaccurate site characterization.5.2.2 Geophysical measurements generally can be made relatively quickly, are minimally intrusive, and enable interpolation between known points of control. Continuous data acquisition can be obtained with certain geophysical methods at speeds up to several km/h (mph). In some cases, total site coverage is economically possible. Because of the greater sample density, geophysical methods can be used to define background (ambient) conditions and detect anomalous conditions resulting in a more accurate site characterization than using borings or soundings alone. Geophysical survey design considerations vary according to the intended distribution of measurements. Data may be collected along individual transects to investigate linear features (dams, levees, roadways), while multiple transects or 3D survey geometries are required to identify areal trends over larger sites and non-linear targets. These geophysical methods are especially important to pre-screen large sites prior to detailed planning of further site investigation such as other drilling, sampling and testing methods.5.3 A contrast in material properties must be present for geophysical measurements to be successful.5.3.1 Geophysical methods measure the physical, electrical, or chemical properties of soil, rock, and pore fluids. To detect an anomaly, a soil to rock contact, the presence of inorganic contaminants, or a buried drum, there must be a contrast in the property being measured. For example, the target to be detected or geologic feature to be defined must have properties significantly different from “background” conditions.5.3.2 For example, the interface between fresh water and saltwater in an aquifer can be detected by the differences in electrical properties of the pore fluids. The contact between soil and unweathered bedrock can be detected by the differences in acoustic velocity of the materials. In some cases, the differences in measured physical properties may be too small for anomaly detection by geophysical methods.5.3.3 Because physical properties of soil and rock vary widely, some by many orders of magnitude, one or more of these properties usually will correspond to a geologic discontinuity; therefore, boundaries determined by the geophysical methods will usually coincide with geological boundaries, and a cross-section produced from the geophysical data may resemble a geological cross-section, although the two are not necessarily identical.5.4 Geophysical methods should be used in the following instances:5.4.1 Surface geophysical methods can and should be used early in a site investigation program to aid in identifying background conditions, as well as anomalous conditions so that borings, soundings, and sampling points can be located to be representative of site conditions and to investigate anomalies. Geophysical methods also can be used later in the site investigation program after an initial study is completed to confirm and improve the site investigation findings and provide fill-in data between other measurements. General site knowledge (for example, depth to bedrock, site use history) is a useful precursor for designing a geophysical survey.5.4.2 The level of success of a geophysical survey is improved if the survey objectives are well defined. In some cases, the objective may be refined as the survey uncovers new or unknown data about the site conditions. The flexibility to change or add to the technical approach should be built into the program to account for changes in interpretation of site conditions as a site investigation progresses.5.5 Profiling and Sounding Measurements: 5.5.1 Profiling by stations or by continuous measurements provides a means of assessing lateral changes in subsurface conditions.5.5.2 Soundings provide a means of assessing depth and thickness of geologic layers or other targets. Most surface geophysical sounding measurements can resolve three and possibly four layers.5.6 Ease of Use and Interpretation of Data: 5.6.1 The theory of applied geophysics is quantitative, however, in application, geophysical methods often yield interpretations that are qualitative.5.6.2 Some geophysical methods provide data from which a preliminary interpretation can be made in the field, for example, ground penetrating radar (GPR), frequency domain electromagnetic profiling, direct current (DC) resistivity profiling, magnetic profiling, and metal detector profiling. A map of GPR anomalies or a contour map of the EM (electromagnetic), resistivity, magnetic or metal detector data often can be created in the field.5.6.3 Some methods, (for example, time domain electromagnetics and DC resistivity soundings, seismic refraction, seismic reflection, and gravity), require that the data be processed before any quantitative interpretation can be done.5.6.4 Any preliminary interpretation of field data should be treated with caution. Such preliminary analysis should be confirmed by correlation with other information from known points of control, such as borings or outcrops. Such preliminary analysis is subject to change after data processing and is performed mostly as a means of quality control (QC).5.6.5 It is the interpretation and integration of