4.1 The surface area of zinc-oxide in rubber can significantly affect cure activation and vulcanizate properties.4.2 The specific surface area of zinc-oxide is usually measured by nitrogen absorption which requires the use of equipment not normally found in rubber laboratories. This test method allows a ranking of zinc-oxide samples according to their surface areas with respect to a known standard using a simplified procedure involving mixing of rubber compounds and measuring cure times with oscillating disk or rotorless cure meters.4.3 This test method may be used for quality control, research and development work, and comparison of different zinc-oxide samples.1.1 This test method specifies the standard materials, mixing procedure, and test method for ranking zinc-oxide samples according to their specific surface area in a standard test formula based on chloroprene rubber (CR).1.2 The ranking is based on the cure time of the standard CR formulation.1.3 The accurate surface area cannot be determined by this test method, since factors other than surface area may influence the cure times to some extent (for example acidity, heavy metal traces, etc.).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers drawn seamless aluminum-alloy tube of specified tensile properties for use in surface condensers, evaporators, and heat exchangers. The tube shall be produced by drawing an extruded tube made from hollow extrusion ingot (cast in hollow form or pierced) and extruded by use of the die and mandrel method. The tube shall be subjected to tension, leak, and expansion tests.1.1 This specification2 covers aluminum-alloy (Note 1) drawn seamless round tube in straight lengths designated as shown in Table 2, for use in surface condensers, evaporators, and heat exchangers.NOTE 1: Throughout this specification use of the term alloy in the general sense includes aluminum as well as aluminum alloy.NOTE 2: For drawn seamless tubes used in general applications, see Specifications B210 and B210M; for extruded tubes see Specifications B221 and B221M; for seamless pipe and seamless extruded tube used in pressure applications see Specification B241/B241M; and for structural pipe and tube see Specification B429/B429M.(A) Limits are in percent maximum unless shown as a range or otherwise stated.(B) Analysis shall be made for the elements for which limits are shown in this table.(C) For purposes of determining conformance to these limits, an observed value or a calculated value attained from analysis shall be rounded to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place of figures used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.(D) Others includes listed elements for which no specific limit is shown as well as unlisted metallic elements. The producer may analyze samples for trace elements not specified in this specification. However, such analysis is not required and may not cover all metallic Others elements. Should any analysis by the producer or the purchaser establish that an Others element exceeds the limit of Each or that the aggregate of several Others elements exceeds the limit of Total, the material shall be considered nonconforming.(E) Other Elements—Total shall be the sum of unspecified metallic elements 0.010 % or more, rounded to the second decimal before determining the sum.(F) Vanadium 0.05 max.(G) The aluminum content shall be calculated by subtracting from 100.00 % the sum of all the metallic elements present in amounts of 0.010 % or more, rounded to the second decimal before determining the sum.(H) Composition of cladding alloy as applied during the course of manufacture. The sample from finished tube shall not be required to conform to these limits.(I) In case there is a discrepancy in the values listed in Table 1 with those listed in the “International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys” (known as the “Teal Sheets”), the composition limits registered with the Aluminum Association and published in the “Teal Sheets” shall be considered the controlling composition. The “Teal Sheets” are available at http://www.aluminum.org/tealsheets.(A) To determine conformance to this specification, each value for ultimate strength and for yield strength shall be rounded to the nearest 0.1 ksi and each value for elongation to the nearest 0.5 %, both in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.(B) The basis for establishment of mechanical property limits is shown in Annex A1.(C) Elongation of full-section and cut-out sheet-type specimens is measured in 2 in., of cut-out round specimens, in 4 × specimen diameter.1.2 Alloy and temper designations are in accordance with ANSI H35.1/H35.1(M). The equivalent Unified Numbering System alloy designations are those of Table 1 preceded by A9, for example, A91060 for aluminum 1060, in accordance with Practice E527.1.3 For acceptance criteria for inclusion of new aluminum and aluminum alloys in this specification, see Annex A2.1.4 This specification is the inch-pound companion to Specification B234M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in the specification.