5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric finishing treatments. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for a series of standards.5.4 Finishes and fabric surface changes may exert a large effect on pilling. Fabrics may be tested as received or after refurbishing, or both (laundering or drycleaning, or both). Interested parties shall agree on the state of fabric to be tested. The state of tested fabric shall be reported..5.5 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and depend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast. These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely on the number of pills. The development of pills may be accompanied by other surface phenomena, such as loss of cover, color change, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall acceptability of a specific fabric is dependent on both the characteristics of the pills and the other factors affecting the surface appearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratory be evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability and not rated solely on the number of pills developed. A series of standards, based on graduated degrees of surface change of the fabric type being tested, may be set up to provide a basis for subjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageous when the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appearance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz. Counting the pills and weighing their number with respect to their size and contrast, as a combined measure of pilling resistance, is not recommended because of the excessive time required for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.6 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing the tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported on an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 to 1 (no pilling to very severe pilling).5.7 This test method is applicable to a wide variety of woven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as a result of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, and finish. The applicability of this test method to nonwoven fabrics has not been determined.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.NOTE 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This method is used to determine the stretch and growth properties which a garment made of the fabric may be expected to exhibit during use.5.2 This is a new method and therefore the history of data is very small, however the excellent agreement of between-laboratory data suggest this method may be considered for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for such comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established test values may also be used for these comparative tests. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of fabric stretch and fabric growth after a specified extension and held for a specified time.1.2 While this test method can be used for any fabric, knit fabrics having high stretch are better measured by Test Method D2594.1.3 This test method should not be used to measure the breaking strength and elongation of woven fabrics, which is covered in Test Methods D5034 and D5035.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Feather and down filling material intended for this end use should meet all requirements listed in Table 1 of this specification.5.2 The uses and significance of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods.1.1 This performance specification covers requirements for fillings for industry products such as wearing apparel, sleeping bags, and comforters containing down, feathers, down and feather blends, or combinations of the above with other natural or synthetic materials.1.2 These requirements apply only to the filling material.

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5.1 Textile, paper, vinyl, expanded vinyl, or other polymeric wall or ceiling coverings and wall or ceiling covering systems used as interior finish are often evaluated with Test Method E84 to comply with building or life safety code requirements. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and systems.5.2 This practice also describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for other systems that are evaluated with Test Method E84 to comply with building or life safety code requirements. Such systems are facings or wood veneers intended to be applied on site over a wood substrate and water-resistive barriers.5.3 This practice is not applicable to the following materials:5.3.1 Foam plastic materials used as water-resistive barriers.5.3.2 Water vapor retarders installed over thermal insulation.1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing textile, paper, vinyl, expanded vinyl, or other polymeric wall or ceiling covering materials to assess flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84.1.2 This practice applies also to facings or wood veneers intended to be applied on site over a wood substrate (see 8.7).1.3 This practice applies also to water-resistive barriers that are used as a component of exterior wall systems, as part of the exterior envelope (see 3.2.10 and 8.9).1.4 This practice does not apply to the following:1.4.1 Laminated products factory produced with a wood substrate, which are covered by Practice E2579.1.4.2 Water-resistive barriers comprised of foam plastic materials contained within the wall system (see 5.3.1).1.4.3 Water vapor retarders used, in conjunction with thermal insulation, on the interior or exterior side of an exterior wall (see 3.2.11 and 5.3.1).1.5 Testing is conducted with Test Method E84.1.6 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.1.7 Units—Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.1.8 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section 10.1.10 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered requirements of the standard.