all site data that results in useful information for site characterization. The conversion of raw data to useful information is a value-added process that experienced professionals achieve by careful analysis. Such analysis must be conducted by a competent professional to ensure that the interpretation is consistent with geologic and hydrologic conditions.5.7 Discussion of Applications—Applications listed in Table 1 are discussed below.5.7.1 Natural Geologic and Hydrologic Conditions: 5.7.1.1 Soil/Unconsolidated Layers—This application includes determining the depth to, thickness of, and areal extent of unconsolidated layers. These layers may be discontinuous or include lenses of various materials. These layers can be detected because of differences in their physical properties as compared to adjacent materials.5.7.1.2 Rock Layers—This application includes determining the contact between different rock layers, for example, limestone over granite or sandstone over shale, discontinuous bedding planes, and unconformities and the thicknesses of these layers. Several geophysical methods can be used to delineate rock layers depending on the physical properties and the depths and thicknesses of the layers.5.7.1.3 Depth to Bedrock—This application includes determining depth to the top of competent rock covered by unconsolidated overburden. The choice of geophysical method depends on whether there is a physical property contrast between the rock and the overlying material. In areas where the top of rock is weathered or highly fractured, top of rock may be difficult to determine. Highly irregular rock surfaces may present additional problems.5.7.1.4 Depth to Water Table—This application includes determining the depth at which a subsurface unit is fully saturated. The water table (top of the saturated zone) can be detected because of the changes in physical properties that are caused by saturated conditions. The ability to detect the water table may depend on the geologic unit in which it occurs. Seismic methods can be used to detect the water table in most unconsolidated materials; electrical, electromagnetic, or GPR methods may be used to detect the water table in either consolidated or unconsolidated materials.5.7.1.5 Fractures and Fault Zones—This application includes the location and characterization of joints, fractures, and faults. These features range from individual joints and fracture zones to larger regional structural features. Joints, fractures and fault zones may be dry, fluid-filled or filled with clays or weathered rock. The detectability of these features increases with the size of the feature and with the presence of distinctive pore fluids or conductive fill material.5.7.1.6 Voids and Sinkholes—This application includes karst features, such as weathered depressions in rock, open, water-filled, or sediment-filled sinkholes, and cavities or larger cave systems. In many cases, the target of concern may be beyond the effective resolution or depth range of some or all of the surface geophysical methods; however, deep cavities often show signs of their presence in the near surface and may be interpreted using shallow geophysical data. The ability to detect a given size cavity decreases with increasing depth for all surface geophysical methods.5.7.1.7 Soil and Rock Properties—This application refers to the measurement of the physical properties of soil and rock, for example, elastic, plastic, and electrical. The geophysical method selected will be determined by the specific property to be measured. ASTM standards pertinent to those properties should be consulted. For example, rippability and acoustic velocities of rock are discussed in Guide D5777, the wave velocities measured down a single borehole in Test Method D7400/D7400M and between boreholes in Test Methods D4428/D4428M. Soil resistivity measurements are discussed in Test Method G57. Density, porosity measurements and seismic velocity measurements in boreholes are discussed in Guide D5753.5.7.1.8 Dam and Lagoon Leakage—This application refers to the detection and mapping of fluids leaking along preferential flow pathways from a dam or lagoon. The application of surface geophysical methods to detect leakage is contingent upon the presence of localized flow or difference in conductivity.5.7.2 Inorganic Contaminants: 5.7.2.1 Landfill Leachate—This application includes all types of waste disposal sites in which the primary leachate is likely to be inorganic and electrically conductive. This includes municipal landfill sites, hazardous waste sites, and mine tailings. Inorganic contaminants can be detected using electrical or electromagnetic geophysical methods.5.7.2.2 Saltwater Intrusion—Saltwater intrusion refers to movement of saline water into fresh water aquifers, and although this is primarily a coastal problem, it can occur naturally in inland aquifers or by man-made contamination, for example, brine ponds. Saline water is highly conductive and can be detected by DC resistivity and electromagnetic methods. The lateral boundary of the saltwater/fresh water interface can be mapped and the depth of the saline water estimated.5.7.2.3 Soil Salinity—Soil salinity is a condition in which salt concentrations