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers drawn seamless aluminum-alloy tube of specified tensile properties for use in surface condensers, evaporators, and heat exchangers. The tube shall be produced by drawing an extruded tube made from hollow extrusion ingot (cast in hollow form or pierced) and extruded by use of the die and mandrel method. The tube shall be subjected to tension, leak, and expansion tests.1.1 This specification covers aluminum-alloy (Note 1) drawn seamless round tube in straight lengths designated as shown in the Table 2, for use in surface condensers, evaporators, and heat exchangers.NOTE 1: Throughout this specification use of the term alloy in the general sense includes aluminum as well as aluminum alloy.NOTE 2: For drawn seamless tubes used in general applications, see Specifications B210 and B210M; for extruded tubes see Specifications B221 and B221M; for seamless pipe and seamless extruded tube used in pressure applications, see Specification B241/B241M; and for structural pipe and tube see Specification B429/B429M.(A) Limits are in percent maximum unless shown as a range or otherwise stated.(B) Analysis shall be made for the elements for which limits are shown in this table.(C) For purposes of determining conformance to these limits, an observed value or a calculated value attained from analysis shall be rounded to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place of figures used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.(D) Others includes listed elements for which no specific limit is shown as well as unlisted metallic elements. The producer may analyze samples for trace elements not specified in this specification. However, such analysis is not required and may not cover all metallic Others elements. Should any analysis by the producer or the purchaser establish that an Others element exceeds the limit of Each or that the aggregate of several Others elements exceeds the limit of Total, the material shall be considered nonconforming.(E) Other Elements—Total shall be the sum of unspecified metallic elements 0.010 % or more, rounded to the second decimal before determining the sum.(F) Vanadium 0.05 max.(G) The aluminum content shall be calculated by subtracting from 100.00 % the sum of all the metallic elements present in amounts of 0.010 % or more, rounded to the second decimal before determining the sum.(H) Composition of cladding alloy as applied during the course of manufacture. The sample from finished tube shall not be required to conform to these limits.(I) In case there is a discrepancy in the values listed in Table 1 with those listed in the “International Alloy Designations and Chemical Composition Limits for Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys” (known as the “Teal Sheets”), the composition limits registered with the Aluminum Association and published in the “Teal Sheets” shall be considered the controlling composition. The “Teal Sheets” are available at http://www.aluminum.org/tealsheets.(A) To determine conformance to this specification, each value for tensile strength and for yield strength shall be rounded to the nearest 1 MPa and each value for elongation to the nearest 0.5 %, both in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.(B) The basis for establishment of mechanical property limits is shown in Annex A1.1.2 Alloy and temper designations are in accordance with ANSI H35.1M. The equivalent Unified Numbering System alloy designations are those of Table 1 preceded by E215, for example, A91060 for aluminum 1060, in accordance with Practice E527.1.3 For acceptance criteria for inclusion of new aluminum and aluminum alloys in this specification, see Annex A1.1.4 This specification is the SI companion to Specification B234.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Proper preparation and mounting of specimens is particularly critical for surface analysis. Improper preparation of specimens can result in alteration of the surface composition and unreliable data. Specimens should be handled carefully so as to avoid the introduction of spurious contaminants in the preparation and mounting process. The goal must be to preserve the state of the surface so that the analysis remains representative of the original.4.2 AES, XPS or ESCA, and SIMS are sensitive to surface layers that are typically a few nanometres thick. Such thin layers can be subject to severe perturbations caused by specimen handling (1)4 or surface treatments that may be necessary prior to introduction into the analytical chamber. In addition, specimen mounting techniques have the potential to affect the intended analysis.4.3 This guide describes methods that the surface analyst may need to minimize the effects of specimen preparation when using any surface-sensitive analytical technique. Also described are methods to mount specimens so as to ensure that the desired information is not compromised.4.4 Guide E1829 describes the handling of surface sensitive specimens and, as such, complements this guide.1.1 This guide covers specimen preparation and mounting prior to, during, and following surface analysis and applies to the following surface analysis disciplines:1.1.1 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES),1.1.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and ESCA), and1.1.3 Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).1.1.4 Although primarily written for AES, XPS, and SIMS, these methods will also apply to many surface sensitive analysis methods, such as ion scattering spectrometry, low energy electron diffraction, and electron energy loss spectroscopy, where specimen handling can influence surface sensitive measurements.