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The value listed for the commercial moisture regain and commercial allowance of a specific fiber type is not an experimentally determined quantity but a purely defined value arrived at for commercial purposes by interested parties. The actual moisture regain values of textile materials, when in moisture equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing, can deviate from the listed values. Equilibrium moisture regain values depend upon the previous history of the material. The actual finish content of textile materials can deviate from the listed values (see Test Method D2494).1.1 These tables list the commercial moisture regains and commercial allowances commonly used for a number of textile fibers. Such moisture regain and allowance values are intended primarily for determining the commercial weight of a specific fiber when the fiber is bought or sold on this basis. These regain and allowance values also are used in calculating the linear density of yarn in procedures employing such factors and in the quantitative analysis of fiber blends.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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6.1 This test method for the determination of evenness of textile strands is used extensively for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of filament or spun staple yarn, comber laps, roving, sliver, or tops.6.2 Values of strand evenness are also used in quality control, process optimization, and together with yarn strength measurements, as the first appraisal of a strand's quality. A low evenness value is, in general, preferred. Higher evenness values generally indicate poor yarn manufacturing practices, lower yarn strength, and poorer fabric appearance. Experience has shown that the relationship of evenness to the prediction of yarn performance and to fabric appearance is not a simple one. An evenness value must, therefore, be used cautiously and be supplemented by additional evenness information, such as mid-term and long-term mass variations, thin, thick, and nep imperfection counts, diagram chart spectrogram chart, length variation curve, and histogram analyses.6.3 Continuous filament yarns should be tested for mass variation on evenness testers that are specifically designed to test this yarn type; failure to do so will result in inaccurate test results. Further, low-twist, continuous filament yarns tend to flatten to a ribbon configuration while passing through the sensor of a capacitance instrument. This flattening effect will cause false mass variation measurements by the capacitive sensor (commonly referred to as shape effect). Evenness testers that are specifically designed to test continuous filament yarns insert a false twist to the yarn strand during testing to overcome the flattening effect and thus ensure accurate mass variation measurements.6.4 Strands made from fiber blends should be tested only if the different fibers are uniformly distributed throughout the strand. Non-uniform blending may cause a higher reading of mass variation than the true value if the component fibers differ in dielectric constant.6.5 Evenness values obtained on different instruments will be comparable for strands from the same sample provided the following parameters are the same in all cases: (1) the measure of evenness used (CV% or U%); (2) the capacitive length zone Lc; (3) the sample length, Ls; (4) instrument test speed, (5) laboratory temperature and humidity conditions (see 10.1); and (6) test specimen preparation, and (7) test specimen variation. When different models of an instrument are used, and one or more of the seven parameters are not identical, test results may differ.6.6 If there are any differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed using an agreed upon number of samples that are homogeneous and randomly assigned. Competent statistical assistance should be used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the laboratories. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future testing for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the statistically significant differences found.1.1 This test method covers the indirect measurement of evenness (mass variation) of non-conductive textile strands, including top, comber lap, sliver, roving, and yarn produced from staple fibers and continuous filament yarns, by means of capacitance testing equipment.1.2 Strands made from fiber blends can be tested using this test method only if the different fibers are uniformly distributed throughout the strand.1.3 The test method provides numeric values for the measurement and evaluation of short-, mid-, and long-term mass variations of the tested strand in terms of frequently occurring faults classified as thin places, thick places, and neps and graphical representations of evenness values in the form of diagram charts, spectrograms, length variation curves, and histograms.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the indirect measuring of unevenness of textile strands from tow, top, sliver, roving, and yarn produced from staple fibers and filament yarns by means of continuous runs using capacitance testing equipment. 1.2 The test method provides a value of "short-term unevenness," a single value expressing the complicated strand property that is unevenness. 1.3 The test method is applicable to all yarns, rovings, slivers, and tops, except as indicated below. 1.3.1 Low twist filament yarns should be tested only if additional twist is inserted during testing. Note 1-In many cases, these low twist yarns tend to flatten to a ribbon while passing through the condenser of the instrument, and the recorded value of unevenness is increased above the true value. 1.3.2 Strands made from fiber blends should be tested only if blending is uniform along the strand. Note 2-Nonuniform blending may cause a higher reading of unevenness than the true value if the component fibers differ in dielectric constant. The magnitude of the increase of unevenness readings due to nonuniform blending cannot be stated in general terms. 