within soils have reached levels affecting the growth and yields of crops. DC resistivity and electromagnetic conductivity measurements provide means for measuring the soil salinity over a large area and at various depths.5.7.3 Organic Contaminants: 5.7.3.1 Light, Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPL)—This application includes petroleum products present as discrete, measurable contaminants with concentrations greater than their solubility in water. The contaminants are lighter than water and “float” on the surface of an unconfined aquifer in porous media. The geometry of their occurrence in fractured soil or rock is more complex and less well defined. LNAPL dissolves into water and acts as a source of dissolved contaminant plumes (see dissolved organic contaminants). LNAPL can be detected in some cases because its electrical properties are different from those of ground water; it depresses the ground water surface if present in sufficient quantities; and, it can alter the capillary properties of soil.5.7.3.2 Dense, Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL):(1) This application includes chlorinated organic solvents and other contaminants that are present as a discrete, measurable contaminant phase with concentrations greater than their solubility in water. The contaminants are denser than water and “sink” below the water table. The distribution of DNAPL in the subsurface is complex and is controlled by gravity and the capillary properties of subsurface materials, rather than by ground water flow direction. DNAPL dissolves into water and acts as a source of dissolved contaminant plumes (see dissolved organic contaminants). Moreover,“ residual” DNAPL (immobile contaminant left behind during migration) also can act as a source of dissolved organic contamination. Residual concentrations of DNAPL do not significantly alter the properties measured by most geophysical methods.(2) Some DNAPLs have dielectric properties that may allow their detection using GPR if temporal measurements are made before the DNAPL is introduced to compare with properties that exist after the DNAPL is present; thus, GPR may be useful to monitor the movement of DNAPL during remediation.(3) The geophysical methods listed in Table 1 under natural geologic and hydrologic conditions are appropriate to characterize the hydrogeology of a site; therefore, an attempt can be made to predict DNAPL occurrence and distribution based upon an understanding of site geology.5.7.3.3 Dissolved Phase:(1) This application includes fuels, solvents, and other organic contaminants dissolved in ground water. Sources can be leaks and spills of LNAPL or DNAPL or can be leaks and spills of such small volume that the contaminant is dissolved as it reaches ground water.(2) Dissolved organic contaminants are of regulatory concern at very low concentrations (parts per billion) in ground water. The properties of the dissolved organic plumes that can be measured by most geophysical methods are not sufficiently different from those of ambient ground water to be detectable. Some organic contaminants, such as alcohol, are highly soluble, and are not detectable even at high concentrations.(3) When sources of dissolved organic contaminants have been identified, geophysical methods can be used to characterize the hydrogeology of a site so that pathways for migration of dissolved plumes can be identified. The appropriate methods are discussed in the sections of this guide that pertain to geologic and hydrologic conditions.5.7.4 Man-Made Buried Objects: 5.7.4.1 Utilities—This application includes a very wide range of targets including pipes, cables, and utilities. Fortunately, most utilities are buried near the ground surface, making them relatively easy targets to detect. The geophysical method selected will depend on the material of which the pipes or utilities are made (ferrous or nonferrous metals or nonmetallic materials). Nonmetallic utilities, that is, concrete or plastic, can sometimes be detected with GPR.5.7.4.2 Underground Storage Tanks and Drums—This application includes underground storage tanks (UST) and drums. Since most underground storage tanks are large (more than 2000 L (500 gal)), buried shallow, and often made of steel, they are relatively easy to detect. If the tank is made of non-metallic material (for example, concrete or fiberglass), it is more difficult to detect. Drums of various sizes (typically 4 to 200 L (1 to 55 gal)) are manufactured from either non-metallic or metallic materials. While groups of drums may be detected, a single 200-L (55-gal) drum and smaller drums are more difficult to locate.5.7.4.3 Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)—This application includes a wide range of materials that were designed to explode, such as bombs, mines, and antipersonnel weapons. UXO occur in a variety of sizes from a few centimeters to meters and are made of a wide variety of metals and other materials. Shape, size, depth, composition and orientation of the UXO can limit detectability.5.7.4.4 Abandoned Wells—This application includes abandoned wells that may be uncased or cased with steel, PVC, or concrete. Abandoned wells can be detected by various