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers performance requirements to ensure the use of safety glass when employed as an unenclosed horizontal surface under 44 in. (1118 mm) in height in a desk or table. It is intended to minimize the likelihood of serious cutting and piercing injuries that may occur due to the breakage of glass used as a horizontal surface in desks and dining, coffee, end, display, mobile, outdoor, and other types of tables. Glass shall be laminated safety glass or tempered safety glass that complies with the following: performance criteria of ANSI Z97.1-2009 and the use of monolithic annealed, monolithic chemically strengthened or monolithic wired glass shall not be permitted with the exception of glass fully-supported by and bonded to a non-glass material and glass surfaces incorporating or constituting display screens.1.1 This specification covers performance requirements of glass used as an unenclosed horizontal surface under 44 in. (1118 mm) in height in a desk or table.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods referenced in this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 Molded or extruded rubber products must withstand the effects of ozone cracking and outdoor weathering for satisfactory use. This test enables a simple comparison of performance to be made under specified test conditions in an outdoor test. No direct correlation between test performance and service performance can be claimed due to the wide range of service conditions.1.1 This test method permits the estimation of the relative ability of rubber compounds used for applications requiring resistance to outdoor weathering.1.2 This test method is not applicable to materials ordinarily classed as hard rubber, but is adaptable to molded or extruded soft rubber materials and sponge rubber for use in window weatherstripping as well as similar automotive applications.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 618元 / 折扣价： 526 元 加购物车

This test method covers the determination of foaming properties of surface-active agents. Glass tubing apparatus for this test method shall include pipet and a receiver. Apparatus requirements like dimensions, shape, calibration marks, rubber stoppers, etc., shall conform to the specifications as indicated in this standard method. Test solution preparation shall include water preheating, adding the surface-active agent while stirring, and solution aging. Test procedure for foaming properties determination shall be done while surface-active solution is aging as indicated in this standard test method. Report shall include test solution concentration, temperature, water hardness, and foam height.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the foaming properties of surface-active agents as defined in Terminology D459. This test method is applicable under limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily yield information correlating with specific end uses. This method is subjected to the operator of the method as the foam heights are not always level and an average height is determined by the user so it is more of a qualitative measurement in these instances. However, for foam measurements results taken on more flat uniform samples this method has more of a quantitative quality.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating traveled surface roughness. The measured values represent vehicular response to traveled surface roughness obtained with the equipment and procedures stated herein and do not necessarily agree or correlate directly with those obtained by other methods.31.1 This test method covers the determination of vehicular response to traveled surface roughness.1.2 This test method utilizes an apparatus that measures the relative motion of a sprung mass system in response to traveled surface roughness where the mass is supported by automotive-type suspension and tires.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This is the practice for calculating the IFI of the pavement. The IFI has proven useful for harmonization of the friction measuring equipment. F60 and Sp have proven to be able to predict the speed dependence of wet pavement-related measurements of the various types of friction-measuring equipment.2 The two IFI parameters (F60 and Sp) have been found to be reliable predictors of the dependence of wet pavement friction on tire slip and vehicle speed.5.2 The IFI parameters, F60 and Sp, can be used to calculate the calibrated friction at another slip speed using a transformation equation.5.3 The IFI model given below describes the relationship between the values of wet pavement friction FRS measured at a slip speed of S and between the friction values measured by different types of equipment.5.4 A significance of the IFI model is that the measurement of friction with a device does not have to be at one of the speeds run in the experiment. FRS can be measured at some S and is always adjusted to FR60. Thus, if a device cannot maintain its normal operating speed and must run at some speed higher or lower because of