1.4 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This terminology identifies industrial terms related to stitches and seams that are used for the assembly of textile structures.1.2 Section 3, Terminology, is categorized into two subsections, specific to the two areas of specialization under this document.1.2.1 Section 3.1 Relating to Seams.1.2.2 Section 3.2 Relating to Stitches.1.3 For other terms relating to textiles refer to Terminology D123.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fibers, however caution is advised because information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable. See Section 13 for single-laboratory information.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.This test method is applicable to all single fibers. Due to variability of individual fiber shrinkage, it is recommended that a large number of fibers of the same material be tested to reduce errors in estimating shrinkage.Results obtained by this test method can be used for the following purposes:5.3.1 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of fabrics to wet processing,5.3.2 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of fabrics during processing at elevated temperatures, and5.3.3 As a control measure in the manufacture of some types of fibers.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the shrinkage of crimped or uncrimped single staple fibers when exposed to hot air or to near the boiling point of water.Note 1—For shrinkage of fibers by the bundle test, refer to Test Method D 2102.1.1.1 This test method is also used on staple fibers and filaments removed from tow or yarn.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in either system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.62 on Labeling that is related to refurbishing and labeling for apparel, textile, home furnishing, and leather products other than upholstered furniture and floor coverings.1.2 This terminology provides a uniform language for the disclosure of care instructions on labels that are to be attached to apparel, textile, home furnishing, and leather products according to the Federal Trade Commission’s regulation 16 CFR, Part 423 (See 2.3).1.3 These terms, definitions and descriptions employ common meanings for the care instructions required to be on textile products sold in the U.S.1.4 This terminology is unique to the care of textile and leather products as the meanings are often expressed in phrases for care processes related to home-type washers, dryers, drying techniques and those for professional care.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms, see Terminology D123.

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4.1 Option A for bundle weighing of Test Method D1577 is used in the trade for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Option B for single-fiber weighing and Option C for the vibroscope may be used for acceptance testing (see Section 37); however, caution is advised when using Option B or Option C because between-laboratory precision information is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 4.1.1 may be advisable.4.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1577 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of samples that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. These samples should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either the cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results for that material with consideration to the known bias.4.2 Option A for bundle weighing is generally considered to be the referee procedure for acceptance testing.4.3 Option A is not recommended for measurement of linear density of blends of production fibers having different nominal linear densities.4.4 The accuracy of the linear density values obtained by Options A and B is dependent upon the accuracy with which the fibers can be cut and weighed.NOTE 2: On short staple fiber, an accuracy in cutting of 1.0 % is difficult to obtain. This problem is further complicated if crimp is present in the fibers.4.4.1 The accuracy of weighing can be controlled by the number of fibers composing the bundle. However, with short fiber of low linear density the number of fibers to be counted becomes prohibitive unless the bundle mass is kept low.4.5 Options A and B are fundamental procedures which are used to standardize the vibroscope equipment used in Options C1 and C2.4.6 Test Method Options B and C are most useful for the measurement of linear density of single fibers when further tests upon the same test specimen are required, for example, tension tests and adjustment of the data obtained for the linear density of the test specimen. These options offer advantages in accuracy and ease of operations over calculation from specific gravity and microscopically measured cross-sectional area.4.7 Additional information specific to Option C is in Section 26.1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments. Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options and sections are listed below.  Option Sections   A—Fiber Bundle Weighing  7 – 15  B—Single-Fiber Weighing 16 – 23  C—Vibroscope, General 24 – 30    35 and 36  C1—Uncrimped Fibers 31 and 32  C2—Crimped Fibers 33 and 34  Precision and Bias 37 and 38NOTE 1: For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test Method D1059. For cotton linear density, refer to Test Methods D1769 and D2480. For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D1282, D2130, and D3510.1.2 The crimp, taper, and cross-sectional shape of the fiber may influence the linear density measured by single-fiber weighing and vibroscope.1.3 These test methods measure the linear density of fibers with moisture in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. The fiber moisture under these conditions is not necessarily the same as the commercial moisture regain for the fibers.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Option A procedures of Test Method D3774 for width are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because they are used extensively in the trade.