methods depending upon construction, associated surface pits and other facilities, leaking fluids, and the method of abandonment. Guide D6285 provides a discussion of geophysical and other methods to locate abandoned wells.5.7.4.5 Landfill and Trench Boundaries—This application includes landfills, pits, and trenches. Those that contain buried metallic materials can be detected because of the presence of the metal. Boundaries of trenches and pits can sometimes be detected by changes in electrical conductivity, disturbance of subsurface layers, or the presence of fill material. Determining the depth to the bottom of a landfill or trench is much more difficult than defining the lateral boundaries.5.7.4.6 Forensics—This application includes buried bodies and a variety of metallic and nonmetallic objects. These objects can sometimes be detected directly or may be detected indirectly by disturbed soil conditions.5.7.4.7 Archaeological Features—This application includes a wide range of targets, including stone foundations, walls, roads, fire pits, caves, and graves, as well as metallic and nonmetallic objects. These targets and objects can sometimes be detected directly or may be detected indirectly by changes in soil conditions.1.1 This guide covers the selection of surface geophysical methods, as commonly applied to geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, and environmental site investigations and subsequent site characterization, as well as forensic and archaeological applications. These geophysical methods are rarely the sole method used in the site investigation and are often used for pre-screening to guide how and where drilling, sampling or other targeted in situ testing are conducted. This guide does not describe the specific procedures for conducting geophysical surveys. Individual guides have been developed for many surface geophysical methods.1.2 Surface geophysical methods yield direct and indirect measurements of the physical properties of soil and rock and pore fluids, as well as buried objects.1.3 This guide provides an overview of applications for which surface geophysical methods are appropriate. It does not address the details of the theory underlying specific methods, field procedures, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of this guide be familiar with the references cited (1-27)2 and with Guides D420, D5730, D5753, D5777, D6285, D6430, D6431, D6432, D6820, D7046, and D7128, as well as Practices D5088, D5608, D6235, and Test Methods D4428/D4428M, D7400/D7400M, and G57.1.4 To obtain detailed information on specific geophysical methods, ASTM standards, other publications, and references cited in this guide, should be consulted.1.5 The success of a geophysical survey is dependent upon many factors. One of the most important factors is the competence of the person(s) responsible for planning, carrying out the survey, and interpreting the data. An understanding of the method's theory, field procedures, and interpretation along with an understanding of the site geology, is necessary to successfully complete a survey. Personnel not having specialized training or experience should be cautious about using geophysical methods and should solicit assistance from qualified professionals. All references in this standard to the “qualified professional” refers to individuals (such as engineers, soil scientists, geophysicists, engineering geologists or geologists), who have the appropriate experience and, if required by local regulations, applicable certification, licensure or registration. The term “engineering” must be understood to be associated with the practices or activities of that qualified professional.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Applications—Ambient atmospheric temperature measurements can be made using resistance thermometers for many purposes. The application determines the most appropriate type of resistance thermometer and data recording method to be used. Examples of three typical meteorological applications for temperature measurements follow.4.1.1 Single-level, near-surface measurements for weather observations (1)3, thermodynamic computations for industrial applications, or environmental studies (2).4.1.2 Temperature differential or vertical gradient measurements to characterize atmospheric stability for atmospheric dispersion analyses studies (2).4.1.3 Temperature fluctuations for heat flux or temperature, or variance computations, or both. Measurements of heat flux and temperature variance require high precision measurements with a fast response to changes in the ambient atmosphere.4.2 Purpose—This practice is designed to assist the user in selecting an appropriate temperature measurement system for the intended atmospheric application, and properly installing and operating the system. The manufacturer's recommendations and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency handbook on quality assurance in meteorological measurements (3) should be consulted for calibration and performance audit procedures.1.1 This practice provides procedures to measure representative near-surface atmospheric (outdoor air) temperature for meteorological purposes using commonly available electrical thermometers housed in radiation shields mounted on stationary or portable masts or towers.1.2 This practice is applicable for measurements over the temperature range normally encountered in the ambient atmosphere, –50 to +50 °C.1.3 Air temperature measurement systems include a radiation shield, resistance thermometer, signal cables, and associated electronics.1.4 Measurements can be made at a single level for various meteorological purposes, at two or more levels for vertical temperature differences, and using special equipment (at one or more levels) for fluctuations of temperature with time applied to flux or variance measurements.