traffic, the model still works well. In that case, S is determined by the vehicle speed (V) which can be converted to S by multiplying V by the percent slip for fixed slip equipment or by multiplying V by the sine of the slip angle for side force equipment.5.5 This practice does not address the problems associated with obtaining a measured friction or measured macrotexture.1.1 This practice covers the calculation of the International Friction Index (IFI) from a measurement of pavement macrotexture and wet pavement friction. The IFI was developed in the PIARC International Experiment to Compare and Harmonize Texture and Skid Resistance Measurements. The index allows for the harmonizing of friction measurements with different equipment to a common calibrated index. This practice provides for harmonization of friction reporting for devices that use a smooth tread test tire.1.2 The IFI consists of two parameters that report the calibrated wet friction at 60 km/h (F60) and the speed constant of wet pavement friction (Sp).1.3 The mean profile depth (MPD) has been shown to be useful in predicting the speed constant (gradient) of wet pavement friction.21.4 A linear transformation of the estimated friction at 60 km/h provides the calibrated F60 value. The estimated friction at 60 km/h is obtained by using the speed constant to calculate the estimated friction at 60 km/h from a measurement made at any speed.1.5 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound equivalents are rationalized, rather than exact mathematical conversions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This method directly determines the concentration of metal cyanide complexes in environmental waters. The method is important from an environmental regulatory perspective because it differentiates metal cyanide complexes of lesser toxicity from metal cyanide complexes of greater toxicity. Previous determinations of strong metal cyanide complexes assumed that the concentration of strong metal cyanide complexes is equivalent to the difference between the total cyanide and the free cyanide. This approach is subject to error because different methods used to determine free cyanide often provide widely varying results, thus impacting the strong metal cyanide complex concentration that is determined by difference. The direct analysis using anion exchange chromatography avoids these method biases and provides for a more accurate and precise determination of metal cyanide complexes.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the metal cyanide complexes of iron, cobalt, silver, gold, copper and nickel in waters including groundwaters, surface waters, drinking waters and wastewaters by anion exchange chromatography and UV detection. The use of alkaline sample preservation conditions (see 10.3) ensures that all metal cyanide complexes are solubilized and recovered in the analysis (1-3).21.2 Metal cyanide complex concentrations between 0.20 to 200 mg/L may be determined by direct injection of the sample. This range will differ depending on the specific metal cyanide complex analyte, with some exhibiting greater or lesser detection sensitivity than others. Approximate concentration ranges are provided in 12.2. Concentrations greater than the specific analyte range may be determined after appropriate dilution. This test method is not applicable for matrices with high ionic strength (conductivity greater than 500 meq/L as Cl) and TDS (greater than 30 000 mg/L), such as ocean water.1.3 Metal cyanide complex concentrations less than 0.200 mg/L may be determined by on-line sample preconcentration coupled with anion exchange chromatography as described in 11.3. This range will differ depending on the specific metal cyanide complex analyte, with some exhibiting greater or lesser detection sensitivity than others. Approximate concentration ranges are provided in 12.2. The preconcentration method is not applicable for silver and copper cyanide complexes in matrices with high TDS (greater than 1000 mg/L).1.4 The test method may also be applied to the determination of additional metal cyanide complexes, such as those of platinum and palladium. However, it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish the validity of the test method for the determination of cyanide complexes of metals other than those in 1.1.1.5 The presence of metal complexes within a sample may be converted to Metal CN complexes and as such, are altered with the use of this method. This method is not applicable to samples that contain anionic complexes of metals that are weaker than cyanide complexes of those metals.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, refer to Section 9.