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test values when using Test Method D3774 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the width of woven or knitted fabrics, usable width, or both. The method is applicable to full rolls, bolts of fabric, and short specimens removed from a roll or bolt. Unless otherwise specified, measurements shall include the selvages when present.1.2 The method offers two options:1.2.1 Option A—Full Roll or Bolt.1.2.2 Option B—Short Specimen Removed from Full Roll or Bolt.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This method for the determination of diaphragm bursting strength of knitted, nonwoven and woven fabrics is being used by the textile industry for the evaluation of a wide variety of end uses.5.2 In cases where test results obtained using the procedures in Test Method D3786 have not been correlated with actual performance, Test Method D3786 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fabrics for bursting strength since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases where disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using Test Method D3786 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.NOTE 2: The kind of load transfer and stretch that occur when knitted goods and nonwoven fabrics are worn are prevented by clamping them as described in this method.1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the resistance of textile fabrics to bursting using a hydraulic or pneumatic diaphragm bursting tester. This test method is generally applicable to a wide variety of textile products.1.2 This test method may also be applicable for stretch woven and woven industrial fabrics such as inflatable restraints. As new materials that may exceed the range of the instrument are developed, please refer to the reporting section and consider using Test Methods D3787 or D6797 instead.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.NOTE 1: For the measurement of the bursting strength by means of a ball burst mechanism, refer to Test Method D3787.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method for testing for water retention of fibers after centrifuging is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test is more appropriate for development and research. However, if the test is to be used for acceptance testing, comparative tests as described in 5.1.1 are advised.5.1.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results using Test Method D2402 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if statistical biases exist between their laboratories. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data with an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties while designing the test program. If the analysis shows a bias, its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test data with consideration for the known bias.5.2 The amount of water retained by a fiber mass increases with an increase in the hydrophilic tendency of the fiber. Thus the data obtained can be used to indicate the following:5.2.1 Differences in water retention between the various man-made and natural fibers,5.2.2 Degree of cross-linking in cellulosic fibers,5.2.3 Damage incurred by wool and silk fibers due to alkaline processing, and5.2.4 Persistence of water-repellent treatments.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of water retention of man-made and natural fibers as staple, tow, or filament and spun yarns. It is intended to give a measure of the amount of water which cannot be removed from thoroughly wetted fiber solely by mechanical means as applied by centrifugal force (see 3.2).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 TLC is an inexpensive and simple technique that could be used to complement other analytical techniques within a general analytical scheme related to forensic fiber examination.5.2 Consider the forensic analysis of fiber colorants using TLC for single fiber comparisons only when the sample size is adequate (that is, enough colorant can be extracted for analysis) and it is not possible to discriminate between the fibers of interest using other techniques, such as comparison microscopy and MSP. Larger fibrous units (for example, thread or tuft) can be treated as an individual sample if determined to be homogeneous. Do not treat fibers that cannot be directly related to each other as a collective sample for the purposes of TLC.5.3 The extraction procedures carried out prior to TLC analysis can provide useful information about dye classification. TLC can provide qualitative information about dye components. Similar colors made up of different dye components can be differentiated using this technique. The application of TLC may serve to discriminate between fibers or it may support the possibility of fibers sharing a common source.5.4 TLC can be prohibitively difficult or undesirable in some circumstances. Short lengths of fibers or pale-colored fibers can lack adequate amounts of colorant necessary to be examined by TLC. Dye extraction from some fibers can be impossible (2, 3). Some fiber types do not truly extract, but change or lose color. Reactive dyes are covalently bonded to the fiber and typically cannot be removed by conventional extraction methods, but can be released from cotton and wool by disrupting the fiber by enzymatic or chemical digestion, respectively (1). The desire to preserve evidence from deleterious change or for possible analysis by another examiner can preclude removing the color or employing a destructive method for analysis.1.1 This guide is intended as an overview of the Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) of fiber colorants (or individual dye components) present in dyed fibers. It is intended to be applied within the scope of a broader analytical scheme for the forensic analysis of fiber samples. TLC could provide information that cannot be obtained through other color analyses (such as microspectrophotometry (MSP)) (1).21.2 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework (see Practice E3255).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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