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Concepts—This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and data processing methods used to interpret geologic conditions, and to identify and provide locations of geologic anomalies and man-made objects with the GPR method. The GPR uses high-frequency EM waves (from 10 to 3000 MHz) to acquire subsurface information. Energy is propagated downward into the ground from a transmitting antenna and is reflected back to a receiving antenna from subsurface boundaries between media possessing different EM properties. The reflected signals are recorded to produce a scan or trace of radar data. Typically, scans obtained as the antenna(s) are moved over the ground surface are placed side by side to produce a radar profile. 5.1.1 The vertical scale of the radar profile is in units of two-way travel time, the time it takes for an EM wave to travel down to a reflector and back to the surface. The travel time may be converted to depth by relating it to on-site measurements or assumptions about the velocity of the radar waves in the subsurface materials. 5.1.2 Vertical variations in propagation velocity due to changing EM properties of the subsurface can make it difficult to apply a linear time scale to the radar profile (Ulriksen (31)). 5.2 Parameter Being Measured and Representative Values:  5.2.1 Two-Way Travel Time and Velocity—A GPR trace is the record of the amplitude of EM energy that has been reflected from interfaces between materials possessing different EM properties and recorded as a function of two-way travel time. To convert two-way times to depths, it is necessary to estimate or determine the propagation velocity of the EM pulses or waves. The relative permittivity of the material (εr) through which the EM pulse or wave propagates mostly determines the propagation velocity of the EM wave. The propagation velocity through the material is approximated using the following relationship (see full formula in Balanis (32)): where: c   =   propagation velocity in free space (3.00 × 108m/s), Vm   =   propagation velocity through the material, and εr   =   relative permittivity. It is assumed that the magnetic permeability is that of free space and the loss tangent is much less than 1. 5.2.1.1 Table 1 lists the relative permittivities (εr) and radar propagation velocities for various materials. Relative permittivity values range from 1 for air to 81 for fresh water. For unsaturated earth materials, εr ranges from 3 to 15. Note that a small change in the water content of earth materials results in a significant change in the relative permittivity. For water-saturated earth material, εr can range from 8 to 30. These values are representative, but may vary considerably with temperature, frequency, density, water content, salinity, and other conditions. (A)   d = function of density,  w = function of porosity and water content,  f = function of frequency,  t = function of temperature  s = function of salinity, and  p = function of pressure. 5.2.1.2 If the relative permittivity is unknown, as is normally the case, it may be necessary to estimate velocity or use a reflector of known depth to calculate the velocity. The propagation velocity, Vm, is calculated from the relationship as follows: where: D   =   measured depth to reflecting interface, and t   =   two-way travel time of an EM wave. 5.2.1.3 Methods for measuring velocity in the field are found in 6.7.3. Note that measured velocities may only be valid at the location where they are measured under specific soil conditions. If there is lateral variability in soil and rock composition and moisture content, velocity may need to be determined at several locations. 5.2.2 Attenuation—The depth of penetration is determined primarily by the attenuation of the radar signal due to the conversion of EM energy to thermal energy through electrical conduction, dielectric relaxation, or magnetic relaxation losses. Conductivity is primarily governed by the water content of the material and the concentration of free ions in solution (salinity). Attenuation also occurs due to scattering of the EM energy in unwanted directions by inhomogeneities in the subsurface. If the scale of inhomogeneity is comparable to the wavelength of EM energy, scattering may be significant (Olhoeft (33)). Other factors that affect attenuation include soil type, temperature (Morey (34)), and clay mineralogy (Doolittle (35)). Environments not conducive to using the radar method include high conductivity soils, sediments saturated with salt water or highly conductive fluids, and metal. 