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 EMAT techniques show benefits and advantages over conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic techniques in special applications where flexibility in the type of wave mode generation and where no fluid coupling is desired. EMATs are highly efficient in the generation of surface waves.5.2 Since EMATs are highly efficient in the generation of surface waves, and since acoustic techniques utilizing surface waves are proven effective for detecting surface and near-surface discontinuities, they should be considered for any applications where conventional penetrant testing and magnetic particle NDT techniques are effective but undesirable.5.3 Since EMAT techniques are non-contacting, they should be considered for ultrasonic testing where applications involve automation, high-speed examinations, moving objects, applications in remote or hazardous locations, applications to objects at elevated temperatures, or objects with rough surfaces.5.4 The purpose of this practice is to promote the EMAT technique of the ultrasonic method as a viable alternative to conventional PT and MPT methods for detecting the presence of surface and near-surface material discontinuities.5.5 The use of EMATs and the selection of appropriate operating parameters presuppose a knowledge of the geometry of the component; the probable location, size, orientation, and reflectivity of the expected flaws; the allowable range of EMAT lift-off; and the laws of physics governing the propagation of ultrasonic waves. This procedure pertains to a specific EMAT surface inspection application.1.1 This practice covers guidelines for utilizing EMAT techniques for detecting material discontinuities that are primarily open to the surface (for example, cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, through leaks, lack of fusion). This technique can also be sensitive to flaws and discontinuities that are not surface-breaking, provided their proximity to the surface is less than or equal to the Rayleigh wave length.1.2 This practice covers procedures for the non-contact coupling of surface waves into a material via electromagnetic fields.1.3 The procedures of this practice are applicable to any material in which acoustic waves can be introduced electromagnetically. This includes any material that is either electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, or both.1.4 This practice is intended to provide examination capabilities for in-process, final, and maintenance applications.1.5 This practice does not provide standards for the evaluation of derived indications. Interpretation, classification, and ultimate evaluation of indications, albeit necessary, are beyond the scope of this practice. Separate specifications or agreement will be necessary to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable or non-acceptable.1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The present trend in environmental testing of materials with electrically conductive surfaces is to produce, under accelerated laboratory conditions, corrosion and film-forming reactions that are similar to those that cause failures in service environments. In many of these procedures the parts under test are exposed for days or weeks to controlled quantities of both water vapor and pollutant gases, which may be present in extremely dilute concentrations.NOTE 2: Descriptions of such tests can be found in Practice B827.4.2 Many of these environmental test methods require monitoring of the conditions within the chamber during the test in order to confirm that the intended environmentally related reactions are actually taking place. The most common type of monitor consists of copper, silver, or other thin metallic coupons of a few square centimeters that are placed within the test chamber and that react with the corrosive environment in much the same way as the significant surfaces of the parts under test.4.3 In practice, a minimum number of control coupons are placed in each specified location (see Test Method B810) within the chamber for a specified exposure time, depending upon the severity of the test environment. At the end of this time interval, the metal samples are removed and analyzed by the coulometric reduction procedure.4.4 Other corrosion film evaluation techniques for metallic coupons are also available. The most common of these is mass gain, which is nondestructive to the surface films, but is limited to the determination of the total amount of additional mass acquired by the metal as a result of the environmental attack. The most common is weighing using high performance microbalances or for purposes of real-time monitoring, quartz crystal microbalances (see Specification B808).NOTE 3: Detailed instructions for conducting such weighings, as well as coupon cleaning and surface preparation procedures, are included as part of Test Method B810.NOTE 4: Some surface analytical techniques (such as X-ray methods) can provide nondestructive identification of some compounds in the films, but such methods, for example, X-ray diffraction, can miss amorphous compounds and compounds present in quantities less than 5 % of the tarnish film volume.4.5 With the coulometric technique, it is possible to resolve the complex total film into a number of individual components (Fig. 1) so that comparisons can be made. This resolving power provides a fingerprint capability for identifying significant deviations from intended test conditions, and a comparison of the corrosive characteristics of different environmental chambers and of different test runs within the same chamber.4.6 The coulometric reduction procedure can also be used in test development and in the evaluation of test samples that have been exposed at industrial or other application environments (7). However, for outdoor exposures, some constraints may have to be put on