5.3 Equipment—The GPR equipment utilized for the measurement of subsurface conditions normally consists of a transmitter and receiver antenna, a radar control unit, and suitable data storage and display devices. 5.3.1 Radar Control Unit—The radar control unit synchronizes signals to the transmitting and receiving electronics in the antennas. The synchronizing signals control the transmitter and sampling receiver electronics located in the antenna(s) in order to generate a sampled waveform of the reflected radar waves. These waveforms may be filtered and amplified and are transmitted along with timing signals to the display and recording devices. 5.3.2 Real-time signal processing for improvement of signal-to-noise ratio is available in most GPR systems. When working in areas with cultural noise and in materials causing signal attenuation, time-varying gain is necessary to adjust signal amplitudes for display on monitors or plotting devices. Filters may be used in real time to improve signal quality. The summing of radar signals (stacking) is used to increase effective depth of exploration by improving the signal-to-noise ratio. 5.3.3 Data Display—The GPR data are displayed as a continuous profile of individual radar traces (Fig. 2). The horizontal-axis represents horizontal traverse distance and the vertical-axis is two-way travel time (or depth). Data are commonly presented in wiggle trace display, where the intensity of the received wave at an instant in time is proportional to the amplitude of the trace (see Fig. 2), or as a gray scale or color scale display, where the intensity of the received wave at an instant in time is proportional to either the intensity of gray scale (that is, black is high intensity, and white is low intensity; see Fig. 3) or to some color assignment defined according to a specified color-signal amplitude relationship. 5.4.2.4 Polarization—The type and alignment of polarization of the vector electromagnetic fields may be important in receiving responses from various scatterers. Two linear, parallel polarized, electric field antennas can maximize the response from linear scatters like pipes when the electric field (typically long axis of the dipole antenna) is aligned parallel with the pipe and towed perpendicular across the pipe. Similarly, alignment with the rebar in concrete will maximize the ability to map the rebar, but alignment perpendicular to the rebar will minimize scattering reflections from the rebar to see through or past the rebar to get the thickness of concrete. Similar arrangement may be made for overhead wires and nearby fences. Cross-polarized antennas (perpendicular to each other) minimize the response from horizontal layers. 5.4.3 Interferences Caused by Ambient, Geologic, and Cultural Conditions:  5.4.3.1 Measurements obtained by the GPR method may contain unwanted signals (noise) caused by geologic and cultural factors. 5.4.3.2 Ambient and Geologic Sources of Noise—Boulders, animal burrows, tree roots, or other inhomogeneities can cause unwanted reflections or scattering of the radar waves. Lateral and vertical variations in EM properties can also be a source of noise. 5.4.3.3 Cultural Sources of Noise—Above-ground cultural sources of noise include reflections from nearby vehicles, buildings, fences, power lines, lampposts, and trees. In cases where this kind of interference is present in the data, a shielded antenna may be used to reduce the noise. (1) Scrap metal at or near the surface can cause interference or ringing in the radar data. The presence of buried structures such as foundations, reinforcement bars (rebar), cables, pipes, tanks, drums, and tunnels under or near the survey line may also cause unwanted reflections (clutter). (2) In some cases, EM transmissions from nearby cellular telephones, two-way radios, television, and radio and microwave transmitters may induce noise on the radar record. (3) Other Sources of Noise—Other sources of noise can be caused by the EM coupling of the antenna with the earth and decoupling of the antenna to the ground due to rough terrain, heavy vegetation, water on the ground surface, or other changes in surface conditions. 5.4.3.4 Summary—All possible sources of noise present during a survey should be noted so that their effects can be considered when processing and interpreting the data. 5.4.4 Alternate Methods—The limitations previously discussed may prohibit the effective use of the GPR method, and other methods or non-geophysical methods may be required to resolve the problem (see Guide D6429). Note 1: The quality of the result produced by applying this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the work, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.

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5.1 Most heated apparatus in industrial, commercial, and residential service are insulated, unless thermal insulation interferes with their function; for example, it is inappropriate to insulate the bottom surface of a flatiron. However, surface temperatures of insulated equipment and appliances are potentially high enough to cause burns from contact exposure under certain conditions.5.2 This guide has been developed to standardize the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. Current practice for this determination is widely varied. The intent of this guide is to tie together the existing practices into a consensus standard based upon scientific understanding of the thermal physics involved. Flexibility is retained within this guide for the designer, regulator, or consumer to establish specific burn hazard criteria. Most generally, the regulated criterion will be the length of time of contact exposure.5.3 It is beyond the scope of this guide to establish appropriate contact times and acceptable levels of injury for particular situations, or determine what surface temperature is “safe.” Clearly, quite different criteria are justified for cases as diverse as those involving infants and domestic appliances, and experienced adults and industrial equipment. In the first case, no more than first degree burns in 60 s might be desirable. In the second case, second degree burns in 5 s might be acceptable.NOTE 2: An overview of the medical research leading to the development of this guide was presented at the ASTM Conference on Thermal Insulation, Materials and Systems on Dec. 7, 1984 (14).5.4 This guide is meant to serve only as an estimation of the exposure to which an average individual might be subjected. Unusual conditions of exposure, physical health variations, or nonstandard ambients all serve to modify the results.5.5 This guide is limited to contact exposure to heated surfaces only. It is noted that conditions of personal exposure to periods of high ambient temperature or high radiant fluxes potentially cause human injury with no direct contact.5.6 This guide is not intended to cover hazards for cold temperature exposure, that is, refrigeration or cryogenic applications.5.7 The procedure found in this guide has been described in the literature as applicable to all heated surfaces. For extremely high-temperature metallic surfaces (>70°C), damage occurs almost instantaneously upon contact.1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.1.2 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.1.3 For design purposes, the probable contact time for industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by Wu (1)2 and others to reflect the slower reaction times for children, the elderly, or the infirm.1.4 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage. For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside considerations), this guide is used to establish a second, less desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some permanent tissue damage is permitted. At no time, however, are conditions that produce third degree burns recommended.1.5 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of contact.1.6 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of references at the end of this guide (1-16).1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The presence of surface finger-oxide penetration and interparticle oxide networks are two of the properties used to evaluate powder forged steel parts for proper processing. Maximum acceptable depths of penetration of surface finger-oxide penetration and acceptable concentrations of subsurface interparticle oxide networks depend on the component and its service environment.5.2 Results of tests may be used to qualify parts for shipment.1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the maximum depth of surface finger-oxide penetration and the concentration of subsurface interparticle oxide networks in critical areas of powder forged steel parts.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the quality and sizes of crushed stone, crushed slag, crushed expanded shale, crushed expanded clay, crushed expanded slate, and crushed or uncrushed gravel suitable for use as aggregate in single or multiple bituminous surface treatments. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties of the material in accordance with the following test methods: sampling; random sampling; degradation resistance; bulk density of aggregates; sulfate soundness; sieve analysis; clay lumps and friable particles; lightweight pieces; and flat and elongated pieces.1.1 This specification covers the quality and sizes of crushed stone, crushed slag, crushed expanded shale, crushed expanded clay, crushed expanded slate, and crushed or uncrushed gravel suitable for use as aggregate in single or multiple asphalt surface treatments.1.2 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3.1 Regarding sieves, per Specification E11: “The values stated in SI units shall be considered standard for the dimensions of the wire cloth openings and the diameter of the wires used in the wire cloth. The values stated in inch-pound units shall be considered standard with regard to the sieve frames.” When sieve mesh sizes are referenced, the alternate inch-pound designations are provided for information purposes and enclosed in parentheses.