the amount and type of corrosion products allowed, particularly those involving moisture condensation and the possible loss of films due to flaking (also see 4.9 and 8.3.2).4.7 In laboratory environmental testing, the coulometric-reduction procedure is of greatest utility after repeated characterizations of a given corrosive environment have been made to establish a characteristic reduction curve for that environment. These multiple runs should come from both the use of multiple specimens within a given test exposure as well as from several consecutive test runs with the same test conditions.4.8 The coulometric-reduction procedure is destructive in that the tarnish films are transformed during the electrochemical reduction process. Nondestructive evaluation methods, such as mass gain, can be carried out with the same samples that are to be tested coulometrically. However, such procedures must precede coulometric reduction.4.9 The conditions specified in this test method are intended primarily for tarnish films whose total nominal thickness is of the order of 102 to 103 nm (103 to 104 Å). Environmentally produced films that are much thicker than 103 nm are often poorly adherent and are more likely to undergo loosening or flaking upon placement in the electrolyte solution.1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment for determining the relative buildup of corrosion and tarnish films (including oxides) on metal surfaces by the constant-current coulometric technique, also known as the cathodic reduction method.1.2 This test method is designed primarily to determine the relative quantities of tarnish films on control coupons that result from gaseous environmental tests, particularly when the latter are used for testing components or systems containing electrical contacts used in customer product environments.1.3 This test method may also be used to evaluate test samples that have been exposed to indoor industrial locations or other specific application environments. (See 4.6 for limitations.)1.4 This test method has been demonstrated to be applicable particularly to copper and silver test samples (see (1)).2 Other metals require further study to prove their applicability within the scope of this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are the preferred units. The values provided in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Knowledge of the critical surface tension of substrates, primers and other coatings is useful for explaining or predicting wettability by paints and other coatings applied to those surfaces. Surfaces with low critical surface tensions usually are prone to suffer defects such as crawling, picture framing, cratering and loss of adhesion when painted. Low or irregular values, or both, often are indicative of contamination that could reduce adhesion. Surfaces with high critical surface tensions are easy to wet and usually provide an excellent platform for painting.5.2 The swab, marking pen and draw-down tests all simulate the application of a film5.3 The swab and marking pen techniques are simple and rapid and are particularly useful for testing in the field or on curved, irregular or porous surfaces where contact angles cannot be measured. The drop test does not work well on such surfaces and the draw-down method requires a flat specimen that is relatively large.5.4 The estimation of critical surface tension has been useful in characterizing surfaces before and after cleaning processes such as power washes and solvent wipes in order to evaluate the efficiency of the cleaning.5.5 One or more of these techniques could be the basis of a go/no-go quality control test where if a certain liquid wets, the surface is acceptable for painting, but if that liquid retracts and crawls, the surface is not acceptable.5.6 Another go/no go test is possible where the test liquid is a paint and the surface is a substrate, primer or basecoat. A form of this test has been used for coatings for plastics.1.1 This practice covers procedures for estimating values of the critical surface tension of surfaces by observing the wetting and dewetting of a series of liquids (usually organic solvents) applied to the surface in question.1.2 Another technique, measurement of the contact angles, θ, of a series of test liquids and plotting cos θ versus surface tension (Zisman plots), provides data that allow the determination of more exact values for critical surface tension.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is useful for classifying rapid-setting emulsified asphalt and is applicable to surface treatments that require a quick return to traffic. It has the capability to predict surface treatment performance in the formative stage using construction components. This performance test is intended to evaluate the potential curing characteristics of a binder-aggregate combination to ensure that the surface treatment is sufficiently cured before allowing traffic onto the seal.NOTE 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This test method measures the curing performance characteristics of emulsified asphalt and aggregates by simulating the brooming of a surface treatment in the laboratory.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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