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The test is primarily qualitative, but is very discriminating in determining variations in adherend surface preparation parameters and adhesive environmental durability. The test has found application in controlling surface preparation operations and in screening surface preparations, primer and adhesive systems for durability. In addition to determining crack growth rate and assigning a value to it, the adhesive–joint failure is evaluated and reported. For example, adhesion failure; cohesion failure; or adherend failure are noted after opening up the specimen at the conclusion of the test period.1.1 This test method , simulates in a qualitative manner the forces and effects on an adhesive bond joint at metal-adhesive/primer interface. It has proven to be highly reliable in determining and predicting the environmental durability of adherend surface preparations. The method has proven to be correlatable with service performance in a manner that is much more reliable than conventional lap shear or peel tests (Note 2).Note 1—While this test method is intended for use in aluminum-to-aluminum applications it may be used for determining surface durability of other metals and plastics provided consideration is given to thickness and rigidity of the adherends.Note 2—This test method is not a quantitative fracture strength test method. To measure fracture strength see Test Method D3433.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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3.1 This test method is used to measure the surface area of precipitated, hydrated silicas that is available to the nitrogen molecule using the multipoint (B. E. T.) method. Single point nitrogen surface area is measured in accordance with the Test Methods D5604.3.2 Solids adsorb nitrogen, and under specific conditions, the adsorbed molecules approach a monomolecular layer. The quantity in this hypothetical monomolecular layer is calculated using the BET equation. Combining this with the area occupied by the nitrogen molecule yields the total surface area of the solid.3.3 This test method measures the estimated quantity of nitrogen in the monomolecular layer by adsorption at liquid nitrogen temperature and at several (at least five) partial pressures of nitrogen.3.4 Before a surface area determination can be made it is necessary that the silica be stripped of any material which may already be adsorbed on the surface. The stripping of adsorbed foreign material eliminates two potential errors. The first error is associated with the weight of the foreign material. The second error is associated with the surface area that the foreign material occupies.1.1 This test method covers a procedure which is used to measure the surface area of precipitated hydrated silicas by the conventional Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET)2 theory of multilayer gas adsorption behavior using multipoint determinations, similar to that used for carbon black in Test Method D6556. This test method specifies the sample preparation and treatment, instrument calibrations, required accuracy and precision of experimental data, and calculations of the surface area results from the obtained data.1.2 This test method is used to determine the nitrogen surface area of precipitated silicas with specific surface areas in the range of 10 to 500 m2/g.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The minimum safety equipment should include protective gloves, sturdy eye and face protection, and means to deal safely with accidental mercury spills.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The term “surface texture” is used to describe the local deviations of a surface from an ideal shape. Surface texture usually consists of long wavelength repetitive features that occur as results of chatter, vibration, or heat treatments during the manufacture of implants. Short wavelength features superimposed on the long wavelength features of the surface, which arise from polishing or etching of the implant, are referred to as roughness.4.2 This guide provides an overview of techniques that are available for measuring the surface in terms of Cartesian coordinates and the parameters used to describe surface texture. It is important to appreciate that it is not possible to measure surface texture per se, but to derive values for parameters that can be used to describe it.1.1 This guide describes some of the more common methods that are available for measuring the topographical features of a surface and provides an overview of the parameters that are used to quantify them. Being able to reliably derive a set of parameters that describe the texture of biomaterial surfaces is a key aspect in the manufacture of safe and effective implantable medical devices that have the potential to trigger an adverse biological reaction in situ.1.2 This guide is not intended to apply to porous structures with average pore dimensions in excess of approximately 50 nm (0.05 μm).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of specific surface area of carbon black exclusive of area contained in micropores too small to admit hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, commonly referred to as CTAB). However, it should be noted that the preferred method for measuring external surface area is STSA (Test Method D 6556).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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